Summary and set-up

The analysis of ship activity and use of networks stems from the following aims to:

•   Reveal the extent of the ship network connecting Antarctica to the rest of the world, in light of assumptions that activity is higher in certain locations (Antarctic Peninsula) and that 'Antarctic Gateway' ports are the primary conduits through which ships travel to the Southern Ocean.
    ⁃   For example, are official gateway cities really the "main international points of departure to and from the Antarctic region"? (https://www.circlesofsustainability.org/projects/antarctic-cities/)
    ⁃   Are the numbers of ships and voyages from Temperate South America (much) greater than to/from other areas of Antarctica and other parts of the world? (what magnitude of difference?)
•   Quantify the intensity of ship activity in coastal Antarctic locations, to identify areas with higher pressure from human activity, including potential propagule pressure of non-native species. (AKA where do we need to start looking for invasive species?)
    ⁃   different spatial scales of maps showing number of visits to each place
    ⁃   table of most visited places/rank antarctic ports and ecoregions based on number of ships and also cumulative ship time spent in those places.
•   Compare the activity of fishing, tourism and research/national operations spatially and temporally (risk of introduction for different industries)
    ⁃   essentially do all the above, but for different activity types and compare them. E.g. do the Gateway ports reflect all activity types?
•   Identify key ports and ecological regions (Marine Ecoregions of the World as defined by [@Spalding2007]) around the world that are likely to contribute most to introductions, based on their connectivity to Antarctic locations

Packages and functions used in this script.

knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = TRUE, message = FALSE, warning = FALSE)
library(tidyverse)
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## ✓ readr   2.0.1     ✓ forcats 0.5.1
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library(sf)
## Linking to GEOS 3.8.1, GDAL 3.2.1, PROJ 7.2.1
library(sp)
library(janitor)
## 
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##     chisq.test, fisher.test
library(lubridate)
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library(here)
## here() starts at /Users/arlie/Documents/PhD_work/Chapters_thesis_papers/2_Ship_pathway_analysis/pathway_analysis
library(mapview)
library(igraph)
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library(tidygraph)
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library(ggmap)
## Google's Terms of Service: https://cloud.google.com/maps-platform/terms/.
## Please cite ggmap if you use it! See citation("ggmap") for details.
library(ggraph)
## 
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library(mapdata)
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library(maps)
library(rnaturalearth)
library(kableExtra)
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library(ggsci)
library(cowplot)
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source(here("scripts", "functions", "make_networks.R"))
source(here("scripts", "functions", "make_world_plots.R"))
source(here("scripts", "functions", "make_eco_plots.R"))
source(here("scripts", "functions", "gateway_importance.R"))
source(here("scripts", "functions", "gateway_regions.R"))
source(here("scripts", "functions", "make_antarctic_maps.R"))
## Spherical geometry (s2) switched off
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source(here("scripts", "functions", "make_antarctic_eco_maps.R"))
## although coordinates are longitude/latitude, st_intersection assumes that they are planar
## Warning: attribute variables are assumed to be spatially constant throughout all
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source(here("scripts", "functions", "make_scotia_maps.R"))
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source(here("scripts", "functions", "antarctic_risk.R"))

Import master files for all ship networks

Files are imported as lists so that they can be easily used together. Most analyses are performed on networks for all ships and for each activity type so I wrote functions that allow me to do the analyses on all networks in a list.

#Port network edge lists
edge_lists <- list(
  edge_list_all = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "edge_list.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  ),
  edge_list_fishing = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "edge_list_fishing.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  ),
  edge_list_tourism = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "edge_list_tourism.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  ),
  edge_list_research = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "edge_list_research.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  ),
  edge_list_supply = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "edge_list_supply.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  ),
  edge_list_other = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "edge_list_other.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  )
)
nodes_lists <- list(
  nodes_list = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "nodes_list.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  ),
  nodes_list_fishing = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "nodes_list_fishing.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  ),
  nodes_list_tourism = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "nodes_list_tourism.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  ),
  nodes_list_research = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "nodes_list_research.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  ),
  nodes_list_supply = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "nodes_list_supply.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  ),
  nodes_list_other = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "nodes_list_other.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  )
)

#Ecoregion edge lists
edge_eco_lists <- list(
  edge_list_eco = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "edge_list_eco.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  ),
  edge_list_eco_fishing = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "edge_list_eco_fishing.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  ),
  edge_list_eco_tourism = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "edge_list_eco_tourism.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  ),
  edge_list_eco_research = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "edge_list_eco_research.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  ),
  edge_list_eco_supply = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "edge_list_eco_supply.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  ),
  edge_list_eco_other = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "edge_list_eco_other.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  )
)

#Ecoregion node lists
nodes_eco_lists <- list(
  nodes_list_ecoregion = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "nodes_list_ecoregion.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  ),
  nodes_list_eco_fishing = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "nodes_list_eco_fishing.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  ),
  nodes_list_eco_tourism = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "nodes_list_eco_tourism.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  ),
  nodes_list_eco_research = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "nodes_list_eco_research.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  ),
  nodes_list_eco_supply = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "nodes_list_eco_supply.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  ),
  nodes_list_eco_other = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "nodes_list_eco_other.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  )
)

#Marine ecoregions of the world
MEOW <- st_read(here::here("data", "MEOW", "meow_ecos.shp")) %>%
  clean_names()
## Reading layer `meow_ecos' from data source 
##   `/Users/arlie/Documents/PhD_work/Chapters_thesis_papers/2_Ship_pathway_analysis/pathway_analysis/data/MEOW/meow_ecos.shp' 
##   using driver `ESRI Shapefile'
## Simple feature collection with 232 features and 9 fields
## Geometry type: MULTIPOLYGON
## Dimension:     XY
## Bounding box:  xmin: -180 ymin: -89.9 xmax: 180 ymax: 86.9194
## Geodetic CRS:  WGS 84

Making the networks

I created a function (make_networks) that does the final preparation for and creates directed networks using tidygraph for both the port-to-port networks and ecoregion networks. The function also calculates the centrality measures that will be used later on.

port_networks <- make_networks(edge_lists, nodes_lists, nodes_are_ports = TRUE)
ecoregion_networks <- make_networks(edge_eco_lists, nodes_eco_lists, nodes_are_ports = FALSE)

First look at the port networks

port_networks$all
## # A tbl_graph: 1873 nodes and 12442 edges
## #
## # A directed multigraph with 2 components
## #
## # Node Data: 1,873 × 27 (active)
##   place country area  latitude longitude feature ecoregion province realm
##   <chr> <chr>   <chr>    <dbl>     <dbl> <chr>   <chr>     <chr>    <chr>
## 1 Poin… U.S.A.  West…     71.3     -157. Port    Chukchi … Arctic   Arct…
## 2 Pevek Russia  Chin…     69.7      170. Port    East Sib… Arctic   Arct…
## 3 Anad… Russia  Chin…     64.7      178. Port    Eastern … Arctic   Arct…
## 4 Beri… Russia  Chin…     63.1      180. Port    Eastern … Arctic   Arct…
## 5 Egve… Russia  Chin…     66.3     -179. Port    Eastern … Arctic   Arct…
## 6 Fals… U.S.A.  West…     54.8     -163. Port    Eastern … Arctic   Arct…
## # … with 1,867 more rows, and 18 more variables: from_province <chr>,
## #   to_province <chr>, n_voyages <dbl>, n_ships <dbl>, n_trips <dbl>,
## #   total_time <dbl>, median_time <dbl>, mean_time <dbl>, n_time <dbl>,
## #   betweenness_centrality <dbl>, closeness_centrality <dbl>,
## #   strength_out <dbl>, strength_in <dbl>, strength_total <dbl>,
## #   centrality_eigen <dbl>, centrality_hub <dbl>, centrality_pagerank <dbl>,
## #   clust_co <dbl>
## #
## # Edge Data: 12,442 × 19
##    from    to move  from_place to_place from_ecoregion to_ecoregion
##   <int> <int> <chr> <chr>      <chr>    <chr>          <chr>       
## 1   154   155 'Eua… 'Eua Is.   Haapai   Tonga Islands  Tonga Islan…
## 2  1196  1204 12 M… 12 Mile A… Chalmet… Northern Gulf… Northern Gu…
## 3  1196  1215 12 M… 12 Mile A… New Orl… Northern Gulf… Northern Gu…
## # … with 12,439 more rows, and 12 more variables: from_province <chr>,
## #   to_province <chr>, from_realm <chr>, to_realm <chr>, n_voyages <dbl>,
## #   n_ships <dbl>, n_trips <dbl>, total_time <dbl>, median_time <dbl>,
## #   mean_time <dbl>, n_time <dbl>, internal <chr>
port_networks$fishing
## # A tbl_graph: 161 nodes and 552 edges
## #
## # A directed simple graph with 1 component
## #
## # Node Data: 161 × 27 (active)
##   place country area  latitude longitude feature ecoregion province realm
##   <chr> <chr>   <chr>    <dbl>     <dbl> <chr>   <chr>     <chr>    <chr>
## 1 Anad… Russia  Chin…    64.7       178. Port    Eastern … Arctic   Arct…
## 2 Haik… China   Chin…    20.0       110. Port    Gulf of … South C… Cent…
## 3 Hong… China   Chin…    22.3       114. Port    Southern… South C… Cent…
## 4 Sing… Singap… Viet…     1.27      104. Port    Malacca … Sunda S… Cent…
## 5 Suva  Fiji    Aust…   -18.1       178. Port    Fiji Isl… Tropica… Cent…
## 6 Pape… French… Aust…   -17.5      -150. Port    Society … Southea… East…
## # … with 155 more rows, and 18 more variables: from_province <chr>,
## #   to_province <chr>, n_voyages <dbl>, n_ships <dbl>, n_trips <dbl>,
## #   total_time <dbl>, median_time <dbl>, mean_time <dbl>, n_time <dbl>,
## #   betweenness_centrality <dbl>, closeness_centrality <dbl>,
## #   strength_out <dbl>, strength_in <dbl>, strength_total <dbl>,
## #   centrality_eigen <dbl>, centrality_hub <dbl>, centrality_pagerank <dbl>,
## #   clust_co <dbl>
## #
## # Edge Data: 552 × 19
##    from    to move  from_place to_place from_ecoregion to_ecoregion
##   <int> <int> <chr> <chr>      <chr>    <chr>          <chr>       
## 1    13    58 Abov… Abovedada… Buen Ti… Antarctic Pen… South Shetl…
## 2    13    26 Abov… Abovedada… Delaite… Antarctic Pen… Antarctic P…
## 3    13    60 Abov… Abovedada… Dovizio… Antarctic Pen… South Shetl…
## # … with 549 more rows, and 12 more variables: from_province <chr>,
## #   to_province <chr>, from_realm <chr>, to_realm <chr>, n_voyages <dbl>,
## #   n_ships <dbl>, n_trips <dbl>, total_time <dbl>, median_time <dbl>,
## #   mean_time <dbl>, n_time <dbl>, internal <chr>
port_networks$tourism
## # A tbl_graph: 1284 nodes and 8206 edges
## #
## # A directed simple graph with 1 component
## #
## # Node Data: 1,284 × 27 (active)
##   place country area  latitude longitude feature ecoregion province realm
##   <chr> <chr>   <chr>    <dbl>     <dbl> <chr>   <chr>     <chr>    <chr>
## 1 Anad… Russia  Chin…     64.7     178.  Port    Eastern … Arctic   Arct…
## 2 Egve… Russia  Chin…     66.3    -179.  Port    Eastern … Arctic   Arct…
## 3 Fals… U.S.A.  West…     54.8    -163.  Port    Eastern … Arctic   Arct…
## 4 Nome  U.S.A.  West…     64.5    -165.  Port    Eastern … Arctic   Arct…
## 5 St. … U.S.A.  West…     57.1    -170.  Port    Eastern … Arctic   Arct…
## 6 Bare… Svalba… Scan…     78.1      14.2 Port    North an… Arctic   Arct…
## # … with 1,278 more rows, and 18 more variables: from_province <chr>,
## #   to_province <chr>, n_voyages <dbl>, n_ships <dbl>, n_trips <dbl>,
## #   total_time <dbl>, median_time <dbl>, mean_time <dbl>, n_time <dbl>,
## #   betweenness_centrality <dbl>, closeness_centrality <dbl>,
## #   strength_out <dbl>, strength_in <dbl>, strength_total <dbl>,
## #   centrality_eigen <dbl>, centrality_hub <dbl>, centrality_pagerank <dbl>,
## #   clust_co <dbl>
## #
## # Edge Data: 8,206 × 19
##    from    to move  from_place to_place from_ecoregion to_ecoregion
##   <int> <int> <chr> <chr>      <chr>    <chr>          <chr>       
## 1    88    89 'Eua… 'Eua Is.   Haapai   Tonga Islands  Tonga Islan…
## 2   726   646 Aalb… Aalborg    Copenha… North Sea      Baltic Sea  
## 3   726   873 Aalb… Aalborg    Rosendal North Sea      Southern No…
## # … with 8,203 more rows, and 12 more variables: from_province <chr>,
## #   to_province <chr>, from_realm <chr>, to_realm <chr>, n_voyages <dbl>,
## #   n_ships <dbl>, n_trips <dbl>, total_time <dbl>, median_time <dbl>,
## #   mean_time <dbl>, n_time <dbl>, internal <chr>
port_networks$research
## # A tbl_graph: 441 nodes and 1503 edges
## #
## # A directed multigraph with 2 components
## #
## # Node Data: 441 × 27 (active)
##   place country area  latitude longitude feature ecoregion province realm
##   <chr> <chr>   <chr>    <dbl>     <dbl> <chr>   <chr>     <chr>    <chr>
## 1 Poin… U.S.A.  West…     71.3    -157.  Port    Chukchi … Arctic   Arct…
## 2 Nome  U.S.A.  West…     64.5    -165.  Port    Eastern … Arctic   Arct…
## 3 Long… Svalba… Scan…     78.2      15.6 Port    North an… Arctic   Arct…
## 4 St. … Canada  N.E.…     47.6     -52.7 Port    Northern… Arctic   Arct…
## 5 Mani… Greenl… Scan…     65.4     -52.9 Port    West Gre… Arctic   Arct…
## 6 Nano… Greenl… Scan…     60.1     -45.2 Port    West Gre… Arctic   Arct…
## # … with 435 more rows, and 18 more variables: from_province <chr>,
## #   to_province <chr>, n_voyages <dbl>, n_ships <dbl>, n_trips <dbl>,
## #   total_time <dbl>, median_time <dbl>, mean_time <dbl>, n_time <dbl>,
## #   betweenness_centrality <dbl>, closeness_centrality <dbl>,
## #   strength_out <dbl>, strength_in <dbl>, strength_total <dbl>,
## #   centrality_eigen <dbl>, centrality_hub <dbl>, centrality_pagerank <dbl>,
## #   clust_co <dbl>
## #
## # Edge Data: 1,503 × 19
##    from    to move  from_place to_place from_ecoregion to_ecoregion
##   <int> <int> <chr> <chr>      <chr>    <chr>          <chr>       
## 1   286   288 Aalb… Aalborg    Dover S… North Sea      North Sea   
## 2   286   290 Aalb… Aalborg    Frederi… North Sea      North Sea   
## 3   286   300 Aalb… Aalborg    Lindo    North Sea      North Sea   
## # … with 1,500 more rows, and 12 more variables: from_province <chr>,
## #   to_province <chr>, from_realm <chr>, to_realm <chr>, n_voyages <dbl>,
## #   n_ships <dbl>, n_trips <dbl>, total_time <dbl>, median_time <dbl>,
## #   mean_time <dbl>, n_time <dbl>, internal <chr>
port_networks$supply
## # A tbl_graph: 827 nodes and 2923 edges
## #
## # A directed simple graph with 1 component
## #
## # Node Data: 827 × 27 (active)
##   place country area  latitude longitude feature ecoregion province realm
##   <chr> <chr>   <chr>    <dbl>     <dbl> <chr>   <chr>     <chr>    <chr>
## 1 Pevek Russia  Chin…     69.7     170.  Port    East Sib… Arctic   Arct…
## 2 Anad… Russia  Chin…     64.7     178.  Port    Eastern … Arctic   Arct…
## 3 Beri… Russia  Chin…     63.1     180.  Port    Eastern … Arctic   Arct…
## 4 Egve… Russia  Chin…     66.3    -179.  Port    Eastern … Arctic   Arct…
## 5 Sabe… Russia  Scan…     71.3      72.1 Port    Kara Sea  Arctic   Arct…
## 6 Bare… Svalba… Scan…     78.1      14.2 Port    North an… Arctic   Arct…
## # … with 821 more rows, and 18 more variables: from_province <chr>,
## #   to_province <chr>, n_voyages <dbl>, n_ships <dbl>, n_trips <dbl>,
## #   total_time <dbl>, median_time <dbl>, mean_time <dbl>, n_time <dbl>,
## #   betweenness_centrality <dbl>, closeness_centrality <dbl>,
## #   strength_out <dbl>, strength_in <dbl>, strength_total <dbl>,
## #   centrality_eigen <dbl>, centrality_hub <dbl>, centrality_pagerank <dbl>,
## #   clust_co <dbl>
## #
## # Edge Data: 2,923 × 19
##    from    to move  from_place to_place from_ecoregion to_ecoregion
##   <int> <int> <chr> <chr>      <chr>    <chr>          <chr>       
## 1   413   421 12 M… 12 Mile A… Chalmet… Northern Gulf… Northern Gu…
## 2   413   432 12 M… 12 Mile A… New Orl… Northern Gulf… Northern Gu…
## 3   414   432 9 Mi… 9 Mile An… New Orl… Northern Gulf… Northern Gu…
## # … with 2,920 more rows, and 12 more variables: from_province <chr>,
## #   to_province <chr>, from_realm <chr>, to_realm <chr>, n_voyages <dbl>,
## #   n_ships <dbl>, n_trips <dbl>, total_time <dbl>, median_time <dbl>,
## #   mean_time <dbl>, n_time <dbl>, internal <chr>
port_networks$other
## # A tbl_graph: 126 nodes and 196 edges
## #
## # A directed simple graph with 1 component
## #
## # Node Data: 126 × 27 (active)
##   place country area  latitude longitude feature ecoregion province realm
##   <chr> <chr>   <chr>    <dbl>     <dbl> <chr>   <chr>     <chr>    <chr>
## 1 Pevek Russia  Chin…     69.7     170.  Port    East Sib… Arctic   Arct…
## 2 Sabe… Russia  Scan…     71.3      72.1 Port    Kara Sea  Arctic   Arct…
## 3 Long… Svalba… Scan…     78.2      15.6 Port    North an… Arctic   Arct…
## 4 Vara… Russia  Scan…     68.8      58   Port    North an… Arctic   Arct…
## 5 St. … Canada  N.E.…     47.6     -52.7 Port    Northern… Arctic   Arct…
## 6 Nuuk  Greenl… Scan…     64.2     -51.7 Port    West Gre… Arctic   Arct…
## # … with 120 more rows, and 18 more variables: from_province <chr>,
## #   to_province <chr>, n_voyages <dbl>, n_ships <dbl>, n_trips <dbl>,
## #   total_time <dbl>, median_time <dbl>, mean_time <dbl>, n_time <dbl>,
## #   betweenness_centrality <dbl>, closeness_centrality <dbl>,
## #   strength_out <dbl>, strength_in <dbl>, strength_total <dbl>,
## #   centrality_eigen <dbl>, centrality_hub <dbl>, centrality_pagerank <dbl>,
## #   clust_co <dbl>
## #
## # Edge Data: 196 × 19
##    from    to move  from_place to_place from_ecoregion to_ecoregion
##   <int> <int> <chr> <chr>      <chr>    <chr>          <chr>       
## 1    58    63 Amst… Amsterdam  Delfzijl North Sea      North Sea   
## 2    58    64 Amst… Amsterdam  Den Hel… North Sea      North Sea   
## 3    58    65 Amst… Amsterdam  Dover S… North Sea      North Sea   
## # … with 193 more rows, and 12 more variables: from_province <chr>,
## #   to_province <chr>, from_realm <chr>, to_realm <chr>, n_voyages <dbl>,
## #   n_ships <dbl>, n_trips <dbl>, total_time <dbl>, median_time <dbl>,
## #   mean_time <dbl>, n_time <dbl>, internal <chr>

Port networks

Port network metrics

Average Degree

# Average degree
port_networks$all %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  summarise(mean(strength_total))
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   `mean(strength_total)`
##                    <dbl>
## 1                   13.3
port_networks$fishing %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  summarise(mean(strength_total))
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   `mean(strength_total)`
##                    <dbl>
## 1                   6.86
port_networks$tourism %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  summarise(mean(strength_total))
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   `mean(strength_total)`
##                    <dbl>
## 1                   12.8
port_networks$research %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  summarise(mean(strength_total))
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   `mean(strength_total)`
##                    <dbl>
## 1                   6.82
port_networks$supply %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  summarise(mean(strength_total))
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   `mean(strength_total)`
##                    <dbl>
## 1                   7.07
port_networks$other %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  summarise(mean(strength_total))
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   `mean(strength_total)`
##                    <dbl>
## 1                   3.11

Average betweenness centrality

# Average betweenness centrality
port_networks$all %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  summarise(mean(betweenness_centrality))
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   `mean(betweenness_centrality)`
##                            <dbl>
## 1                        0.00181
port_networks$fishing %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  summarise(mean(betweenness_centrality))
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   `mean(betweenness_centrality)`
##                            <dbl>
## 1                         0.0158
port_networks$tourism %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  summarise(mean(betweenness_centrality))
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   `mean(betweenness_centrality)`
##                            <dbl>
## 1                        0.00320
port_networks$research %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  summarise(mean(betweenness_centrality))
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   `mean(betweenness_centrality)`
##                            <dbl>
## 1                        0.00811
port_networks$supply %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  summarise(mean(betweenness_centrality))
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   `mean(betweenness_centrality)`
##                            <dbl>
## 1                        0.00450
port_networks$other %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  summarise(mean(betweenness_centrality))
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   `mean(betweenness_centrality)`
##                            <dbl>
## 1                         0.0462

Average clustering coefficient

port_networks$all %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  summarise(mean(clust_co, na.rm = TRUE))
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   `mean(clust_co, na.rm = TRUE)`
##                            <dbl>
## 1                          0.294
port_networks$fishing %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  summarise(mean(clust_co, na.rm = TRUE))
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   `mean(clust_co, na.rm = TRUE)`
##                            <dbl>
## 1                          0.276
port_networks$tourism %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  summarise(mean(clust_co, na.rm = TRUE))
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   `mean(clust_co, na.rm = TRUE)`
##                            <dbl>
## 1                          0.330
port_networks$research %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  summarise(mean(clust_co, na.rm = TRUE))
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   `mean(clust_co, na.rm = TRUE)`
##                            <dbl>
## 1                          0.270
port_networks$supply %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  summarise(mean(clust_co, na.rm = TRUE))
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   `mean(clust_co, na.rm = TRUE)`
##                            <dbl>
## 1                          0.223
port_networks$other %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  summarise(mean(clust_co, na.rm = TRUE))
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   `mean(clust_co, na.rm = TRUE)`
##                            <dbl>
## 1                          0.154

Average path length

average.path.length(port_networks$all, directed=TRUE)
## [1] 4.408047
average.path.length(port_networks$fishing, directed=TRUE)
## [1] 3.666708
average.path.length(port_networks$tourism, directed=TRUE)
## [1] 5.107062
average.path.length(port_networks$research, directed=TRUE)
## [1] 4.711562
average.path.length(port_networks$supply, directed=TRUE)
## [1] 4.766261
average.path.length(port_networks$other, directed=TRUE)
## [1] 9.446357

Edge density

edge_density(port_networks$all, loops = FALSE)
## [1] 0.003548514
edge_density(port_networks$fishing, loops = FALSE)
## [1] 0.02142857
edge_density(port_networks$tourism, loops = FALSE)
## [1] 0.004981267
edge_density(port_networks$research, loops = FALSE)
## [1] 0.007745826
edge_density(port_networks$supply, loops = FALSE)
## [1] 0.00427901
edge_density(port_networks$other, loops = FALSE)
## [1] 0.01244444

number of cliques (fully connected clusters)

count_components(port_networks$all, mode = "strong")
## [1] 10
count_components(port_networks$all, mode = "weak")
## [1] 2
count_components(port_networks$fishing, mode = "strong")
## [1] 10
count_components(port_networks$fishing, mode = "weak")
## [1] 1
count_components(port_networks$tourism, mode = "strong")
## [1] 3
count_components(port_networks$tourism, mode = "weak")
## [1] 1
count_components(port_networks$research, mode = "strong")
## [1] 13
count_components(port_networks$research, mode = "weak")
## [1] 2
count_components(port_networks$supply, mode = "strong")
## [1] 11
count_components(port_networks$supply, mode = "weak")
## [1] 1
count_components(port_networks$other, mode = "strong")
## [1] 15
count_components(port_networks$other, mode = "weak")
## [1] 1

Closer look at clusters and membership in those clusters, for each activity types.

port_networks$all <- port_networks$all %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  mutate(cluster = membership(cluster_infomap(port_networks$all)))

port_networks$all %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  dplyr::select(cluster) %>%
  distinct() %>%
  count()
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##       n
##   <int>
## 1    79
port_networks$all %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  dplyr::select(cluster) %>%
  group_by(cluster) %>%
  count()
## # A tibble: 79 × 2
## # Groups:   cluster [79]
##    cluster        n
##    <membrshp> <int>
##  1  1           233
##  2  2           140
##  3  3           101
##  4  4            89
##  5  5            92
##  6  6            59
##  7  7            45
##  8  8            61
##  9  9            60
## 10 10            45
## # … with 69 more rows
port_networks$fishing <- port_networks$fishing %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  mutate(cluster = membership(cluster_infomap(port_networks$fishing)))
port_networks$fishing %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  dplyr::select(cluster) %>%
  distinct() %>%
  count()
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##       n
##   <int>
## 1    15
port_networks$fishing %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  dplyr::select(cluster) %>%
  group_by(cluster) %>%
  count()
## # A tibble: 15 × 2
## # Groups:   cluster [15]
##    cluster        n
##    <membrshp> <int>
##  1  1            37
##  2  2            25
##  3  3            14
##  4  4            17
##  5  5            17
##  6  6            10
##  7  7             5
##  8  8             8
##  9  9             7
## 10 10             6
## 11 11             5
## 12 12             4
## 13 13             2
## 14 14             2
## 15 15             2
port_networks$tourism <- port_networks$tourism %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  mutate(cluster = membership(cluster_infomap(port_networks$tourism)))
port_networks$tourism %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  dplyr::select(cluster) %>%
  distinct() %>%
  count()
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##       n
##   <int>
## 1    49
port_networks$tourism %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  dplyr::select(cluster) %>%
  group_by(cluster) %>%
  count()
## # A tibble: 49 × 2
## # Groups:   cluster [49]
##    cluster        n
##    <membrshp> <int>
##  1  1           162
##  2  2            98
##  3  3            86
##  4  4            77
##  5  5            64
##  6  6            61
##  7  7            42
##  8  8            35
##  9  9            33
## 10 10            39
## # … with 39 more rows
port_networks$research <- port_networks$research %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  mutate(cluster = port_networks$all <- membership(cluster_infomap(port_networks$research)))
port_networks$research %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  dplyr::select(cluster) %>%
  distinct() %>%
  count()
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##       n
##   <int>
## 1    39
port_networks$research %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  dplyr::select(cluster) %>%
  group_by(cluster) %>%
  count()
## # A tibble: 39 × 2
## # Groups:   cluster [39]
##    cluster        n
##    <membrshp> <int>
##  1  1            56
##  2  2            50
##  3  3            30
##  4  4            25
##  5  5            20
##  6  6            23
##  7  7            17
##  8  8            17
##  9  9            13
## 10 10            14
## # … with 29 more rows
port_networks$supply <- port_networks$supply %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  mutate(cluster = membership(cluster_infomap(port_networks$supply)))
port_networks$supply %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  dplyr::select(cluster) %>%
  distinct() %>%
  count()
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##       n
##   <int>
## 1    76
port_networks$supply %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  dplyr::select(cluster) %>%
  group_by(cluster) %>%
  count()
## # A tibble: 76 × 2
## # Groups:   cluster [76]
##    cluster        n
##    <membrshp> <int>
##  1  1            48
##  2  2            38
##  3  3            39
##  4  4            35
##  5  5            41
##  6  6            38
##  7  7            32
##  8  8            23
##  9  9            30
## 10 10            23
## # … with 66 more rows
port_networks$other <- port_networks$other %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  mutate(cluster = membership(cluster_infomap(port_networks$other)))
port_networks$other %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  dplyr::select(cluster) %>%
  distinct() %>%
  count()
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##       n
##   <int>
## 1    21
port_networks$other %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  dplyr::select(cluster) %>%
  group_by(cluster) %>%
  count()
## # A tibble: 21 × 2
## # Groups:   cluster [21]
##    cluster        n
##    <membrshp> <int>
##  1  1            14
##  2  2            10
##  3  3             9
##  4  4             7
##  5  5             8
##  6  6             8
##  7  7             6
##  8  8             8
##  9  9             7
## 10 10             6
## # … with 11 more rows

Number of ports outside Antarctica.

port_networks$all %>%
  activate(nodes) %>% 
  as_tibble() %>% 
  filter(realm != "Southern Ocean") %>% 
  count()
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##       n
##   <int>
## 1  1581
port_networks$all %>%
  activate(nodes) %>% 
  as_tibble() %>% 
  filter(realm == "Southern Ocean") %>% 
  count()
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##       n
##   <int>
## 1   286

World maps of all the port networks

It is clear that Antarctic vessels really do travel the world and that activity types do differ a little. There also appears to be substantial traffic between Europe and South America through the Atlantic

world_port_maps <- make_plots(list_of_networks = port_networks)
plot(world_port_maps$all)

And for each activity type

plot(world_port_maps$fishing)

plot(world_port_maps$tourism)

plot(world_port_maps$research)

plot(world_port_maps$supply)

plot(world_port_maps$other)

Ecoregion graphs

First, I generate points to connect ecoregions, rather than plotting polygons. To do this I need to take the polygon geometry from the MEOW objects and find the central point of the polygon

eco_points <- st_point_on_surface(MEOW) %>% 
      st_transform(crs = "+proj=moll +lon_0=0 +x_0=0 +y_0=0 +ellps=WGS84 +datum=WGS84 +units=m no_defs")
eco_points_variables <- do.call(rbind, st_geometry(eco_points)) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  setNames(c("x_node", "y_node"))
eco_points_coords <- st_point_on_surface(MEOW) %>% 
      st_transform(crs = 4326)
eco_points_variables_coords <- do.call(rbind, st_geometry(eco_points_coords)) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  setNames(c("longitude", "latitude"))
eco_points <- eco_points %>%
  add_column(
    x_node = eco_points_variables$x_node,
    y_node = eco_points_variables$y_node,
    longitude = eco_points_variables_coords$longitude,
    latitude = eco_points_variables_coords$latitude
  )
eco_points$geometry <- NULL

Then I create the networks and plots for them. Just as I did for the port network. I am less interested in the density, centrality etc measure of these networks so I haven’t calculated them for the ecoregion networks.

world_eco_maps <- make_eco_plots(
  list_of_networks = ecoregion_networks,
  points_for_layout = eco_points
)
plot(world_eco_maps$all)

plot(world_eco_maps$fishing)

plot(world_eco_maps$tourism)

plot(world_eco_maps$research)

plot(world_eco_maps$supply)

plot(world_eco_maps$other)

Aim 1: testing assumptions on activity and importance of ports

Gateway Cities

First, are official Gateway cities the main ports of departure for ships going to Antarctica? To find this out I need to count the number of ships going to Antarctica from ANY ports with direct links to Antarctic locations.

I created a function to a subset the port_network graph so that it only has edges TO the Southern Ocean and used the subsetted graph re-calculate out-strength. Out-strength now reflects the number of voyages from that port to the Southern Ocean within my 5-year time period. This was repeated for each of the different activity types. The function then creates a table of the gateway ports ranked from highest to lowest by number of departures.

gateway_ports_results <- gateway_importance(port_networks)
gateway_ports_results$all
place country ecoregion province realm strength_out area latitude longitude feature from_province to_province n_voyages n_ships n_trips total_time median_time mean_time n_time betweenness_centrality closeness_centrality strength_in strength_total centrality_eigen centrality_hub centrality_pagerank clust_co cluster .tidygraph_node_index
1 Ushuaia Argentina Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Magellanic Temperate South America 718 South America Atlantic coast -54.801944 -68.3027778 Port Magellanic Magellanic 1132 61 72 92028900 61860 135137.89 681 0.0633296 0.1254608 120 243 1.0000000 1.0000000 0.0065769 0.0522396 1 1447
2 Stanley Harbour Falkland Islands Malvinas/Falklands Magellanic Temperate South America 212 South America Atlantic coast -51.683333 -57.8333333 Port Magellanic Magellanic 461 66 74 93807060 37860 252849.22 371 0.0445123 0.1249416 79 175 0.7232937 0.8478881 0.0040189 0.0790148 1 1459
3 Punta Arenas Chile Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Magellanic Temperate South America 163 South America Pacific coast -53.166667 -70.9000000 Port Magellanic Magellanic 483 78 104 1040288820 345330 2626991.97 396 0.0923236 0.1255870 110 200 0.6967879 0.6109293 0.0066130 0.0448241 1 1446
4 Puerto Williams Chile Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Magellanic Temperate South America 124 South America Pacific coast -54.933333 -67.6166667 Port Magellanic Magellanic 226 46 53 20728620 50100 265751.54 78 0.0045090 0.1197850 35 90 0.4322165 0.6671451 0.0017021 0.1912609 1 1445
5 Cape Town South Africa Namaqua Benguela Temperate Southern Africa 41 South & East African coasts -33.916667 18.4333333 Port Benguela Benguela 179 44 56 339895500 423930 2393630.28 142 0.0652400 0.1270876 52 119 0.2415621 0.2231377 0.0038608 0.0445805 11 1539
6 Port William Falkland Islands Malvinas/Falklands Magellanic Temperate South America 40 South America Atlantic coast -51.666667 -57.7833333 Port Magellanic Magellanic 262 59 63 33725400 7200 188410.06 179 0.0159196 0.1249750 42 86 0.3805145 0.3473966 0.0022437 0.1170999 1 1458
7 Montevideo Uruguay Rio de la Plata Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America 32 South America Atlantic coast -34.900000 -56.2666667 Port Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic 481 81 98 286114560 84270 650260.36 440 0.0421971 0.1260946 54 125 0.4361499 0.4522382 0.0030350 0.0814194 1 1498
8 Hobart Australia Bassian Southeast Australian Shelf Temperate Australasia 26 Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc -42.880000 147.3347222 Port Southeast Australian Shelf Southeast Australian Shelf 54 14 20 173044800 531840 3845440.00 45 0.0239954 0.1183013 24 51 0.0344683 0.0325634 0.0024109 0.0478431 35 523
9 Lyttelton New Zealand Central New Zealand Southern New Zealand Temperate Australasia 17 Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc -43.606389 172.7280556 Port Southern New Zealand Southern New Zealand 70 20 25 36260340 227940 824098.64 44 0.0453610 0.1227300 32 66 0.0285876 0.0569459 0.0029303 0.0503497 17 528
10 Berkeley Sound Falkland Islands Malvinas/Falklands Magellanic Temperate South America 16 South America Atlantic coast -51.568500 -57.9350000 Port Magellanic Magellanic 217 40 47 56171160 180000 371994.44 151 0.0172043 0.1238013 37 69 0.2079869 0.1962151 0.0021764 0.1359761 1 1455
11 Bluff New Zealand South New Zealand Southern New Zealand Temperate Australasia 15 Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc -46.616667 168.3666667 Port Southern New Zealand Southern New Zealand 30 8 10 20787240 126030 866135.00 24 0.0047416 0.1117545 18 31 0.0032323 0.0022358 0.0017689 0.1096774 17 535
12 Mare Harbour Falkland Islands Malvinas/Falklands Magellanic Temperate South America 15 South America Atlantic coast -51.916667 -58.4666667 Port Magellanic Magellanic 36 5 5 2947080 213900 245590.00 12 0.0032631 0.1180924 11 29 0.1491757 0.1808846 0.0006459 0.2266010 1 1457
13 Montevideo Alpha Zone Uruguay Rio de la Plata Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America 15 South America Atlantic coast -35.044610 -56.0587700 Port Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic 325 61 72 181217940 119190 604059.80 300 0.0569748 0.1265292 60 111 0.2875728 0.2414593 0.0037786 0.0694513 1 1499
14 Buenos Aires Argentina Rio de la Plata Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America 11 South America Atlantic coast -34.590278 -58.3775000 Port Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic 147 31 39 97445220 141030 798731.31 122 0.0053304 0.1216058 25 58 0.2511624 0.2781807 0.0015365 0.1355112 1 1492
15 Cabo Negro Chile Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Magellanic Temperate South America 7 South America Pacific coast -52.950000 -70.7833333 Port Magellanic Magellanic 21 6 6 299220 69510 74805.00 4 0.0008553 0.1133446 5 13 0.0535043 0.0756199 0.0003732 0.2307692 1 1441
16 Bintulu Malaysia Sunda Shelf/Java Sea Sunda Shelf Central Indo-Pacific 5 Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia 3.166667 113.0333333 Port Sunda Shelf Sunda Shelf 5 2 2 39660 39660 39660.00 1 0.0000773 0.1102084 2 5 0.0193285 0.0269509 0.0002661 0.1000000 24 125
17 Las Palmas Canary Islands Azores Canaries Madeira Lusitanian Temperate Northern Atlantic 5 Spain / Portugal inc Atlantic Islands 28.133056 -15.4319444 Port Lusitanian Lusitanian 202 54 61 143319180 118200 770533.23 186 0.0657576 0.1258826 81 149 0.2178712 0.1638702 0.0050938 0.0499728 18 649
18 Busan South Korea East China Sea Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific Temperate Northern Pacific 5 China, Korea and Russia 35.117222 129.0444444 Port Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific 276 41 55 201356640 308700 864191.59 233 0.0433371 0.1217640 42 95 0.0563119 0.0710715 0.0034927 0.0526316 6 1408
19 Mar del Plata Argentina Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America 5 South America Atlantic coast -38.033056 -57.5447222 Port Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic 20 8 10 1447200 94020 131563.64 11 0.0019870 0.1157342 19 30 0.2204177 0.0835426 0.0010527 0.1793103 1 1527
20 Talcahuano Chile Araucanian Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Temperate South America 4 South America Pacific coast -36.693056 -73.0986111 Port Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific 39 17 19 58672860 1037010 2444702.50 24 0.0026803 0.1169488 13 28 0.0617176 0.1345736 0.0009437 0.1719577 19 1468
21 Callao Peru Central Peru Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Temperate South America 4 South America Pacific coast -12.048056 -77.1425000 Port Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific 94 27 29 34151640 107400 443527.79 77 0.0049358 0.1196931 15 39 0.0232497 0.0716267 0.0011213 0.1025641 19 1477
22 Singapore Singapore Malacca Strait Sunda Shelf Central Indo-Pacific 3 Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia 1.268889 103.8330556 Port Sunda Shelf Sunda Shelf 176 42 49 25993500 52110 158496.95 164 0.1586519 0.1247085 82 171 0.1083365 0.1183744 0.0074888 0.0260750 15 117
23 Sydney Australia Manning-Hawkesbury East Central Australian Shelf Temperate Australasia 3 Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc -33.857500 151.2063889 Port East Central Australian Shelf East Central Australian Shelf 23 11 15 7848900 176220 413100.00 19 0.0051545 0.1099689 15 25 0.0031308 0.0026404 0.0012889 0.1366667 21 511
24 Fremantle Australia Leeuwin Southwest Australian Shelf Temperate Australasia 3 Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc -32.059167 115.7508333 Port Southwest Australian Shelf Southwest Australian Shelf 22 10 12 5321040 285060 295613.33 18 0.0127652 0.1190915 14 27 0.0071753 0.0345285 0.0014415 0.0655271 32 542
25 La Plata Anch. Argentina Rio de la Plata Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America 3 South America Atlantic coast -34.745000 -57.8311111 Port Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic 31 12 16 2295840 44400 85031.11 27 0.0037545 0.1172492 15 28 0.0878967 0.0920901 0.0009020 0.1269841 25 1497
26 Timaru New Zealand Central New Zealand Southern New Zealand Temperate Australasia 2 Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc -44.383333 171.2500000 Port Southern New Zealand Southern New Zealand 12 1 1 91295580 4660620 8299598.18 11 0.0007215 0.1099947 6 12 0.0023053 0.0024840 0.0006401 0.0757576 17 533
27 Dunedin New Zealand South New Zealand Southern New Zealand Temperate Australasia 2 Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc -45.883333 170.5166667 Port Southern New Zealand Southern New Zealand 23 11 11 2277420 92130 103519.09 22 0.0013273 0.1120086 9 20 0.0025789 0.0030994 0.0008474 0.1315789 17 536
28 Dover Strait U.K. North Sea Northern European Seas Temperate Northern Atlantic 2 United Kingdom inc Eire 51.020920 1.3979300 Port Northern European Seas Northern European Seas 300 66 74 53940 26970 26970.00 2 0.1063554 0.1280613 90 195 0.1287739 0.2108743 0.0064365 0.0396511 2 1034
29 Nakhodka Russia Sea of Japan/East Sea Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific Temperate Northern Pacific 2 China, Korea and Russia 42.798611 132.8769444 Port Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific 18 13 14 5085240 266400 462294.55 11 0.0015546 0.1160570 9 22 0.0068342 0.0387870 0.0008189 0.2164502 6 1302
30 Zhoushan China East China Sea Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific Temperate Northern Pacific 2 China, Korea and Russia 30.000000 122.1000000 Port Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific 71 25 37 132916500 1630440 2712581.63 49 0.0083196 0.1167446 21 43 0.0323581 0.0401773 0.0020230 0.0819491 6 1438
31 San Antonio(CHL) Chile Araucanian Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Temperate South America 2 South America Pacific coast -33.600000 -71.6166667 Port Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific 23 10 10 3844800 50040 213600.00 18 0.0021536 0.1150372 11 24 0.0628266 0.0869422 0.0007813 0.1449275 19 1467
32 Rio Grande(BRA) Brazil Rio Grande Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America 2 South America Atlantic coast -32.166667 -52.0833333 Port Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic 53 21 25 4447680 97680 103434.42 43 0.0024300 0.1187968 13 32 0.0791623 0.1386731 0.0014001 0.2318548 41 1505
33 Recalada Anch. Argentina Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America 2 South America Atlantic coast -39.000000 -61.2666667 Port Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic 144 24 24 28050240 97380 252704.86 111 0.0016961 0.1167301 22 33 0.1956967 0.1008033 0.0014139 0.2140152 1 1529
34 Hong Kong China Southern China South China Sea Central Indo-Pacific 1 China, Korea and Russia 22.286111 114.1575000 Port South China Sea South China Sea 82 18 21 9694860 62280 122719.75 79 0.0226553 0.1202467 37 69 0.0147290 0.0464588 0.0033722 0.0647911 10 80
35 Huangpu China Southern China South China Sea Central Indo-Pacific 1 China, Korea and Russia 23.097500 113.4241667 Port South China Sea South China Sea 27 4 4 38059800 1371060 1654773.91 23 0.0042219 0.1134752 10 22 0.0297128 0.0135357 0.0009803 0.0952381 10 81
36 Xiamen China Southern China South China Sea Central Indo-Pacific 1 China, Korea and Russia 24.457500 118.0713889 Port South China Sea South China Sea 15 10 10 7158960 58680 650814.55 11 0.0031432 0.1136957 8 17 0.0010678 0.0102104 0.0009309 0.0661765 10 90
37 Delfzijl Netherlands North Sea Northern European Seas Temperate Northern Atlantic 1 North European Atlantic coast 53.333333 6.9333333 Port Northern European Seas Northern European Seas 13 5 6 5265780 684090 877630.00 6 0.0034653 0.1134821 9 21 0.0236109 0.0248191 0.0007415 0.0666667 2 1028
38 Rochester(GBR) U.K. North Sea Northern European Seas Temperate Northern Atlantic 1 United Kingdom inc Eire 51.387500 0.5097222 Port Northern European Seas Northern European Seas 3 1 1 93600 93600 93600.00 1 0.0001640 0.1104360 3 6 0.0264197 0.0234085 0.0002168 0.1333333 60 1097
39 Sheerness U.K. North Sea Northern European Seas Temperate Northern Atlantic 1 United Kingdom inc Eire 51.437778 0.7438889 Port Northern European Seas Northern European Seas 5 3 3 397500 198750 198750.00 2 0.0016633 0.1178916 4 8 0.0070646 0.0272848 0.0004125 0.0714286 60 1105
40 Thamesport U.K. North Sea Northern European Seas Temperate Northern Atlantic 1 United Kingdom inc Eire 51.434167 0.6863889 Port Northern European Seas Northern European Seas 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA 0.0000919 0.1058105 1 2 0.0041600 0.0099785 0.0001325 1.0000000 1 1119
41 Busan Anch. South Korea East China Sea Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific Temperate Northern Pacific 1 China, Korea and Russia 35.038333 129.0538889 Port Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific 199 34 50 129115980 103860 690459.79 187 0.0259333 0.1213929 37 73 0.0337546 0.0753713 0.0033894 0.0795282 6 1409
42 Puerto Natales Chile Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Magellanic Temperate South America 1 South America Pacific coast -51.716667 -72.5166667 Port Magellanic Magellanic 35 15 15 1497600 108300 106971.43 14 0.0011227 0.1156341 10 21 0.1016801 0.0997736 0.0006475 0.1904762 19 1444
43 Falkland Islands Falkland Islands Malvinas/Falklands Magellanic Temperate South America 1 South America Atlantic coast -51.683330 -57.8333300 Port Magellanic Magellanic 5 4 4 354420 177210 177210.00 2 0.0000060 0.1139033 4 7 0.0465468 0.0357669 0.0002488 0.5238095 1 1456
44 Comodoro Rivadavia Argentina North Patagonian Gulfs Magellanic Temperate South America 1 South America Atlantic coast -45.856944 -67.4822222 Port Magellanic Magellanic 3 2 2 1383360 691680 691680.00 2 0.0000009 0.1120086 3 6 0.0535153 0.0639131 0.0002435 0.3333333 1 1460
45 Puerto Madryn Argentina North Patagonian Gulfs Magellanic Temperate South America 1 South America Atlantic coast -42.738611 -65.0472222 Port Magellanic Magellanic 72 23 23 2803380 44040 116807.50 24 0.0003642 0.1179956 17 28 0.2025929 0.1431527 0.0008338 0.2301587 1 1461
46 Valparaiso Chile Central Chile Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Temperate South America 1 South America Pacific coast -33.016667 -71.6333333 Port Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific 141 37 38 118742400 121140 997835.29 119 0.0116789 0.1180924 35 63 0.0805636 0.0902217 0.0022891 0.0696365 19 1476
47 Callao Anch. Peru Central Peru Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Temperate South America 1 South America Pacific coast -12.017778 -77.1872222 Port Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific 38 12 14 44193720 419160 1339203.64 33 0.0015702 0.1183986 15 24 0.0632082 0.0815135 0.0010637 0.2608696 19 1478
48 Punta del Este Uruguay Rio de la Plata Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America 1 South America Atlantic coast -34.966667 -54.9500000 Port Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic 6 6 6 394560 63840 98640.00 4 0.0000031 0.1150442 3 7 0.0314936 0.0428980 0.0002193 0.2857143 1 1501
49 Rio de Janeiro Brazil Southeastern Brazil Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America 1 South America Atlantic coast -22.916667 -43.2000000 Port Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic 90 34 37 54419640 143430 777423.43 70 0.0181477 0.1217086 35 72 0.1453109 0.1416753 0.0022071 0.0813772 25 1516
50 Bahia Blanca Argentina Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America 1 South America Atlantic coast -38.776111 -62.2869444 Port Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic 26 8 16 42699480 2081220 3881770.91 11 0.0028381 0.1156912 12 25 0.1226273 0.0954990 0.0008106 0.1533333 1 1525
51 Apapa-Lagos Nigeria Gulf of Guinea Central Gulf of Guinea Tropical Atlantic 1 Africa Atlantic coast 6.438333 3.3886111 Port Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Guinea 29 16 17 12280380 455610 511682.50 24 0.0042668 0.1168831 16 28 0.0588670 0.0365989 0.0011743 0.2248677 20 1550
52 Bonny Nigeria Gulf of Guinea Central Gulf of Guinea Tropical Atlantic 1 Africa Atlantic coast 4.421667 7.1502778 Port Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Guinea 11 7 7 347880 80100 69576.00 5 0.0011173 0.1080519 8 13 0.0051158 0.0078717 0.0007463 0.1794872 20 1554
53 Matadi Congo Gulf of Guinea South Gulf of Guinea Tropical Atlantic 1 Africa Atlantic coast -5.816667 13.4500000 Port Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Guinea 19 10 11 10624080 578700 664005.00 16 0.0008298 0.1177655 11 20 0.0227315 0.0451822 0.0006504 0.2000000 11 1575
54 Isla de Providencia Colombia Southwestern Caribbean Tropical Northwestern Atlantic Tropical Atlantic 1 Central America inc Mexico to Panama 13.383333 -81.3666667 Port Tropical Northwestern Atlantic Tropical Northwestern Atlantic 9 6 6 201480 38640 33580.00 6 0.0002454 0.1098849 6 12 0.0014076 0.0073070 0.0004179 0.1666667 5 1690
55 San Andres Colombia Southwestern Caribbean Tropical Northwestern Atlantic Tropical Atlantic 1 Central America inc Mexico to Panama 12.550000 -81.6833333 Port Tropical Northwestern Atlantic Tropical Northwestern Atlantic 7 5 5 156420 41400 39105.00 4 0.0007270 0.1147973 5 11 0.0033883 0.0199736 0.0004138 0.1818182 5 1695
56 Dakar Senegal Sahelian Upwelling West African Transition Tropical Atlantic 1 Africa Atlantic coast 14.688056 -17.4347222 Port West African Transition West African Transition 22 16 16 1476900 49260 92306.25 16 0.0037294 0.1186312 11 28 0.0375337 0.0406981 0.0007127 0.1507937 18 1729
57 Kakinada India Eastern India Bay of Bengal Western Indo-Pacific 1 India, Pakistan and Burma 17.000000 82.2833333 Port Bay of Bengal Bay of Bengal 3 2 2 1044000 1044000 1044000.00 1 0.0006868 0.1070938 3 6 0.0102628 0.0102817 0.0003122 0.0666667 51 1763
58 Port Louis Mauritius Mascarene Islands Western Indian Ocean Western Indo-Pacific 1 South & East African coasts -20.150000 57.4833333 Port Western Indian Ocean Western Indian Ocean 50 26 28 16627140 41460 369492.00 45 0.0107212 0.1202930 22 38 0.0991341 0.0268845 0.0014368 0.0953058 11 1858

In fact, 58 ports within the port-based network were the ‘last port of call’ for ships travelling to the Southern Ocean. 33 of those ports had more than one ship depart for the Southern Ocean during the 5-year period. The official gateway cities are 1st (Ushuaia), 3rd (Punta Arenas), 5th (Cape Town), 8th (Hobart) and 9th (Lyttleton/Christchurch) on the list of ‘last ports of call.’ Each gateway city is the highest rank city for its country and they are typically cultural and logistical hubs that arrange Antarctic travel. For example, a tourist itinerary may have passengers embark on their cruise in Ushuaia (Argentina), travel to Puerto Williams (Chile), on to the Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas where they make a number of stops before heading to Antarctica. In this scenario, the last port of call might be Stanley Harbour, but the point of departure for passengers was Ushuaia. Nonetheless, from an impact and biosecurity perspective, ensuring that measures are in place at all major ports of departure is essential.

75 ports have direct links to locations in Antarctica, 17 acting only as return ports and 15 acting only as departure ports. As shown in table produced below.

port_networks$all %>% 
  activate(edges) %>% 
  convert(to_subgraph, to_realm == "Southern Ocean" | from_realm == "Southern Ocean", subset_by = "edges") %>% 
  activate(nodes) %>% 
  mutate(isolated = node_is_isolated()) %>% 
  convert(to_subgraph, isolated == FALSE, subset_by = "nodes") %>% 
  mutate(strength_out = centrality_degree(mode='out', weights = n_voyages, normalized = T)) %>%
  mutate(strength_in = centrality_degree(mode='in', weights = n_voyages, normalized = T)) %>% 
  as_tibble() %>% 
  filter(realm != "Southern Ocean") %>% 
  kable(format = "html", row.names = TRUE) %>%
  kable_styling(bootstrap_options = c("striped", "hover", "condensed"),
                    full_width = F,
                    fixed_thead = TRUE,
                    font_size = 11,
                    row_label_position = "l") %>%
  scroll_box(height = "300px")
place country area latitude longitude feature ecoregion province realm from_province to_province n_voyages n_ships n_trips total_time median_time mean_time n_time betweenness_centrality closeness_centrality strength_out strength_in strength_total centrality_eigen centrality_hub centrality_pagerank clust_co cluster .tidygraph_node_index isolated
1 Hong Kong China China, Korea and Russia 22.286111 114.1575000 Port Southern China South China Sea Central Indo-Pacific South China Sea South China Sea 82 18 21 9694860 62280 122719.75 79 0.0226553 0.1202467 1 0 69 0.0147290 0.0464588 0.0033722 0.0647911 10 80 FALSE
2 Huangpu China China, Korea and Russia 23.097500 113.4241667 Port Southern China South China Sea Central Indo-Pacific South China Sea South China Sea 27 4 4 38059800 1371060 1654773.91 23 0.0042219 0.1134752 1 1 22 0.0297128 0.0135357 0.0009803 0.0952381 10 81 FALSE
3 Xiamen China China, Korea and Russia 24.457500 118.0713889 Port Southern China South China Sea Central Indo-Pacific South China Sea South China Sea 15 10 10 7158960 58680 650814.55 11 0.0031432 0.1136957 1 0 17 0.0010678 0.0102104 0.0009309 0.0661765 10 90 FALSE
4 Singapore Singapore Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia 1.268889 103.8330556 Port Malacca Strait Sunda Shelf Central Indo-Pacific Sunda Shelf Sunda Shelf 176 42 49 25993500 52110 158496.95 164 0.1586519 0.1247085 3 2 171 0.1083365 0.1183744 0.0074888 0.0260750 15 117 FALSE
5 Bintulu Malaysia Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia 3.166667 113.0333333 Port Sunda Shelf/Java Sea Sunda Shelf Central Indo-Pacific Sunda Shelf Sunda Shelf 5 2 2 39660 39660 39660.00 1 0.0000773 0.1102084 5 4 5 0.0193285 0.0269509 0.0002661 0.1000000 24 125 FALSE
6 Papeete French Polynesia Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc -17.533333 -149.5833333 Port Society Islands Southeast Polynesia Eastern Indo-Pacific Southeast Polynesia Southeast Polynesia 106 22 24 52010340 271140 753773.04 69 0.0279027 0.1192965 0 2 53 0.0429945 0.0671618 0.0024621 0.0638607 29 215 FALSE
7 Sydney Australia Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc -33.857500 151.2063889 Port Manning-Hawkesbury East Central Australian Shelf Temperate Australasia East Central Australian Shelf East Central Australian Shelf 23 11 15 7848900 176220 413100.00 19 0.0051545 0.1099689 3 0 25 0.0031308 0.0026404 0.0012889 0.1366667 21 511 FALSE
8 Hobart Australia Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc -42.880000 147.3347222 Port Bassian Southeast Australian Shelf Temperate Australasia Southeast Australian Shelf Southeast Australian Shelf 54 14 20 173044800 531840 3845440.00 45 0.0239954 0.1183013 26 24 51 0.0344683 0.0325634 0.0024109 0.0478431 35 523 FALSE
9 Lyttelton New Zealand Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc -43.606389 172.7280556 Port Central New Zealand Southern New Zealand Temperate Australasia Southern New Zealand Southern New Zealand 70 20 25 36260340 227940 824098.64 44 0.0453610 0.1227300 17 24 66 0.0285876 0.0569459 0.0029303 0.0503497 17 528 FALSE
10 Timaru New Zealand Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc -44.383333 171.2500000 Port Central New Zealand Southern New Zealand Temperate Australasia Southern New Zealand Southern New Zealand 12 1 1 91295580 4660620 8299598.18 11 0.0007215 0.1099947 2 2 12 0.0023053 0.0024840 0.0006401 0.0757576 17 533 FALSE
11 Bluff New Zealand Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc -46.616667 168.3666667 Port South New Zealand Southern New Zealand Temperate Australasia Southern New Zealand Southern New Zealand 30 8 10 20787240 126030 866135.00 24 0.0047416 0.1117545 15 12 31 0.0032323 0.0022358 0.0017689 0.1096774 17 535 FALSE
12 Dunedin New Zealand Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc -45.883333 170.5166667 Port South New Zealand Southern New Zealand Temperate Australasia Southern New Zealand Southern New Zealand 23 11 11 2277420 92130 103519.09 22 0.0013273 0.1120086 2 3 20 0.0025789 0.0030994 0.0008474 0.1315789 17 536 FALSE
13 Fremantle Australia Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc -32.059167 115.7508333 Port Leeuwin Southwest Australian Shelf Temperate Australasia Southwest Australian Shelf Southwest Australian Shelf 22 10 12 5321040 285060 295613.33 18 0.0127652 0.1190915 3 2 27 0.0071753 0.0345285 0.0014415 0.0655271 32 542 FALSE
14 Fremantle Anch. Australia Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc -32.035833 115.6955556 Port Leeuwin Southwest Australian Shelf Temperate Australasia Southwest Australian Shelf Southwest Australian Shelf 9 3 4 1385820 103050 173227.50 8 0.0024659 0.1102084 0 2 11 0.0244535 0.0005621 0.0008744 0.0909091 32 543 FALSE
15 Las Palmas Canary Islands Spain / Portugal inc Atlantic Islands 28.133056 -15.4319444 Port Azores Canaries Madeira Lusitanian Temperate Northern Atlantic Lusitanian Lusitanian 202 54 61 143319180 118200 770533.23 186 0.0657576 0.1258826 5 7 149 0.2178712 0.1638702 0.0050938 0.0499728 18 649 FALSE
16 Gdansk Poland Scandinavia inc Baltic, Greenland, Iceland etc 54.361111 18.6566667 Port Baltic Sea Northern European Seas Temperate Northern Atlantic Northern European Seas Northern European Seas 69 19 20 45540480 39150 690007.27 66 0.0038011 0.1168758 0 1 31 0.0256666 0.0088746 0.0012671 0.2021505 14 910 FALSE
17 Delfzijl Netherlands North European Atlantic coast 53.333333 6.9333333 Port North Sea Northern European Seas Temperate Northern Atlantic Northern European Seas Northern European Seas 13 5 6 5265780 684090 877630.00 6 0.0034653 0.1134821 1 1 21 0.0236109 0.0248191 0.0007415 0.0666667 2 1028 FALSE
18 Dover Strait U.K. United Kingdom inc Eire 51.020920 1.3979300 Port North Sea Northern European Seas Temperate Northern Atlantic Northern European Seas Northern European Seas 300 66 74 53940 26970 26970.00 2 0.1063554 0.1280613 2 1 195 0.1287739 0.2108743 0.0064365 0.0396511 2 1034 FALSE
19 Hansweert Netherlands North European Atlantic coast 51.450000 4.0000000 Port North Sea Northern European Seas Temperate Northern Atlantic Northern European Seas Northern European Seas 13 2 2 11762820 1119600 1306980.00 9 0.0010170 0.1178470 0 1 12 0.0641853 0.0366657 0.0005647 0.2575758 2 1058 FALSE
20 Immingham U.K. United Kingdom inc Eire 53.630556 -0.1902778 Port North Sea Northern European Seas Temperate Northern Atlantic Northern European Seas Northern European Seas 25 5 5 12020580 435540 480823.20 25 0.0028392 0.1165556 0 1 23 0.0160842 0.0146820 0.0011140 0.1185771 2 1066 FALSE
21 Rochester(GBR) U.K. United Kingdom inc Eire 51.387500 0.5097222 Port North Sea Northern European Seas Temperate Northern Atlantic Northern European Seas Northern European Seas 3 1 1 93600 93600 93600.00 1 0.0001640 0.1104360 1 1 6 0.0264197 0.0234085 0.0002168 0.1333333 60 1097 FALSE
22 Sheerness U.K. United Kingdom inc Eire 51.437778 0.7438889 Port North Sea Northern European Seas Temperate Northern Atlantic Northern European Seas Northern European Seas 5 3 3 397500 198750 198750.00 2 0.0016633 0.1178916 1 1 8 0.0070646 0.0272848 0.0004125 0.0714286 60 1105 FALSE
23 Thamesport U.K. United Kingdom inc Eire 51.434167 0.6863889 Port North Sea Northern European Seas Temperate Northern Atlantic Northern European Seas Northern European Seas 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA 0.0000919 0.1058105 1 0 2 0.0041600 0.0099785 0.0001325 1.0000000 1 1119 FALSE
24 Seattle U.S.A. West coast North America inc USA, Canada & Alaska 47.633333 -122.3333333 Port Puget Trough/Georgia Basin Cold Temperate Northeast Pacific Temperate Northern Pacific Cold Temperate Northeast Pacific Cold Temperate Northeast Pacific 46 10 15 50576460 49440 1123921.33 45 0.0111626 0.1078838 0 1 35 0.0023915 0.0005734 0.0021924 0.0655462 23 1273 FALSE
25 Nakhodka Russia China, Korea and Russia 42.798611 132.8769444 Port Sea of Japan/East Sea Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific Temperate Northern Pacific Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific 18 13 14 5085240 266400 462294.55 11 0.0015546 0.1160570 2 0 22 0.0068342 0.0387870 0.0008189 0.2164502 6 1302 FALSE
26 Shidao China China, Korea and Russia 36.879722 122.4288889 Port Yellow Sea Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific Temperate Northern Pacific Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific 36 16 24 15024300 356430 441891.18 34 0.0014049 0.1109531 0 1 22 0.0756169 0.0068480 0.0010576 0.2943723 6 1349 FALSE
27 Busan South Korea China, Korea and Russia 35.117222 129.0444444 Port East China Sea Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific Temperate Northern Pacific Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific 276 41 55 201356640 308700 864191.59 233 0.0433371 0.1217640 5 1 95 0.0563119 0.0710715 0.0034927 0.0526316 6 1408 FALSE
28 Busan Anch. South Korea China, Korea and Russia 35.038333 129.0538889 Port East China Sea Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific Temperate Northern Pacific Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific 199 34 50 129115980 103860 690459.79 187 0.0259333 0.1213929 1 0 73 0.0337546 0.0753713 0.0033894 0.0795282 6 1409 FALSE
29 Zhoushan China China, Korea and Russia 30.000000 122.1000000 Port East China Sea Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific Temperate Northern Pacific Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific 71 25 37 132916500 1630440 2712581.63 49 0.0083196 0.1167446 2 0 43 0.0323581 0.0401773 0.0020230 0.0819491 6 1438 FALSE
30 Cabo Negro Chile South America Pacific coast -52.950000 -70.7833333 Port Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Magellanic Temperate South America Magellanic Magellanic 21 6 6 299220 69510 74805.00 4 0.0008553 0.1133446 7 2 13 0.0535043 0.0756199 0.0003732 0.2307692 1 1441 FALSE
31 Puerto Natales Chile South America Pacific coast -51.716667 -72.5166667 Port Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Magellanic Temperate South America Magellanic Magellanic 35 15 15 1497600 108300 106971.43 14 0.0011227 0.1156341 1 1 21 0.1016801 0.0997736 0.0006475 0.1904762 19 1444 FALSE
32 Puerto Williams Chile South America Pacific coast -54.933333 -67.6166667 Port Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Magellanic Temperate South America Magellanic Magellanic 226 46 53 20728620 50100 265751.54 78 0.0045090 0.1197850 124 42 90 0.4322165 0.6671451 0.0017021 0.1912609 1 1445 FALSE
33 Punta Arenas Chile South America Pacific coast -53.166667 -70.9000000 Port Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Magellanic Temperate South America Magellanic Magellanic 483 78 104 1040288820 345330 2626991.97 396 0.0923236 0.1255870 163 180 200 0.6967879 0.6109293 0.0066130 0.0448241 1 1446 FALSE
34 Ushuaia Argentina South America Atlantic coast -54.801944 -68.3027778 Port Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Magellanic Temperate South America Magellanic Magellanic 1132 61 72 92028900 61860 135137.89 681 0.0633296 0.1254608 718 874 243 1.0000000 1.0000000 0.0065769 0.0522396 1 1447 FALSE
35 Berkeley Sound Falkland Islands South America Atlantic coast -51.568500 -57.9350000 Port Malvinas/Falklands Magellanic Temperate South America Magellanic Magellanic 217 40 47 56171160 180000 371994.44 151 0.0172043 0.1238013 16 32 69 0.2079869 0.1962151 0.0021764 0.1359761 1 1455 FALSE
36 Falkland Islands Falkland Islands South America Atlantic coast -51.683330 -57.8333300 Port Malvinas/Falklands Magellanic Temperate South America Magellanic Magellanic 5 4 4 354420 177210 177210.00 2 0.0000060 0.1139033 1 2 7 0.0465468 0.0357669 0.0002488 0.5238095 1 1456 FALSE
37 Mare Harbour Falkland Islands South America Atlantic coast -51.916667 -58.4666667 Port Malvinas/Falklands Magellanic Temperate South America Magellanic Magellanic 36 5 5 2947080 213900 245590.00 12 0.0032631 0.1180924 15 6 29 0.1491757 0.1808846 0.0006459 0.2266010 1 1457 FALSE
38 Port William Falkland Islands South America Atlantic coast -51.666667 -57.7833333 Port Malvinas/Falklands Magellanic Temperate South America Magellanic Magellanic 262 59 63 33725400 7200 188410.06 179 0.0159196 0.1249750 40 40 86 0.3805145 0.3473966 0.0022437 0.1170999 1 1458 FALSE
39 Stanley Harbour Falkland Islands South America Atlantic coast -51.683333 -57.8333333 Port Malvinas/Falklands Magellanic Temperate South America Magellanic Magellanic 461 66 74 93807060 37860 252849.22 371 0.0445123 0.1249416 212 103 175 0.7232937 0.8478881 0.0040189 0.0790148 1 1459 FALSE
40 Comodoro Rivadavia Argentina South America Atlantic coast -45.856944 -67.4822222 Port North Patagonian Gulfs Magellanic Temperate South America Magellanic Magellanic 3 2 2 1383360 691680 691680.00 2 0.0000009 0.1120086 1 0 6 0.0535153 0.0639131 0.0002435 0.3333333 1 1460 FALSE
41 Puerto Madryn Argentina South America Atlantic coast -42.738611 -65.0472222 Port North Patagonian Gulfs Magellanic Temperate South America Magellanic Magellanic 72 23 23 2803380 44040 116807.50 24 0.0003642 0.1179956 1 4 28 0.2025929 0.1431527 0.0008338 0.2301587 1 1461 FALSE
42 San Antonio(CHL) Chile South America Pacific coast -33.600000 -71.6166667 Port Araucanian Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Temperate South America Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific 23 10 10 3844800 50040 213600.00 18 0.0021536 0.1150372 2 0 24 0.0628266 0.0869422 0.0007813 0.1449275 19 1467 FALSE
43 Talcahuano Chile South America Pacific coast -36.693056 -73.0986111 Port Araucanian Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Temperate South America Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific 39 17 19 58672860 1037010 2444702.50 24 0.0026803 0.1169488 4 2 28 0.0617176 0.1345736 0.0009437 0.1719577 19 1468 FALSE
44 Valparaiso Chile South America Pacific coast -33.016667 -71.6333333 Port Central Chile Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Temperate South America Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific 141 37 38 118742400 121140 997835.29 119 0.0116789 0.1180924 1 3 63 0.0805636 0.0902217 0.0022891 0.0696365 19 1476 FALSE
45 Callao Peru South America Pacific coast -12.048056 -77.1425000 Port Central Peru Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Temperate South America Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific 94 27 29 34151640 107400 443527.79 77 0.0049358 0.1196931 4 0 39 0.0232497 0.0716267 0.0011213 0.1025641 19 1477 FALSE
46 Callao Anch. Peru South America Pacific coast -12.017778 -77.1872222 Port Central Peru Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Temperate South America Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific 38 12 14 44193720 419160 1339203.64 33 0.0015702 0.1183986 1 2 24 0.0632082 0.0815135 0.0010637 0.2608696 19 1478 FALSE
47 Buenos Aires Argentina South America Atlantic coast -34.590278 -58.3775000 Port Rio de la Plata Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic 147 31 39 97445220 141030 798731.31 122 0.0053304 0.1216058 11 6 58 0.2511624 0.2781807 0.0015365 0.1355112 1 1492 FALSE
48 La Plata Anch. Argentina South America Atlantic coast -34.745000 -57.8311111 Port Rio de la Plata Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic 31 12 16 2295840 44400 85031.11 27 0.0037545 0.1172492 3 2 28 0.0878967 0.0920901 0.0009020 0.1269841 25 1497 FALSE
49 Montevideo Uruguay South America Atlantic coast -34.900000 -56.2666667 Port Rio de la Plata Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic 481 81 98 286114560 84270 650260.36 440 0.0421971 0.1260946 32 28 125 0.4361499 0.4522382 0.0030350 0.0814194 1 1498 FALSE
50 Montevideo Alpha Zone Uruguay South America Atlantic coast -35.044610 -56.0587700 Port Rio de la Plata Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic 325 61 72 181217940 119190 604059.80 300 0.0569748 0.1265292 15 23 111 0.2875728 0.2414593 0.0037786 0.0694513 1 1499 FALSE
51 Punta del Este Uruguay South America Atlantic coast -34.966667 -54.9500000 Port Rio de la Plata Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic 6 6 6 394560 63840 98640.00 4 0.0000031 0.1150442 1 0 7 0.0314936 0.0428980 0.0002193 0.2857143 1 1501 FALSE
52 Rio Grande(BRA) Brazil South America Atlantic coast -32.166667 -52.0833333 Port Rio Grande Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic 53 21 25 4447680 97680 103434.42 43 0.0024300 0.1187968 2 0 32 0.0791623 0.1386731 0.0014001 0.2318548 41 1505 FALSE
53 Rio Grande(BRA) Anch. Brazil South America Atlantic coast -32.264444 -51.8447222 Port Rio Grande Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic 22 12 12 3220140 169860 230010.00 14 0.0000155 0.1062188 0 1 13 0.0856861 0.0024873 0.0008458 0.3205128 41 1506 FALSE
54 Niteroi Brazil South America Atlantic coast -22.883333 -43.1166667 Port Southeastern Brazil Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic 23 11 14 25092900 82800 1194900.00 21 0.0018120 0.1185786 0 2 23 0.0859600 0.0243109 0.0008676 0.1501976 25 1513 FALSE
55 Rio de Janeiro Brazil South America Atlantic coast -22.916667 -43.2000000 Port Southeastern Brazil Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic 90 34 37 54419640 143430 777423.43 70 0.0181477 0.1217086 1 2 72 0.1453109 0.1416753 0.0022071 0.0813772 25 1516 FALSE
56 Santos Brazil South America Atlantic coast -23.933333 -46.3333333 Port Southeastern Brazil Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic 20 12 12 1793340 47940 99630.00 18 0.0048856 0.1149312 0 1 24 0.0762244 0.0387876 0.0009975 0.1304348 25 1518 FALSE
57 Bahia Blanca Argentina South America Atlantic coast -38.776111 -62.2869444 Port Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic 26 8 16 42699480 2081220 3881770.91 11 0.0028381 0.1156912 1 3 25 0.1226273 0.0954990 0.0008106 0.1533333 1 1525 FALSE
58 Bahia Blanca Anch. Argentina South America Atlantic coast -39.343889 -61.5036111 Port Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic 9 7 7 302700 151350 151350.00 2 0.0007294 0.1149312 0 4 12 0.1094162 0.0229492 0.0003355 0.3939394 1 1526 FALSE
59 Mar del Plata Argentina South America Atlantic coast -38.033056 -57.5447222 Port Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic 20 8 10 1447200 94020 131563.64 11 0.0019870 0.1157342 5 9 30 0.2204177 0.0835426 0.0010527 0.1793103 1 1527 FALSE
60 Recalada Anch. Argentina South America Atlantic coast -39.000000 -61.2666667 Port Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic 144 24 24 28050240 97380 252704.86 111 0.0016961 0.1167301 2 5 33 0.1956967 0.1008033 0.0014139 0.2140152 1 1529 FALSE
61 Durban South Africa South & East African coasts -29.866667 31.0333333 Port Natal Agulhas Temperate Southern Africa Agulhas Agulhas 58 25 25 9365160 58320 170275.64 55 0.0124810 0.1186914 0 1 41 0.0617869 0.0325299 0.0018225 0.1024390 11 1534 FALSE
62 Cape Town South Africa South & East African coasts -33.916667 18.4333333 Port Namaqua Benguela Temperate Southern Africa Benguela Benguela 179 44 56 339895500 423930 2393630.28 142 0.0652400 0.1270876 41 20 119 0.2415621 0.2231377 0.0038608 0.0445805 11 1539 FALSE
63 Cape Town Anch. South Africa South & East African coasts -33.854444 18.4380556 Port Namaqua Benguela Temperate Southern Africa Benguela Benguela 71 21 25 23566620 54360 380106.77 62 0.0057208 0.1148325 0 10 36 0.0900158 0.0180104 0.0018719 0.1253968 11 1540 FALSE
64 Apapa-Lagos Nigeria Africa Atlantic coast 6.438333 3.3886111 Port Gulf of Guinea Central Gulf of Guinea Tropical Atlantic Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Guinea 29 16 17 12280380 455610 511682.50 24 0.0042668 0.1168831 1 1 28 0.0588670 0.0365989 0.0011743 0.2248677 20 1550 FALSE
65 Bonny Nigeria Africa Atlantic coast 4.421667 7.1502778 Port Gulf of Guinea Central Gulf of Guinea Tropical Atlantic Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Guinea 11 7 7 347880 80100 69576.00 5 0.0011173 0.1080519 1 0 13 0.0051158 0.0078717 0.0007463 0.1794872 20 1554 FALSE
66 Matadi Congo Africa Atlantic coast -5.816667 13.4500000 Port Gulf of Guinea South Gulf of Guinea Tropical Atlantic Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Guinea 19 10 11 10624080 578700 664005.00 16 0.0008298 0.1177655 1 0 20 0.0227315 0.0451822 0.0006504 0.2000000 11 1575 FALSE
67 St. Helena St. Helena Africa Atlantic coast -15.927410 -5.7170960 Port St. Helena and Ascension Islands St. Helena and Ascension Islands Tropical Atlantic St. Helena and Ascension Islands St. Helena and Ascension Islands 9 5 5 1605600 190800 229371.43 7 0.0006632 0.1175510 0 1 14 0.0779246 0.0163551 0.0004018 0.2307692 18 1603 FALSE
68 Isla de Providencia Colombia Central America inc Mexico to Panama 13.383333 -81.3666667 Port Southwestern Caribbean Tropical Northwestern Atlantic Tropical Atlantic Tropical Northwestern Atlantic Tropical Northwestern Atlantic 9 6 6 201480 38640 33580.00 6 0.0002454 0.1098849 1 1 12 0.0014076 0.0073070 0.0004179 0.1666667 5 1690 FALSE
69 San Andres Colombia Central America inc Mexico to Panama 12.550000 -81.6833333 Port Southwestern Caribbean Tropical Northwestern Atlantic Tropical Atlantic Tropical Northwestern Atlantic Tropical Northwestern Atlantic 7 5 5 156420 41400 39105.00 4 0.0007270 0.1147973 1 1 11 0.0033883 0.0199736 0.0004138 0.1818182 5 1695 FALSE
70 Salvador Anch. Brazil South America Atlantic coast -12.956389 -38.5444444 Port Eastern Brazil Tropical Southwestern Atlantic Tropical Atlantic Tropical Southwestern Atlantic Tropical Southwestern Atlantic 2 2 2 160680 80340 80340.00 2 0.0000224 0.1125135 0 1 4 0.0131811 0.0083201 0.0001799 0.3333333 25 1711 FALSE
71 Praia(CPV) Cape Verde Africa Atlantic coast 14.900000 -23.5166667 Port Cape Verde West African Transition Tropical Atlantic West African Transition West African Transition 36 17 17 1426140 40320 64824.55 22 0.0048626 0.1191067 0 1 45 0.1067331 0.0738775 0.0011964 0.1232323 18 1724 FALSE
72 Dakar Senegal Africa Atlantic coast 14.688056 -17.4347222 Port Sahelian Upwelling West African Transition Tropical Atlantic West African Transition West African Transition 22 16 16 1476900 49260 92306.25 16 0.0037294 0.1186312 1 0 28 0.0375337 0.0406981 0.0007127 0.1507937 18 1729 FALSE
73 La Libertad(ECU) Ecuador South America Pacific coast -2.216667 -80.9166667 Port Guayaquil Tropical East Pacific Tropical Eastern Pacific Tropical East Pacific Tropical East Pacific 10 9 9 3084600 63450 385575.00 8 0.0019233 0.1162372 0 1 19 0.0155724 0.0161900 0.0005717 0.1345029 7 1739 FALSE
74 Kakinada India India, Pakistan and Burma 17.000000 82.2833333 Port Eastern India Bay of Bengal Western Indo-Pacific Bay of Bengal Bay of Bengal 3 2 2 1044000 1044000 1044000.00 1 0.0006868 0.1070938 1 1 6 0.0102628 0.0102817 0.0003122 0.0666667 51 1763 FALSE
75 Port Louis Mauritius South & East African coasts -20.150000 57.4833333 Port Mascarene Islands Western Indian Ocean Western Indo-Pacific Western Indian Ocean Western Indian Ocean 50 26 28 16627140 41460 369492.00 45 0.0107212 0.1202930 1 15 38 0.0991341 0.0268845 0.0014368 0.0953058 11 1858 FALSE

Let’s take a closer look at the 58 Gateway ports (summary information in the paragraph above).

#I filter the port network to only include ports that were the origin for had
#at least one voyage to the Southern Ocean
gateway_test <- port_networks$all %>%
  activate(edges) %>%
  filter(to_realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  mutate(strength_out = centrality_degree(mode = "out", weights = n_voyages)) %>%
  filter(strength_out > 0)
#I create a subgraph, converted to a tibble showing those ports and their attributes
gateway_nodes <- gateway_test %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  filter(realm != "Southern Ocean") %>%
  arrange(desc(strength_out)) %>%
  dplyr::select(place, country, ecoregion, province, realm, strength_out, everything()) %>%
  ungroup() %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  mutate(total_voyages_to = sum(strength_out)) %>%
  mutate(pcent = strength_out / total_voyages_to * 100)

gateway_nodes %>%
  dplyr::select(place, country, strength_out, total_voyages_to, pcent, ecoregion, province, realm) %>% 
  kable(format = "html", row.names = TRUE) %>%
  kable_styling(bootstrap_options = c("striped", "hover", "condensed"),
                    full_width = F,
                    fixed_thead = TRUE,
                    font_size = 11,
                    row_label_position = "l") %>%
  scroll_box(height = "500px")
place country strength_out total_voyages_to pcent ecoregion province realm
1 Ushuaia Argentina 718 1533 46.8362688 Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Magellanic Temperate South America
2 Stanley Harbour Falkland Islands 212 1533 13.8290933 Malvinas/Falklands Magellanic Temperate South America
3 Punta Arenas Chile 163 1533 10.6327462 Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Magellanic Temperate South America
4 Puerto Williams Chile 124 1533 8.0887149 Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Magellanic Temperate South America
5 Cape Town South Africa 41 1533 2.6744945 Namaqua Benguela Temperate Southern Africa
6 Port William Falkland Islands 40 1533 2.6092629 Malvinas/Falklands Magellanic Temperate South America
7 Montevideo Uruguay 32 1533 2.0874103 Rio de la Plata Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America
8 Hobart Australia 26 1533 1.6960209 Bassian Southeast Australian Shelf Temperate Australasia
9 Lyttelton New Zealand 17 1533 1.1089367 Central New Zealand Southern New Zealand Temperate Australasia
10 Berkeley Sound Falkland Islands 16 1533 1.0437052 Malvinas/Falklands Magellanic Temperate South America
11 Bluff New Zealand 15 1533 0.9784736 South New Zealand Southern New Zealand Temperate Australasia
12 Mare Harbour Falkland Islands 15 1533 0.9784736 Malvinas/Falklands Magellanic Temperate South America
13 Montevideo Alpha Zone Uruguay 15 1533 0.9784736 Rio de la Plata Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America
14 Buenos Aires Argentina 11 1533 0.7175473 Rio de la Plata Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America
15 Cabo Negro Chile 7 1533 0.4566210 Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Magellanic Temperate South America
16 Bintulu Malaysia 5 1533 0.3261579 Sunda Shelf/Java Sea Sunda Shelf Central Indo-Pacific
17 Las Palmas Canary Islands 5 1533 0.3261579 Azores Canaries Madeira Lusitanian Temperate Northern Atlantic
18 Busan South Korea 5 1533 0.3261579 East China Sea Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific Temperate Northern Pacific
19 Mar del Plata Argentina 5 1533 0.3261579 Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America
20 Talcahuano Chile 4 1533 0.2609263 Araucanian Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Temperate South America
21 Callao Peru 4 1533 0.2609263 Central Peru Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Temperate South America
22 Singapore Singapore 3 1533 0.1956947 Malacca Strait Sunda Shelf Central Indo-Pacific
23 Sydney Australia 3 1533 0.1956947 Manning-Hawkesbury East Central Australian Shelf Temperate Australasia
24 Fremantle Australia 3 1533 0.1956947 Leeuwin Southwest Australian Shelf Temperate Australasia
25 La Plata Anch. Argentina 3 1533 0.1956947 Rio de la Plata Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America
26 Timaru New Zealand 2 1533 0.1304631 Central New Zealand Southern New Zealand Temperate Australasia
27 Dunedin New Zealand 2 1533 0.1304631 South New Zealand Southern New Zealand Temperate Australasia
28 Dover Strait U.K. 2 1533 0.1304631 North Sea Northern European Seas Temperate Northern Atlantic
29 Nakhodka Russia 2 1533 0.1304631 Sea of Japan/East Sea Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific Temperate Northern Pacific
30 Zhoushan China 2 1533 0.1304631 East China Sea Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific Temperate Northern Pacific
31 San Antonio(CHL) Chile 2 1533 0.1304631 Araucanian Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Temperate South America
32 Rio Grande(BRA) Brazil 2 1533 0.1304631 Rio Grande Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America
33 Recalada Anch. Argentina 2 1533 0.1304631 Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America
34 Hong Kong China 1 1533 0.0652316 Southern China South China Sea Central Indo-Pacific
35 Huangpu China 1 1533 0.0652316 Southern China South China Sea Central Indo-Pacific
36 Xiamen China 1 1533 0.0652316 Southern China South China Sea Central Indo-Pacific
37 Delfzijl Netherlands 1 1533 0.0652316 North Sea Northern European Seas Temperate Northern Atlantic
38 Rochester(GBR) U.K. 1 1533 0.0652316 North Sea Northern European Seas Temperate Northern Atlantic
39 Sheerness U.K. 1 1533 0.0652316 North Sea Northern European Seas Temperate Northern Atlantic
40 Thamesport U.K. 1 1533 0.0652316 North Sea Northern European Seas Temperate Northern Atlantic
41 Busan Anch. South Korea 1 1533 0.0652316 East China Sea Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific Temperate Northern Pacific
42 Puerto Natales Chile 1 1533 0.0652316 Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Magellanic Temperate South America
43 Falkland Islands Falkland Islands 1 1533 0.0652316 Malvinas/Falklands Magellanic Temperate South America
44 Comodoro Rivadavia Argentina 1 1533 0.0652316 North Patagonian Gulfs Magellanic Temperate South America
45 Puerto Madryn Argentina 1 1533 0.0652316 North Patagonian Gulfs Magellanic Temperate South America
46 Valparaiso Chile 1 1533 0.0652316 Central Chile Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Temperate South America
47 Callao Anch. Peru 1 1533 0.0652316 Central Peru Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Temperate South America
48 Punta del Este Uruguay 1 1533 0.0652316 Rio de la Plata Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America
49 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 1 1533 0.0652316 Southeastern Brazil Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America
50 Bahia Blanca Argentina 1 1533 0.0652316 Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America
51 Apapa-Lagos Nigeria 1 1533 0.0652316 Gulf of Guinea Central Gulf of Guinea Tropical Atlantic
52 Bonny Nigeria 1 1533 0.0652316 Gulf of Guinea Central Gulf of Guinea Tropical Atlantic
53 Matadi Congo 1 1533 0.0652316 Gulf of Guinea South Gulf of Guinea Tropical Atlantic
54 Isla de Providencia Colombia 1 1533 0.0652316 Southwestern Caribbean Tropical Northwestern Atlantic Tropical Atlantic
55 San Andres Colombia 1 1533 0.0652316 Southwestern Caribbean Tropical Northwestern Atlantic Tropical Atlantic
56 Dakar Senegal 1 1533 0.0652316 Sahelian Upwelling West African Transition Tropical Atlantic
57 Kakinada India 1 1533 0.0652316 Eastern India Bay of Bengal Western Indo-Pacific
58 Port Louis Mauritius 1 1533 0.0652316 Mascarene Islands Western Indian Ocean Western Indo-Pacific

What about the recognised Gateway cities?

Here I just look at the 5 ‘official’ cities.

#percentage of activity through all official gateways
gateway_nodes %>%
  dplyr::select(place, country, strength_out, total_voyages_to, pcent, ecoregion, province, realm) %>%
  filter(place == "Ushuaia" |
           place == "Punta Arenas" |
           place == "Cape Town" |
           place == "Hobart" |
           place == "Lyttelton") %>%
  summarise(gateway_cities_pcent = sum(pcent))
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   gateway_cities_pcent
##                  <dbl>
## 1                 62.9
#percentage of activity through official each gateway
gateway_nodes %>%
  dplyr::select(place, country, strength_out, total_voyages_to, pcent, ecoregion, province, realm) %>%
  filter(place == "Ushuaia" |
           place == "Punta Arenas" |
           place == "Cape Town" |
           place == "Hobart" |
           place == "Lyttelton")
## # A tibble: 5 × 8
##   place  country  strength_out total_voyages_to pcent ecoregion  province realm 
##   <chr>  <chr>           <dbl>            <dbl> <dbl> <chr>      <chr>    <chr> 
## 1 Ushua… Argenti…          718             1533 46.8  Channels … Magella… Tempe…
## 2 Punta… Chile             163             1533 10.6  Channels … Magella… Tempe…
## 3 Cape … South A…           41             1533  2.67 Namaqua    Benguela Tempe…
## 4 Hobart Austral…           26             1533  1.70 Bassian    Southea… Tempe…
## 5 Lytte… New Zea…           17             1533  1.11 Central N… Souther… Tempe…
#percentage of activity through Punta Arenas and Ushuaia
gateway_nodes %>%
  dplyr::select(place, country, strength_out, total_voyages_to, pcent, ecoregion, province, realm) %>%
  filter(place == "Ushuaia" | place == "Punta Arenas") %>%
  summarise(gateway_cities_pcent = sum(pcent))
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   gateway_cities_pcent
##                  <dbl>
## 1                 57.5

Summary information about gateway ports by country.

Relevant to the consideration of where biosecurity measures could be implemented to effectively reduce transfer of non-native species.

#number of gateway ports per country
gateway_nodes %>%
  group_by(country) %>%
  count() %>% 
  arrange(desc(n))
## # A tibble: 23 × 2
## # Groups:   country [23]
##    country              n
##    <chr>            <int>
##  1 Argentina            8
##  2 Chile                7
##  3 Falkland Islands     5
##  4 China                4
##  5 New Zealand          4
##  6 U.K.                 4
##  7 Australia            3
##  8 Uruguay              3
##  9 Brazil               2
## 10 Colombia             2
## # … with 13 more rows
#Number of gateway ports per country with strength out greater than 1
gateway_nodes %>%
  filter(strength_out > 1) %>%
  group_by(country) %>%
  count() %>% 
  arrange(desc(n))
## # A tibble: 16 × 2
## # Groups:   country [16]
##    country              n
##    <chr>            <int>
##  1 Argentina            5
##  2 Chile                5
##  3 Falkland Islands     4
##  4 New Zealand          4
##  5 Australia            3
##  6 Uruguay              2
##  7 Brazil               1
##  8 Canary Islands       1
##  9 China                1
## 10 Malaysia             1
## 11 Peru                 1
## 12 Russia               1
## 13 Singapore            1
## 14 South Africa         1
## 15 South Korea          1
## 16 U.K.                 1
#Top 10 together
gateway_nodes %>%
  arrange(desc(pcent)) %>%
  dplyr::select(place, country, strength_out, total_voyages_to, pcent, ecoregion, province, realm) %>%
  slice(1:10) %>%
  summarise(gateway_cities_pcent = sum(pcent))
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   gateway_cities_pcent
##                  <dbl>
## 1                 90.6
#Top 10 ports
gateway_nodes %>%
  arrange(desc(pcent)) %>%
  dplyr::select(place, country, strength_out, total_voyages_to, pcent, ecoregion, province, realm) %>%
  slice(1:10)
## # A tibble: 10 × 8
##    place  country  strength_out total_voyages_to pcent ecoregion  province realm
##    <chr>  <chr>           <dbl>            <dbl> <dbl> <chr>      <chr>    <chr>
##  1 Ushua… Argenti…          718             1533 46.8  Channels … Magella… Temp…
##  2 Stanl… Falklan…          212             1533 13.8  Malvinas/… Magella… Temp…
##  3 Punta… Chile             163             1533 10.6  Channels … Magella… Temp…
##  4 Puert… Chile             124             1533  8.09 Channels … Magella… Temp…
##  5 Cape … South A…           41             1533  2.67 Namaqua    Benguela Temp…
##  6 Port … Falklan…           40             1533  2.61 Malvinas/… Magella… Temp…
##  7 Monte… Uruguay            32             1533  2.09 Rio de la… Warm Te… Temp…
##  8 Hobart Austral…           26             1533  1.70 Bassian    Southea… Temp…
##  9 Lytte… New Zea…           17             1533  1.11 Central N… Souther… Temp…
## 10 Berke… Falklan…           16             1533  1.04 Malvinas/… Magella… Temp…

For what proportion of voyages do they act as ‘last ports of call’?

gateway_nodes %>%
  arrange(desc(pcent)) %>%
  dplyr::select(place, country, strength_out, total_voyages_to, pcent, ecoregion, province, realm) %>%
  filter(country == "Argentina" |
           country == "Chile" |
           country == "Falkland Islands" |
           country == "South Africa" |
           country == "Australia" |
           country == "New Zealand" |
           country == "Uruguay") %>%
  summarise(gateway_cities_pcent = sum(pcent))
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   gateway_cities_pcent
##                  <dbl>
## 1                 96.9
gateway_nodes %>%
  dplyr::select(place, country, strength_out, pcent) %>%
  mutate(pcent = sprintf("%0.2f", pcent))
## # A tibble: 58 × 4
##    place           country          strength_out pcent
##    <chr>           <chr>                   <dbl> <chr>
##  1 Ushuaia         Argentina                 718 46.84
##  2 Stanley Harbour Falkland Islands          212 13.83
##  3 Punta Arenas    Chile                     163 10.63
##  4 Puerto Williams Chile                     124 8.09 
##  5 Cape Town       South Africa               41 2.67 
##  6 Port William    Falkland Islands           40 2.61 
##  7 Montevideo      Uruguay                    32 2.09 
##  8 Hobart          Australia                  26 1.70 
##  9 Lyttelton       New Zealand                17 1.11 
## 10 Berkeley Sound  Falkland Islands           16 1.04 
## # … with 48 more rows

Gateway Ports for different activities

Fishing

The two most important departure ports for fishing vessels that visit select coastal Antarctic locations are Punta Arenas in Chile and Cape Town in South Africa, both recognised as Gateway Cities. However, no other Gateway City was a departure point for fishing vessesl that visited the Antarctic nodes. Many fishing vessesl, and much fishing activity, occurrs offshore so the importance of ports that launch vessels to the Southern Ocean that did not visit the Antarctic ‘ports’ could be quite different.

gateway_ports_results$fishing
place country ecoregion province realm strength_out area latitude longitude feature from_province to_province n_voyages n_ships n_trips total_time median_time mean_time n_time betweenness_centrality closeness_centrality strength_in strength_total centrality_eigen centrality_hub centrality_pagerank clust_co cluster .tidygraph_node_index
1 Punta Arenas Chile Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Magellanic Temperate South America 21 South America Pacific coast -53.166667 -70.90000 Port Magellanic Magellanic 63 15 28 722117340 4958130 12894952.5 56 0.2826824 0.1390096 29 59 0.6269361 0.6342124 0.0528741 0.0409117 4 124
2 Cape Town South Africa Namaqua Benguela Temperate Southern Africa 13 South & East African coasts -33.916667 18.43333 Port Benguela Benguela 21 10 13 101208660 7577040 7229190.0 14 0.0400364 0.1285141 7 18 0.1941207 0.2998742 0.0180839 0.1699346 7 145
3 Montevideo Uruguay Rio de la Plata Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America 7 South America Atlantic coast -34.900000 -56.26667 Port Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic 38 13 17 106071120 1106490 3119738.8 34 0.1447931 0.1364024 10 30 0.3369112 0.5264605 0.0179155 0.0942529 12 140
4 Las Palmas Canary Islands Azores Canaries Madeira Lusitanian Temperate Northern Atlantic 4 Spain / Portugal inc Atlantic Islands 28.133056 -15.43194 Port Lusitanian Lusitanian 11 5 8 31886400 3490260 3188640.0 10 0.0364850 0.1236476 8 15 0.2105891 0.1210776 0.0100419 0.1523810 5 87
5 Port William Falkland Islands Malvinas/Falklands Magellanic Temperate South America 4 South America Atlantic coast -51.666667 -57.78333 Port Magellanic Magellanic 35 14 18 11578620 7200 503418.3 23 0.0426637 0.1323408 12 23 0.4349254 0.4007132 0.0164768 0.1581028 1 130
6 Stanley Harbour Falkland Islands Malvinas/Falklands Magellanic Temperate South America 4 South America Atlantic coast -51.683333 -57.83333 Port Magellanic Magellanic 19 7 12 22370940 250560 1491396.0 15 0.0155890 0.1298701 10 18 0.4115656 0.3040485 0.0165443 0.1437908 1 131
7 Callao Peru Central Peru Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Temperate South America 4 South America Pacific coast -12.048056 -77.14250 Port Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific 24 2 4 15153900 331980 797573.7 19 0.0026119 0.1291364 2 7 0.0744415 0.1999322 0.0049951 0.2857143 9 137
8 Montevideo Alpha Zone Uruguay Rio de la Plata Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America 4 South America Atlantic coast -35.044610 -56.05877 Port Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic 36 10 14 22483980 174060 642399.4 35 0.0501846 0.1246106 13 20 0.3754771 0.1275074 0.0210257 0.1157895 3 141
9 Puerto Williams Chile Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Magellanic Temperate South America 3 South America Pacific coast -54.933333 -67.61667 Port Magellanic Magellanic 5 4 5 61920 61920 61920.0 1 0.0007056 0.1246106 3 7 0.1493826 0.1327960 0.0053559 0.1904762 1 123
10 Berkeley Sound Falkland Islands Malvinas/Falklands Magellanic Temperate South America 3 South America Atlantic coast -51.568500 -57.93500 Port Magellanic Magellanic 23 8 12 3093600 215880 206240.0 15 0.0228011 0.1296596 8 18 0.3184068 0.3109590 0.0114823 0.1699346 1 128
11 Talcahuano Chile Araucanian Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Temperate South America 3 South America Pacific coast -36.693056 -73.09861 Port Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific 9 6 7 22471080 3974280 4494216.0 5 0.0213624 0.1285141 6 12 0.1606554 0.2332094 0.0096382 0.1666667 9 134
12 Timaru New Zealand Central New Zealand Southern New Zealand Temperate Australasia 2 Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc -44.383333 171.25000 Port Southern New Zealand Southern New Zealand 12 1 1 91295580 4660620 8299598.2 11 0.0604429 0.1133948 6 12 0.0116987 0.0127981 0.0147080 0.0151515 8 83
13 Cabo Negro Chile Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Magellanic Temperate South America 2 South America Pacific coast -52.950000 -70.78333 Port Magellanic Magellanic 3 3 3 48960 48960 48960.0 1 0.0025732 0.1235521 3 6 0.1243398 0.0948173 0.0063883 0.3333333 3 122
14 Singapore Singapore Malacca Strait Sunda Shelf Central Indo-Pacific 1 Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia 1.268889 103.83306 Port Sunda Shelf Sunda Shelf 2 2 2 68280 68280 68280.0 1 0.0103263 0.1247077 2 4 0.0260644 0.1283872 0.0053464 0.5000000 2 4
15 Busan South Korea East China Sea Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific Temperate Northern Pacific 1 China, Korea and Russia 35.117222 129.04444 Port Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific 46 9 19 96671640 763140 3118440.0 31 0.2550591 0.1323408 15 31 0.2062726 0.1687841 0.0238696 0.0430108 2 115
16 Busan Anch. South Korea East China Sea Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific Temperate Northern Pacific 1 China, Korea and Russia 35.038333 129.05389 Port Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific 28 8 16 57861180 61500 2225430.0 26 0.0807204 0.1297648 8 16 0.0653662 0.1394829 0.0141316 0.0916667 2 116
17 Callao Anch. Peru Central Peru Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Temperate South America 1 South America Pacific coast -12.017778 -77.18722 Port Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific 24 2 4 37954860 689100 1650211.3 23 0.0175856 0.1278977 7 10 0.2613968 0.1710035 0.0097068 0.2666667 9 138
18 Punta del Este Uruguay Rio de la Plata Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America 1 South America Atlantic coast -34.966667 -54.95000 Port Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic 1 1 1 72240 72240 72240.0 1 0.0001594 0.1114206 1 2 0.0360181 0.0249240 0.0017330 0.0000000 1 142
19 Recalada Anch. Argentina Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America 1 South America Atlantic coast -39.000000 -61.26667 Port Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic 5 4 4 74580 74580 74580.0 1 0.0015779 0.1250977 4 6 0.2328555 0.1406662 0.0069490 0.4000000 3 144
20 Isla de Providencia Colombia Southwestern Caribbean Tropical Northwestern Atlantic Tropical Atlantic 1 Central America inc Mexico to Panama 13.383333 -81.36667 Port Tropical Northwestern Atlantic Tropical Northwestern Atlantic 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA 0.0003491 0.1139601 1 2 0.0053229 0.0212270 0.0019872 0.0000000 3 153
21 San Andres Colombia Southwestern Caribbean Tropical Northwestern Atlantic Tropical Atlantic 1 Central America inc Mexico to Panama 12.550000 -81.68333 Port Tropical Northwestern Atlantic Tropical Northwestern Atlantic 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA 0.0000000 0.1243201 1 2 0.0144606 0.1030789 0.0021133 1.0000000 1 154
22 Dakar Senegal Sahelian Upwelling West African Transition Tropical Atlantic 1 Africa Atlantic coast 14.688056 -17.43472 Port West African Transition West African Transition 3 2 2 245580 245580 245580.0 1 0.0069984 0.1170446 2 5 0.0690098 0.0482089 0.0034642 0.2000000 5 155
gateway_fishing <- port_networks$fishing %>%
  activate(edges) %>%
  filter(to_realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  mutate(strength_out = centrality_degree(mode = "out", weights = n_voyages)) %>%
  filter(strength_out > 0)
gateway_nodes_fishing <- gateway_fishing %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  filter(realm != "Southern Ocean") %>%
  arrange(desc(strength_out)) %>%
  dplyr::select(place, country, ecoregion, province, realm, strength_out, everything()) %>%
  ungroup() %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  mutate(total_voyages_to = sum(strength_out)) %>%
  mutate(pcent = strength_out / total_voyages_to * 100)

gateway_nodes_fishing %>%
  dplyr::select(place, country, strength_out, pcent) %>%
  mutate(pcent = sprintf("%0.2f", pcent))
## # A tibble: 22 × 4
##    place                 country          strength_out pcent
##    <chr>                 <chr>                   <dbl> <chr>
##  1 Punta Arenas          Chile                      21 25.30
##  2 Cape Town             South Africa               13 15.66
##  3 Montevideo            Uruguay                     7 8.43 
##  4 Las Palmas            Canary Islands              4 4.82 
##  5 Port William          Falkland Islands            4 4.82 
##  6 Stanley Harbour       Falkland Islands            4 4.82 
##  7 Callao                Peru                        4 4.82 
##  8 Montevideo Alpha Zone Uruguay                     4 4.82 
##  9 Puerto Williams       Chile                       3 3.61 
## 10 Berkeley Sound        Falkland Islands            3 3.61 
## # … with 12 more rows

Tourism

Tourism tends to visit islands and continents which are included as Antarctic nodes. Ushuaia, Argentina is a recognised Gateway City and had 691 voyages direct to Antarctic locations, 3.5 times more than the next most important port. Stanley Harbour in the Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas and Puerto Williams in Chile were the next most important ports, with almost an order of mangitude more departures than the the next ports; Bluff in New Zealand, Punta Arenas in Chile, Montevideo in Uruguay and Port William in the Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas. Tourist intineraries, in particlar, involve frequent stops at places of interest. So while the official Gateway Cities are relatively poorly represented in this list (with the exception of Ushuaia), tourists are still likely to embark or travel through Gatway Cities to reach Antarctica. For example, a cruise might stop briefly at Puerto Williams for sightseeing but the passengers may have joined the cruise in Punta Arenas.

gateway_ports_results$tourism
place country ecoregion province realm strength_out area latitude longitude feature from_province to_province n_voyages n_ships n_trips total_time median_time mean_time n_time betweenness_centrality closeness_centrality strength_in strength_total centrality_eigen centrality_hub centrality_pagerank clust_co cluster .tidygraph_node_index
1 Ushuaia Argentina Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Magellanic Temperate South America 691 South America Atlantic coast -54.80194 -68.302778 Port Magellanic Magellanic 1085 47 53 69901680 56040 106883.30 654 0.2209495 0.2275630 111 221 1.0000000 1.0000000 0.0096004 0.0465652 1 1007
2 Stanley Harbour Falkland Islands Malvinas/Falklands Magellanic Temperate South America 197 South America Atlantic coast -51.68333 -57.833333 Port Magellanic Magellanic 323 41 44 30551220 32820 117958.38 259 0.0494739 0.2200309 59 135 0.6551418 0.8216825 0.0041284 0.0970702 1 1018
3 Puerto Williams Chile Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Magellanic Temperate South America 106 South America Pacific coast -54.93333 -67.616667 Port Magellanic Magellanic 160 31 31 5567520 28920 118457.87 47 0.0065933 0.2105004 25 71 0.4281797 0.6793609 0.0016757 0.2241449 1 1005
4 Bluff New Zealand South New Zealand Southern New Zealand Temperate Australasia 15 Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc -46.61667 168.366667 Port Southern New Zealand Southern New Zealand 27 7 9 20750940 146280 943224.55 22 0.0159975 0.1653137 17 29 0.0002139 0.0001151 0.0031447 0.1009852 20 335
5 Punta Arenas Chile Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Magellanic Temperate South America 14 South America Pacific coast -53.16667 -70.900000 Port Magellanic Magellanic 164 31 31 13754040 45840 110032.32 125 0.0438585 0.2107078 40 64 0.4097125 0.3221660 0.0034471 0.1160714 1 1006
6 Montevideo Uruguay Rio de la Plata Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America 13 South America Atlantic coast -34.90000 -56.266667 Port Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic 237 35 40 18665160 40620 85620.00 218 0.0468497 0.2191664 37 79 0.2822081 0.3009242 0.0031067 0.0944499 9 1043
7 Port William Falkland Islands Malvinas/Falklands Magellanic Temperate South America 9 South America Atlantic coast -51.66667 -57.783333 Port Magellanic Magellanic 61 20 20 1026120 7200 25027.32 41 0.0072139 0.2109850 17 36 0.2560826 0.2209660 0.0013488 0.1888889 1 1017
8 Mar del Plata Argentina Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America 5 South America Atlantic coast -38.03306 -57.544722 Port Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic 14 3 4 1163460 92550 116346.00 10 0.0050580 0.2006255 14 22 0.1787261 0.0537030 0.0011094 0.1774892 1 1061
9 Hobart Australia Bassian Southeast Australian Shelf Temperate Australasia 2 Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc -42.88000 147.334722 Port Southeast Australian Shelf Southeast Australian Shelf 13 6 7 5245380 95100 476852.73 11 0.0100563 0.1590036 7 16 0.0000576 0.0001087 0.0014345 0.1083333 8 325
10 Dunedin New Zealand South New Zealand Southern New Zealand Temperate Australasia 2 Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc -45.88333 170.516667 Port Southern New Zealand Southern New Zealand 22 10 10 2250240 95040 107154.29 21 0.0054986 0.1785665 8 18 0.0001144 0.0002650 0.0014809 0.1372549 20 336
11 Buenos Aires Argentina Rio de la Plata Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America 2 South America Atlantic coast -34.59028 -58.377500 Port Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic 102 19 19 11151360 127020 122542.42 91 0.0032472 0.2036508 12 29 0.1018624 0.1738242 0.0010422 0.1921182 29 1040
12 Delfzijl Netherlands North Sea Northern European Seas Temperate Northern Atlantic 1 North European Atlantic coast 53.33333 6.933333 Port Northern European Seas Northern European Seas 8 3 3 151380 151380 151380.00 1 0.0033493 0.1895406 5 12 0.0171595 0.0198849 0.0006480 0.0151515 31 747
13 Puerto Natales Chile Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Magellanic Temperate South America 1 South America Pacific coast -51.71667 -72.516667 Port Magellanic Magellanic 30 12 12 1236480 99240 95113.85 13 0.0031134 0.1934268 10 19 0.1023001 0.0990973 0.0011498 0.1929825 18 1004
14 Berkeley Sound Falkland Islands Malvinas/Falklands Magellanic Temperate South America 1 South America Atlantic coast -51.56850 -57.935000 Port Magellanic Magellanic 6 5 5 21600 7200 7200.00 3 0.0008630 0.2004374 4 8 0.0687109 0.0756054 0.0003388 0.4642857 1 1015
15 Comodoro Rivadavia Argentina North Patagonian Gulfs Magellanic Temperate South America 1 South America Atlantic coast -45.85694 -67.482222 Port Magellanic Magellanic 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA 0.0000000 0.1654203 1 2 0.0103166 0.0279624 0.0001798 1.0000000 1 1019
16 Puerto Madryn Argentina North Patagonian Gulfs Magellanic Temperate South America 1 South America Atlantic coast -42.73861 -65.047222 Port Magellanic Magellanic 63 18 18 2490780 42720 108294.78 23 0.0021021 0.2006255 14 22 0.1695074 0.1123615 0.0009795 0.2683983 1 1020
17 San Antonio(CHL) Chile Araucanian Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Temperate South America 1 South America Pacific coast -33.60000 -71.616667 Port Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific 19 7 7 2971020 47460 198068.00 15 0.0055657 0.1927005 8 17 0.0403163 0.0706162 0.0008837 0.2352941 18 1023
18 Rio de Janeiro Brazil Southeastern Brazil Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America 1 South America Atlantic coast -22.91667 -43.200000 Port Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic 51 21 21 10575480 127500 240351.82 44 0.0124843 0.1975366 21 43 0.0875050 0.0921614 0.0021482 0.0786268 29 1055
gateway_tourism <- port_networks$tourism %>%
  activate(edges) %>%
  filter(to_realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  mutate(strength_out = centrality_degree(mode = "out", weights = n_voyages)) %>%
  filter(strength_out > 0)
gateway_nodes_tourism <- gateway_tourism %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  filter(realm != "Southern Ocean") %>%
  arrange(desc(strength_out)) %>%
  dplyr::select(place, country, ecoregion, province, realm, strength_out, everything()) %>%
  ungroup() %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  mutate(total_voyages_to = sum(strength_out)) %>%
  mutate(pcent = strength_out / total_voyages_to * 100)

gateway_nodes_tourism %>%
  dplyr::select(place, country, strength_out, pcent) %>%
  mutate(pcent = sprintf("%0.2f", pcent))
## # A tibble: 18 × 4
##    place              country          strength_out pcent
##    <chr>              <chr>                   <dbl> <chr>
##  1 Ushuaia            Argentina                 691 65.00
##  2 Stanley Harbour    Falkland Islands          197 18.53
##  3 Puerto Williams    Chile                     106 9.97 
##  4 Bluff              New Zealand                15 1.41 
##  5 Punta Arenas       Chile                      14 1.32 
##  6 Montevideo         Uruguay                    13 1.22 
##  7 Port William       Falkland Islands            9 0.85 
##  8 Mar del Plata      Argentina                   5 0.47 
##  9 Hobart             Australia                   2 0.19 
## 10 Dunedin            New Zealand                 2 0.19 
## 11 Buenos Aires       Argentina                   2 0.19 
## 12 Delfzijl           Netherlands                 1 0.09 
## 13 Puerto Natales     Chile                       1 0.09 
## 14 Berkeley Sound     Falkland Islands            1 0.09 
## 15 Comodoro Rivadavia Argentina                   1 0.09 
## 16 Puerto Madryn      Argentina                   1 0.09 
## 17 San Antonio(CHL)   Chile                       1 0.09 
## 18 Rio de Janeiro     Brazil                      1 0.09

Research

Official Gateway Cities quite accurately reflect the most important departure ports for research vessels and national operations. This is perhaps unsurprising, since it is the nations active in Antarctic reserach that have put forward their cities as suggested Gateways. Gateway Cities make up 5 of the top 6 ports for research activity, joined by Mare Harbour in the Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas.

gateway_ports_results$research
place country ecoregion province realm strength_out area latitude longitude feature from_province to_province n_voyages n_ships n_trips total_time median_time mean_time n_time betweenness_centrality closeness_centrality strength_in strength_total centrality_eigen centrality_hub centrality_pagerank clust_co cluster .tidygraph_node_index
1 Punta Arenas Chile Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Magellanic Temperate South America 111 South America Pacific coast -53.16667 -70.9000000 Port Magellanic Magellanic 184 18 27 147883680 411660 954088.3 155 0.4280655 0.1044634 63 113 1.0000000 1.0000000 0.0308209 0.0341340 1 361
2 Hobart Australia Bassian Southeast Australian Shelf Temperate Australasia 24 Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc -42.88000 147.3347222 Port Southeast Australian Shelf Southeast Australian Shelf 41 8 13 167799420 693150 4935277.1 34 0.1524685 0.0980392 18 37 0.1459639 0.1684131 0.0126288 0.0480480 10 235
3 Cape Town South Africa Namaqua Benguela Temperate Southern Africa 23 South & East African coasts -33.91667 18.4333333 Port Benguela Benguela 76 9 13 179675520 526680 3327324.4 54 0.2396748 0.1021593 31 71 0.2978264 0.3787997 0.0175210 0.0277666 3 404
4 Ushuaia Argentina Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Magellanic Temperate South America 17 South America Atlantic coast -54.80194 -68.3027778 Port Magellanic Magellanic 25 8 9 5720340 196890 408595.7 14 0.0272186 0.0985222 15 34 0.3843061 0.5532232 0.0076592 0.1105169 2 362
5 Mare Harbour Falkland Islands Malvinas/Falklands Magellanic Temperate South America 15 South America Atlantic coast -51.91667 -58.4666667 Port Magellanic Magellanic 34 3 3 2532480 173040 230225.5 11 0.0362364 0.0994575 10 28 0.2370361 0.4964796 0.0053282 0.1190476 12 367
6 Lyttelton New Zealand Central New Zealand Southern New Zealand Temperate Australasia 11 Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc -43.60639 172.7280556 Port Southern New Zealand Southern New Zealand 23 5 7 13817160 504510 1381716.0 10 0.1059206 0.0988320 15 31 0.1170236 0.2409546 0.0111478 0.0559140 11 237
7 Puerto Williams Chile Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Magellanic Temperate South America 9 South America Pacific coast -54.93333 -67.6166667 Port Magellanic Magellanic 19 5 8 1764480 110760 220560.0 8 0.0038924 0.0969377 5 13 0.1925112 0.3648550 0.0024122 0.2564103 2 360
8 Stanley Harbour Falkland Islands Malvinas/Falklands Magellanic Temperate South America 9 South America Atlantic coast -51.68333 -57.8333333 Port Magellanic Magellanic 39 3 3 25283280 371730 902974.3 28 0.0325410 0.0975177 13 27 0.2022560 0.2408295 0.0077180 0.0626781 12 369
9 Sydney Australia Manning-Hawkesbury East Central Australian Shelf Temperate Australasia 3 Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc -33.85750 151.2063889 Port East Central Australian Shelf East Central Australian Shelf 7 3 7 1906320 319110 317720.0 6 0.0100316 0.0907591 3 7 0.0136155 0.0257493 0.0023492 0.3809524 9 233
10 Fremantle Australia Leeuwin Southwest Australian Shelf Temperate Australasia 3 Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc -32.05917 115.7508333 Port Southwest Australian Shelf Southwest Australian Shelf 17 5 7 4606320 352740 329022.9 14 0.0724214 0.0955068 9 17 0.0218564 0.1126278 0.0075032 0.0514706 9 238
11 Cabo Negro Chile Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Magellanic Temperate South America 3 South America Pacific coast -52.95000 -70.7833333 Port Magellanic Magellanic 16 2 2 250260 90060 83420.0 3 0.0030590 0.0952175 2 6 0.0910324 0.1445782 0.0013317 0.2000000 1 359
12 Rio Grande(BRA) Brazil Rio Grande Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America 2 South America Atlantic coast -32.16667 -52.0833333 Port Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic 19 4 8 2104980 153720 150355.7 14 0.0057851 0.0963644 6 13 0.0598570 0.2401649 0.0035508 0.2051282 19 385
13 Huangpu China Southern China South China Sea Central Indo-Pacific 1 China, Korea and Russia 23.09750 113.4241667 Port South China Sea South China Sea 22 1 1 37630620 2165970 2090590.0 18 0.0405746 0.0888171 8 15 0.0681315 0.0126834 0.0057916 0.0952381 8 25
14 Dover Strait U.K. North Sea Northern European Seas Temperate Northern Atlantic 1 United Kingdom inc Eire 51.02092 1.3979300 Port Northern European Seas Northern European Seas 41 7 9 NA NA NA NA 0.0831312 0.0971302 15 32 0.0858716 0.1348892 0.0097551 0.0846774 4 288
15 Rochester(GBR) U.K. North Sea Northern European Seas Temperate Northern Atlantic 1 United Kingdom inc Eire 51.38750 0.5097222 Port Northern European Seas Northern European Seas 3 1 1 93600 93600 93600.0 1 0.0080017 0.0911162 3 6 0.0692031 0.0339041 0.0022316 0.1333333 20 303
16 Sheerness U.K. North Sea Northern European Seas Temperate Northern Atlantic 1 United Kingdom inc Eire 51.43778 0.7438889 Port Northern European Seas Northern European Seas 3 1 1 NA NA NA NA 0.0079569 0.0920695 2 5 0.0274553 0.0315746 0.0014667 0.2000000 20 304
17 Thamesport U.K. North Sea Northern European Seas Temperate Northern Atlantic 1 United Kingdom inc Eire 51.43417 0.6863889 Port Northern European Seas Northern European Seas 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA 0.0003210 0.0837776 1 2 0.0074338 0.0021470 0.0008325 1.0000000 4 308
18 Port William Falkland Islands Malvinas/Falklands Magellanic Temperate South America 1 South America Atlantic coast -51.66667 -57.7833333 Port Magellanic Magellanic 7 1 1 216720 15120 43344.0 5 0.0025999 0.0915332 4 7 0.0617076 0.0474450 0.0024051 0.1428571 12 368
19 Talcahuano Chile Araucanian Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Temperate South America 1 South America Pacific coast -36.69306 -73.0986111 Port Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific 22 5 6 33251520 1036320 2216768.0 15 0.0090424 0.0961328 7 12 0.1332907 0.2111741 0.0037171 0.1666667 14 370
20 Buenos Aires Argentina Rio de la Plata Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America 1 South America Atlantic coast -34.59028 -58.3775000 Port Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic 11 5 6 12548280 460650 1568535.0 8 0.0120086 0.0972591 8 18 0.2071763 0.2059785 0.0039538 0.1437908 21 381
21 La Plata Anch. Argentina Rio de la Plata Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America 1 South America Atlantic coast -34.74500 -57.8311111 Port Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic 6 2 3 583800 48180 116760.0 5 0.0004412 0.0915332 4 7 0.0640002 0.0853131 0.0019024 0.1904762 21 382
22 Port Louis Mauritius Mascarene Islands Western Indian Ocean Western Indo-Pacific 1 South & East African coasts -20.15000 57.4833333 Port Western Indian Ocean Western Indian Ocean 5 2 2 11625720 5630760 3875240.0 3 0.0022906 0.0929839 3 8 0.0317265 0.0367904 0.0016519 0.2500000 3 436
gateway_research <- port_networks$research %>%
  activate(edges) %>%
  filter(to_realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  mutate(strength_out = centrality_degree(mode = "out", weights = n_voyages)) %>%
  filter(strength_out > 0)
gateway_nodes_research <- gateway_research %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  filter(realm != "Southern Ocean") %>%
  arrange(desc(strength_out)) %>%
  dplyr::select(place, country, ecoregion, province, realm, strength_out, everything()) %>%
  ungroup() %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  mutate(total_voyages_to = sum(strength_out)) %>%
  mutate(pcent = strength_out / total_voyages_to * 100)

gateway_nodes_research %>%
  dplyr::select(place, country, strength_out, pcent) %>%
  mutate(pcent = sprintf("%0.2f", pcent))
## # A tibble: 22 × 4
##    place           country          strength_out pcent
##    <chr>           <chr>                   <dbl> <chr>
##  1 Punta Arenas    Chile                     111 46.25
##  2 Hobart          Australia                  24 10.00
##  3 Cape Town       South Africa               23 9.58 
##  4 Ushuaia         Argentina                  17 7.08 
##  5 Mare Harbour    Falkland Islands           15 6.25 
##  6 Lyttelton       New Zealand                11 4.58 
##  7 Puerto Williams Chile                       9 3.75 
##  8 Stanley Harbour Falkland Islands            9 3.75 
##  9 Sydney          Australia                   3 1.25 
## 10 Fremantle       Australia                   3 1.25 
## # … with 12 more rows

Supply

Supply ships going to coastal Antarctic locations depart from a wide range of ports, primarily in Temperate South America. Of the Gateway Cities, Punta Arenas had the most departures.

gateway_ports_results$supply
place country ecoregion province realm strength_out area latitude longitude feature from_province to_province n_voyages n_ships n_trips total_time median_time mean_time n_time betweenness_centrality closeness_centrality strength_in strength_total centrality_eigen centrality_hub centrality_pagerank clust_co cluster .tidygraph_node_index
1 Port William Falkland Islands Malvinas/Falklands Magellanic Temperate South America 26 South America Atlantic coast -51.666667 -57.78333 Port Magellanic Magellanic 159 24 24 20903940 7200 190035.82 110 0.0234783 0.1212210 20 45 0.6491172 0.5747149 0.0051455 0.0939394 2 577
2 Punta Arenas Chile Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Magellanic Temperate South America 14 South America Pacific coast -53.166667 -70.90000 Port Magellanic Magellanic 68 13 17 153489660 491340 2692801.05 57 0.0380555 0.1153792 17 37 0.3021219 0.2624165 0.0056777 0.0615616 19 568
3 Berkeley Sound Falkland Islands Malvinas/Falklands Magellanic Temperate South America 12 South America Atlantic coast -51.568500 -57.93500 Port Magellanic Magellanic 186 26 29 53048760 180000 401884.55 132 0.0407497 0.1220449 31 54 0.8753560 0.6362415 0.0069549 0.1229909 2 574
4 Montevideo Uruguay Rio de la Plata Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America 12 South America Atlantic coast -34.900000 -56.26667 Port Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic 187 23 28 150261300 145260 873612.21 172 0.0512162 0.1210079 20 47 0.6783402 0.4943933 0.0053589 0.0832562 2 608
5 Montevideo Alpha Zone Uruguay Rio de la Plata Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America 11 South America Atlantic coast -35.044610 -56.05877 Port Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic 236 28 31 154427820 149340 714943.61 216 0.1344066 0.1256083 39 77 0.9886809 0.7531212 0.0100939 0.0618592 2 609
6 Buenos Aires Argentina Rio de la Plata Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America 8 South America Atlantic coast -34.590278 -58.37750 Port Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic 34 7 14 73745580 600300 3206329.57 23 0.0176420 0.1140254 13 29 0.2912576 0.1384257 0.0034694 0.1009852 6 602
7 Ushuaia Argentina Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Magellanic Temperate South America 7 South America Atlantic coast -54.801944 -68.30278 Port Magellanic Magellanic 18 5 9 14072640 487740 1563626.67 9 0.0060646 0.1069117 10 22 0.1020648 0.0646544 0.0028155 0.1168831 6 569
8 Lyttelton New Zealand Central New Zealand Southern New Zealand Temperate Australasia 6 Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc -43.606389 172.72806 Port Southern New Zealand Southern New Zealand 28 7 9 12960180 67200 480006.67 27 0.0351279 0.1146744 10 24 0.0639106 0.0525025 0.0033007 0.0471014 23 183
9 Puerto Williams Chile Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Magellanic Temperate South America 6 South America Pacific coast -54.933333 -67.61667 Port Magellanic Magellanic 42 6 9 13334700 479760 606122.73 22 0.0046431 0.1095491 10 16 0.2440789 0.0874728 0.0027439 0.1833333 19 567
10 Bintulu Malaysia Sunda Shelf/Java Sea Sunda Shelf Central Indo-Pacific 5 Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia 3.166667 113.03333 Port Sunda Shelf Sunda Shelf 4 1 1 NA NA NA NA 0.0000000 0.1081718 1 3 0.0499351 0.0395266 0.0003798 0.3333333 2 73
11 Cape Town South Africa Namaqua Benguela Temperate Southern Africa 5 South & East African coasts -33.916667 18.43333 Port Benguela Benguela 40 12 14 23883420 379320 645497.84 37 0.0359887 0.1212210 15 30 0.4126917 0.3038665 0.0040349 0.1172414 13 640
12 Busan South Korea East China Sea Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific Temperate Northern Pacific 4 China, Korea and Russia 35.117222 129.04444 Port Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific 201 24 28 101990580 374400 589540.92 173 0.0396552 0.1192263 20 54 0.4430996 0.5865072 0.0054059 0.0796646 4 538
13 Singapore Singapore Malacca Strait Sunda Shelf Central Indo-Pacific 2 Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia 1.268889 103.83306 Port Sunda Shelf Sunda Shelf 134 29 36 17006220 52500 134970.00 126 0.2930267 0.1260491 67 138 1.0000000 1.0000000 0.0191928 0.0282450 7 66
14 Nakhodka Russia Sea of Japan/East Sea Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific Temperate Northern Pacific 2 China, Korea and Russia 42.798611 132.87694 Port Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific 17 12 13 3671640 258720 367164.00 10 0.0041628 0.1143094 8 20 0.2261052 0.2641093 0.0020300 0.1736842 4 467
15 Zhoushan China East China Sea Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific Temperate Northern Pacific 2 China, Korea and Russia 30.000000 122.10000 Port Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific 58 20 26 85180200 1523520 2241584.21 38 0.0211316 0.1151540 18 38 0.4660982 0.3457197 0.0050043 0.0853485 4 562
16 Cabo Negro Chile Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Magellanic Temperate South America 2 South America Pacific coast -52.950000 -70.78333 Port Magellanic Magellanic 2 1 1 NA NA NA NA 0.0000824 0.1081860 2 4 0.0753727 0.0431097 0.0006211 0.1666667 2 563
17 Stanley Harbour Falkland Islands Malvinas/Falklands Magellanic Temperate South America 2 South America Atlantic coast -51.683333 -57.83333 Port Magellanic Magellanic 80 15 15 15601620 84720 226110.43 69 0.0159026 0.1177309 13 27 0.5253284 0.3312047 0.0033907 0.1538462 2 578
18 La Plata Anch. Argentina Rio de la Plata Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America 2 South America Atlantic coast -34.745000 -57.83111 Port Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic 22 7 10 1668780 38610 83439.00 20 0.0162214 0.1109618 11 20 0.2018308 0.0716725 0.0028896 0.0631579 6 607
19 Hong Kong China Southern China South China Sea Central Indo-Pacific 1 China, Korea and Russia 22.286111 114.15750 Port South China Sea South China Sea 44 8 11 3780180 51900 87911.16 43 0.0348051 0.1197970 21 45 0.3433939 0.3561686 0.0056876 0.0939394 8 34
20 Xiamen China Southern China South China Sea Central Indo-Pacific 1 China, Korea and Russia 24.457500 118.07139 Port South China Sea South China Sea 5 3 3 627780 108360 156945.00 4 0.0059485 0.1121064 5 11 0.0473698 0.0644053 0.0017029 0.0727273 54 42
21 Las Palmas Canary Islands Azores Canaries Madeira Lusitanian Temperate Northern Atlantic 1 Spain / Portugal inc Atlantic Islands 28.133056 -15.43194 Port Lusitanian Lusitanian 89 19 22 41731380 85200 485248.60 86 0.0795245 0.1212032 39 71 0.6544253 0.4487979 0.0114698 0.0631791 1 236
22 Dover Strait U.K. North Sea Northern European Seas Temperate Northern Atlantic 1 United Kingdom inc Eire 51.020920 1.39793 Port Northern European Seas Northern European Seas 80 18 21 NA NA NA NA 0.1212673 0.1226065 27 67 0.2397359 0.3669946 0.0126980 0.0492990 3 360
23 Falkland Islands Falkland Islands Malvinas/Falklands Magellanic Temperate South America 1 South America Atlantic coast -51.683330 -57.83333 Port Magellanic Magellanic 2 2 2 NA NA NA NA 0.0000029 0.1089566 2 4 0.0708035 0.0727969 0.0006546 0.8333333 2 575
24 San Antonio(CHL) Chile Araucanian Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Temperate South America 1 South America Pacific coast -33.600000 -71.61667 Port Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific 4 3 3 873780 250920 291260.00 3 0.0038902 0.1021645 4 8 0.0547299 0.0058752 0.0011404 0.1428571 43 585
25 Valparaiso Chile Central Chile Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Temperate South America 1 South America Pacific coast -33.016667 -71.63333 Port Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific 30 6 6 65041860 729510 2501610.00 26 0.0185514 0.1099720 10 20 0.0659107 0.0777293 0.0031844 0.0631579 27 591
26 Bahia Blanca Argentina Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America 1 South America Atlantic coast -38.776111 -62.28694 Port Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic 25 7 15 42699480 2081220 3881770.91 11 0.0164388 0.1152505 12 25 0.1573916 0.1847428 0.0033717 0.0900000 6 630
27 Recalada Anch. Argentina Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America 1 South America Atlantic coast -39.000000 -61.26667 Port Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic 131 13 13 27869880 106380 267979.62 104 0.0081020 0.1159461 14 24 0.5165876 0.3331113 0.0035720 0.1884058 2 634
28 Matadi Congo Gulf of Guinea South Gulf of Guinea Tropical Atlantic 1 Africa Atlantic coast -5.816667 13.45000 Port Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Guinea 19 10 11 10624080 578700 664005.00 16 0.0040592 0.1155891 11 20 0.2009993 0.2422948 0.0024096 0.1789474 13 669
29 Kakinada India Eastern India Bay of Bengal Western Indo-Pacific 1 India, Pakistan and Burma 17.000000 82.28333 Port Bay of Bengal Bay of Bengal 3 2 2 1044000 1044000 1044000.00 1 0.0013745 0.1029797 3 6 0.0060664 0.0143402 0.0011292 0.0666667 46 758
gateway_supply <- port_networks$supply %>%
  activate(edges) %>%
  filter(to_realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  mutate(strength_out = centrality_degree(mode = "out", weights = n_voyages)) %>%
  filter(strength_out > 0)
gateway_nodes_supply <- gateway_supply %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  filter(realm != "Southern Ocean") %>%
  arrange(desc(strength_out)) %>%
  dplyr::select(place, country, ecoregion, province, realm, strength_out, everything()) %>%
  ungroup() %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  mutate(total_voyages_to = sum(strength_out)) %>%
  mutate(pcent = strength_out / total_voyages_to * 100)

gateway_nodes_supply %>%
  dplyr::select(place, country, strength_out, pcent) %>%
  mutate(pcent = sprintf("%0.2f", pcent))
## # A tibble: 29 × 4
##    place                 country          strength_out pcent
##    <chr>                 <chr>                   <dbl> <chr>
##  1 Port William          Falkland Islands           26 18.71
##  2 Punta Arenas          Chile                      14 10.07
##  3 Berkeley Sound        Falkland Islands           12 8.63 
##  4 Montevideo            Uruguay                    12 8.63 
##  5 Montevideo Alpha Zone Uruguay                    11 7.91 
##  6 Buenos Aires          Argentina                   8 5.76 
##  7 Ushuaia               Argentina                   7 5.04 
##  8 Lyttelton             New Zealand                 6 4.32 
##  9 Puerto Williams       Chile                       6 4.32 
## 10 Bintulu               Malaysia                    5 3.60 
## # … with 19 more rows

Other

Very few ships and voyages fall into the category of “other”, but most voyages by these ships left from either Punta Arenas or Ushuaia.

gateway_ports_results$other
place country ecoregion province realm strength_out area latitude longitude feature from_province to_province n_voyages n_ships n_trips total_time median_time mean_time n_time betweenness_centrality closeness_centrality strength_in strength_total centrality_eigen centrality_hub centrality_pagerank clust_co cluster .tidygraph_node_index
1 Punta Arenas Chile Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Magellanic Temperate South America 3 South America Pacific coast -53.166667 -70.900000 Port Magellanic Magellanic 4 1 1 3044100 849660 1014700 3 0.2741505 0.0172058 4 8 0.0008083 0 0.0176774 0.0357143 12 92
2 Ushuaia Argentina Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Magellanic Temperate South America 3 South America Atlantic coast -54.801944 -68.302778 Port Magellanic Magellanic 4 1 1 2334240 602340 583560 4 0.0993011 0.0172295 4 8 0.0000771 0 0.0209452 0.0000000 5 93
3 Apapa-Lagos Nigeria Gulf of Guinea Central Gulf of Guinea Tropical Atlantic 1 Africa Atlantic coast 6.438333 3.388611 Port Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Guinea 3 1 1 379980 379980 379980 1 0.0421935 0.0168850 2 5 0.0000137 0 0.0055110 0.1000000 6 101
4 Bonny Nigeria Gulf of Guinea Central Gulf of Guinea Tropical Atlantic 1 Africa Atlantic coast 4.421667 7.150278 Port Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Guinea 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA 0.0164516 0.0164409 1 2 0.0000023 0 0.0038456 0.0000000 19 102
gateway_other <- port_networks$other %>%
  activate(edges) %>%
  filter(to_realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  mutate(strength_out = centrality_degree(mode = "out", weights = n_voyages)) %>%
  filter(strength_out > 0)
gateway_nodes_other <- gateway_other %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  filter(realm != "Southern Ocean") %>%
  arrange(desc(strength_out)) %>%
  dplyr::select(place, country, ecoregion, province, realm, strength_out, everything()) %>%
  ungroup() %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  mutate(total_voyages_to = sum(strength_out)) %>%
  mutate(pcent = strength_out / total_voyages_to * 100)

gateway_nodes_other %>%
  dplyr::select(place, country, strength_out, pcent) %>%
  mutate(pcent = sprintf("%0.2f", pcent))
## # A tibble: 4 × 4
##   place        country   strength_out pcent
##   <chr>        <chr>            <dbl> <chr>
## 1 Punta Arenas Chile                3 37.50
## 2 Ushuaia      Argentina            3 37.50
## 3 Apapa-Lagos  Nigeria              1 12.50
## 4 Bonny        Nigeria              1 12.50

Main regions of activity to and from Antarctic ecoregions

gateway_region_results <- gateway_region_importance(list_of_eco_networks = ecoregion_networks, output_nodes = TRUE)
gateway_region_results$all
ecoregion province realm strength_out strength_in lat_zone n_voyages n_ships total_time median_time mean_time
South Shetland Islands Scotia Sea Southern Ocean 2702 2708 Polar 2580 141 644148900 108120 249670.1
Antarctic Peninsula Scotia Sea Southern Ocean 1993 2000 Polar 1967 114 867381660 320940 440966.8
Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Magellanic Temperate South America 1128 1210 Temperate 1582 123 1377201300 97380 1346237.8
Malvinas/Falklands Magellanic Temperate South America 393 280 Temperate 724 101 454577940 44940 828010.8
South Georgia Scotia Sea Southern Ocean 351 352 Polar 348 53 10956780 27450 124508.9
South Orkney Islands Scotia Sea Southern Ocean 188 191 Polar 175 51 137039040 176160 783080.2
East Antarctic Wilkes Land Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean 129 125 Polar 125 33 215794800 890700 1726358.4
Ross Sea Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean 105 94 Polar 102 36 119878080 852030 1175275.3
Rio de la Plata Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America 80 83 Temperate 590 113 1162411380 245580 2184983.8
Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean 64 67 Polar 69 34 97986300 462360 1420091.3
East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean 57 58 Polar 59 17 159609360 901800 2705243.4
Namaqua Benguela Temperate Southern Africa 53 49 Temperate 186 55 528610620 405000 3547722.3
Bassian Southeast Australian Shelf Temperate Australasia 52 48 Temperate 94 24 227862360 498420 2998188.9
Weddell Sea Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean 46 43 Polar 39 13 54267300 1276380 1391469.2
Central New Zealand Southern New Zealand Temperate Australasia 36 49 Temperate 153 40 306939900 440550 3009214.7
Peter the First Island Subantarctic Islands Southern Ocean 29 30 Polar 25 17 3031920 64140 121276.8
East Antarctic Enderby Land Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean 27 28 Polar 27 7 31204380 78360 1155717.8
South New Zealand Southern New Zealand Temperate Australasia 19 17 Temperate 51 17 32668740 121980 796798.5
North Sea Northern European Seas Temperate Northern Atlantic 17 14 Temperate 995 91 738240000 309510 971368.4
East China Sea Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific Temperate Northern Pacific 15 13 Temperate 661 68 941725140 121680 1640636.1
Leeuwin Southwest Australian Shelf Temperate Australasia 15 8 Temperate 43 19 20524500 406890 570125.0
South Sandwich Islands Scotia Sea Southern Ocean 11 11 Polar 10 8 924180 59700 92418.0
Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America 9 24 Temperate 198 40 85992240 106380 632295.9
Azores Canaries Madeira Lusitanian Temperate Northern Atlantic 7 8 Temperate 319 82 240361440 122340 837496.3
Araucanian Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Temperate South America 6 2 Temperate 71 34 75830040 149160 1648479.1
Fiji Islands Tropical Southwestern Pacific Central Indo-Pacific 6 1 Tropical 31 20 16919820 112080 676792.8
Mascarene Islands Western Indian Ocean Western Indo-Pacific 5 19 Tropical 70 37 151764480 92190 2529408.0
North Patagonian Gulfs Magellanic Temperate South America 5 7 Temperate 80 29 4215780 45360 156140.0
Sunda Shelf/Java Sea Sunda Shelf Central Indo-Pacific 5 4 Tropical 42 17 4164120 85620 160158.5
Central Peru Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Temperate South America 5 2 Temperate 92 34 107904480 221340 1686007.5
Malacca Strait Sunda Shelf Central Indo-Pacific 5 2 Tropical 236 49 48070020 61560 223581.5
Baltic Sea Northern European Seas Temperate Northern Atlantic 3 3 Temperate 239 58 379748880 754320 1741967.3
Sea of Japan/East Sea Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific Temperate Northern Pacific 3 3 Temperate 286 46 415797000 250650 1704086.1
Manning-Hawkesbury East Central Australian Shelf Temperate Australasia 3 1 Temperate 45 18 14886960 196440 363096.6
Southern China South China Sea Central Indo-Pacific 3 1 Tropical 152 30 139400700 265140 1032597.8
Southwestern Caribbean Tropical Northwestern Atlantic Tropical Atlantic 2 2 Tropical 278 65 29972160 175920 218774.9
Eastern India Bay of Bengal Western Indo-Pacific 2 1 Tropical 19 10 3420900 213150 427612.5
Gulf of Guinea Central Gulf of Guinea Tropical Atlantic 2 1 Tropical 125 30 287585280 1763790 2934543.7
Rio Grande Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America 2 1 Temperate 50 21 8917440 132090 247706.7
Southeastern Brazil Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America 1 5 Temperate 138 55 175294140 321270 1460784.5
Central Chile Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Temperate South America 1 3 Temperate 151 42 143950620 192180 1219920.5
New Caledonia Tropical Southwestern Pacific Central Indo-Pacific 1 1 Tropical 26 18 20368200 141780 1018410.0
Southern Norway Northern European Seas Temperate Northern Atlantic 1 1 Temperate 294 45 73604280 232440 307967.7
Easter Island Easter Island Eastern Indo-Pacific 1 0 Tropical 42 17 28156920 892350 1173205.0
Gulf of Aden Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Western Indo-Pacific 1 0 Tropical 19 12 2419320 431040 483864.0
Gulf of Guinea South Gulf of Guinea Tropical Atlantic 1 0 Tropical 39 15 22084920 525600 761549.0
Sahelian Upwelling West African Transition Tropical Atlantic 1 0 Tropical 23 17 2185440 129510 136590.0
Cape Verde West African Transition Tropical Atlantic 0 3 Tropical 99 38 23133720 36390 350510.9
Yellow Sea Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific Temperate Northern Pacific 0 3 Temperate 213 41 108369180 315720 619252.5
Celtic Seas Northern European Seas Temperate Northern Atlantic 0 2 Temperate 329 55 150705720 257550 519674.9
Society Islands Southeast Polynesia Eastern Indo-Pacific 0 2 Tropical 54 29 90202560 1127940 2733410.9
St. Helena and Ascension Islands St. Helena and Ascension Islands Tropical Atlantic 0 2 Tropical 9 5 1605600 190800 229371.4
Central Kuroshio Current Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific Temperate Northern Pacific 0 1 Temperate 410 37 491371200 201000 1303371.9
Chiloense Magellanic Temperate South America 0 1 Temperate 183 42 63988560 43800 809981.8
Eastern Brazil Tropical Southwestern Atlantic Tropical Atlantic 0 1 Tropical 48 28 6126300 55920 161218.4
Guayaquil Tropical East Pacific Tropical Eastern Pacific 0 1 Tropical 81 31 18927960 60480 282506.9
Houtman West Central Australian Shelf Temperate Australasia 0 1 Temperate 7 4 275400 37050 68850.0
Natal Agulhas Temperate Southern Africa 0 1 Temperate 71 32 44340960 245520 703824.8
Puget Trough/Georgia Basin Cold Temperate Northeast Pacific Temperate Northern Pacific 0 1 Temperate 204 26 131918820 40470 709241.0
Northern Norway and Finnmark Northern European Seas Temperate Northern Atlantic 0 1 Temperate 302 42 178087140 474240 662034.0
Alboran Sea Mediterranean Sea Temperate Northern Atlantic 0 1 Temperate 287 60 70468380 111420 310433.4
ecoregion_networks$all %>% 
  activate(nodes) %>% 
  filter(realm == "Southern Ocean") %>% 
  as_tibble() %>% 
  summarise(total_voyages = sum(n_voyages))
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   total_voyages
##           <dbl>
## 1          5526
ecoregion_networks$all %>% 
  activate(nodes) %>% 
  filter(ecoregion == "South Shetland Islands" | ecoregion == "Antarctic Peninsula") %>% 
  as_tibble() %>% 
  summarise(total_voyages = sum(n_voyages))
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   total_voyages
##           <dbl>
## 1          4547
4547/5562
## [1] 0.8175117

fishing

gateway_region_results$fishing
ecoregion province realm strength_out strength_in lat_zone n_voyages n_ships total_time median_time mean_time
South Shetland Islands Scotia Sea Southern Ocean 360 361 Polar 357 21 123805800 151200 346794.96
Antarctic Peninsula Scotia Sea Southern Ocean 308 307 Polar 302 20 280811880 662520 929840.66
Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Magellanic Temperate South America 57 49 Temperate 105 24 942209880 6178860 10586627.87
South Orkney Islands Scotia Sea Southern Ocean 47 50 Polar 50 17 97005240 1111590 1940104.80
Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean 40 41 Polar 42 20 83171940 634080 1980284.29
Malvinas/Falklands Magellanic Temperate South America 31 50 Temperate 100 24 260630220 258480 3429345.00
South Georgia Scotia Sea Southern Ocean 27 27 Polar 26 12 2172960 19500 724320.00
Ross Sea Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean 27 19 Polar 24 12 23550780 795630 981282.50
Rio de la Plata Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America 18 22 Temperate 63 24 662475960 3913680 11622385.26
Namaqua Benguela Temperate Southern Africa 16 8 Temperate 29 13 174880800 7629030 6726184.62
Peter the First Island Subantarctic Islands Southern Ocean 11 12 Polar 9 8 470760 46320 52306.67
East Antarctic Wilkes Land Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean 11 10 Polar 10 5 28279560 2052180 2827956.00
East China Sea Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific Temperate Northern Pacific 8 13 Temperate 66 16 415792860 2103630 9038975.22
Central New Zealand Southern New Zealand Temperate Australasia 8 7 Temperate 35 9 161288820 4965540 7331310.00
East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean 7 7 Polar 10 3 73696680 866340 7369668.00
Fiji Islands Tropical Southwestern Pacific Central Indo-Pacific 6 1 Tropical 6 5 707760 141660 235920.00
Central Peru Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Temperate South America 5 1 Temperate 8 2 74883660 7436700 10697665.71
Azores Canaries Madeira Lusitanian Temperate Northern Atlantic 4 6 Temperate 10 6 65595240 5307900 6559524.00
Araucanian Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Temperate South America 3 2 Temperate 12 9 34886760 3974280 4983822.86
Mascarene Islands Western Indian Ocean Western Indo-Pacific 2 3 Tropical 10 5 135228300 120360 19318328.57
Baltic Sea Northern European Seas Temperate Northern Atlantic 2 2 Temperate 6 2 16880280 3446040 3376056.00
East Antarctic Enderby Land Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean 2 2 Polar 2 1 119340 59670 59670.00
South Sandwich Islands Scotia Sea Southern Ocean 2 2 Polar 2 2 494940 247470 247470.00
Southwestern Caribbean Tropical Northwestern Atlantic Tropical Atlantic 2 2 Tropical 4 3 NA NA NA
Malacca Strait Sunda Shelf Central Indo-Pacific 2 0 Tropical 8 5 3652020 180000 608670.00
Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America 1 2 Temperate 11 7 1132260 129120 226452.00
Sea of Japan/East Sea Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific Temperate Northern Pacific 1 1 Temperate 31 6 144457920 974010 5556073.85
Weddell Sea Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean 1 1 Polar 1 1 1318620 1318620 1318620.00
Sahelian Upwelling West African Transition Tropical Atlantic 1 0 Tropical 3 2 245580 245580 245580.00
Bassian Southeast Australian Shelf Temperate Australasia 0 1 Temperate 6 2 1066680 201300 177780.00
North Sea Northern European Seas Temperate Northern Atlantic 0 1 Temperate 6 3 22982040 2554740 5745510.00

tourism

gateway_region_results$tourism
ecoregion province realm strength_out strength_in lat_zone n_voyages n_ships total_time median_time mean_time
South Shetland Islands Scotia Sea Southern Ocean 1793 1789 Polar 1686 52 219047460 82530 129921.39
Antarctic Peninsula Scotia Sea Southern Ocean 1362 1368 Polar 1349 55 427299000 306660 316752.41
Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Magellanic Temperate South America 874 966 Temperate 1196 55 104085900 79260 143171.80
South Georgia Scotia Sea Southern Ocean 285 287 Polar 287 32 5511120 27450 74474.59
Malvinas/Falklands Magellanic Temperate South America 263 136 Temperate 388 46 20597760 32820 67093.68
South Orkney Islands Scotia Sea Southern Ocean 63 62 Polar 50 17 3841200 64470 76824.00
Ross Sea Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean 25 25 Polar 24 7 16047480 705930 668645.00
East Antarctic Wilkes Land Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean 19 18 Polar 17 4 4034340 111420 237314.12
South New Zealand Southern New Zealand Temperate Australasia 19 17 Temperate 42 13 25035840 122520 715309.71
Rio de la Plata Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America 17 18 Temperate 209 38 61376220 186000 318011.50
Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America 5 11 Temperate 20 8 1239420 85860 88530.00
North Patagonian Gulfs Magellanic Temperate South America 5 7 Temperate 66 20 2490780 42720 108294.78
Peter the First Island Subantarctic Islands Southern Ocean 5 5 Polar 4 2 852180 61200 213045.00
Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean 3 3 Polar 3 1 996240 262440 332080.00
Bassian Southeast Australian Shelf Temperate Australasia 3 0 Temperate 19 10 5378460 268140 358564.00
Southeastern Brazil Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America 1 4 Temperate 67 26 16636200 204540 297075.00
North Sea Northern European Seas Temperate Northern Atlantic 1 2 Temperate 564 46 337975980 295710 737938.82
Araucanian Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Temperate South America 1 0 Temperate 26 11 5519340 47460 324667.06
Namaqua Benguela Temperate Southern Africa 0 10 Temperate 46 16 64499940 198390 1612498.50
Central New Zealand Southern New Zealand Temperate Australasia 0 8 Temperate 42 14 13079880 199650 544995.00
Cape Verde West African Transition Tropical Atlantic 0 3 Tropical 87 29 21883320 34140 377298.62
St. Helena and Ascension Islands St. Helena and Ascension Islands Tropical Atlantic 0 2 Tropical 8 4 972000 169200 162000.00
Baltic Sea Northern European Seas Temperate Northern Atlantic 0 1 Temperate 133 29 164949960 893790 1288671.56
Chiloense Magellanic Temperate South America 0 1 Temperate 138 28 18480300 40620 288754.69
Society Islands Southeast Polynesia Eastern Indo-Pacific 0 1 Tropical 41 19 83897460 1911600 3647715.65

research

gateway_region_results$research
ecoregion province realm strength_out strength_in lat_zone n_voyages n_ships total_time median_time mean_time
South Shetland Islands Scotia Sea Southern Ocean 361 367 Polar 350 22 155720580 180990 444915.94
Antarctic Peninsula Scotia Sea Southern Ocean 248 248 Polar 242 18 132280260 301350 546612.64
Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Magellanic Temperate South America 160 159 Temperate 208 21 165702960 439950 1010383.90
East Antarctic Wilkes Land Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean 91 90 Polar 89 20 145721400 940380 1637319.10
Bassian Southeast Australian Shelf Temperate Australasia 49 47 Temperate 69 12 221417220 728340 4025767.64
Malvinas/Falklands Magellanic Temperate South America 44 43 Temperate 60 4 42844020 518940 1071100.50
Ross Sea Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean 43 42 Polar 43 11 58037400 1178220 1349706.98
South Orkney Islands Scotia Sea Southern Ocean 41 41 Polar 40 11 20687460 200460 517186.50
Weddell Sea Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean 35 33 Polar 35 9 50564940 1323180 1444712.57
Namaqua Benguela Temperate Southern Africa 31 24 Temperate 80 12 243361500 524640 4424754.55
East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean 29 27 Polar 27 8 34264320 626160 1269048.89
South Georgia Scotia Sea Southern Ocean 26 25 Polar 26 7 637740 26580 91105.71
Central New Zealand Southern New Zealand Temperate Australasia 20 24 Temperate 44 10 124019940 518280 4593331.11
Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean 20 22 Polar 23 12 13693860 274380 595385.22
East Antarctic Enderby Land Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean 19 20 Polar 19 5 30759060 200820 1618897.89
Leeuwin Southwest Australian Shelf Temperate Australasia 15 8 Temperate 30 10 17065080 430440 632040.00
Peter the First Island Subantarctic Islands Southern Ocean 13 13 Polar 12 7 1708980 73410 142415.00
South Sandwich Islands Scotia Sea Southern Ocean 7 7 Polar 6 5 311700 48630 51950.00
North Sea Northern European Seas Temperate Northern Atlantic 5 4 Temperate 164 14 186691140 377520 1382897.33
Rio de la Plata Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America 3 9 Temperate 32 13 31691340 434280 1173753.33
Mascarene Islands Western Indian Ocean Western Indo-Pacific 3 3 Tropical 11 6 9554760 522120 1364965.71
Manning-Hawkesbury East Central Australian Shelf Temperate Australasia 3 1 Temperate 12 4 5303280 349140 482116.36
Azores Canaries Madeira Lusitanian Temperate Northern Atlantic 2 1 Temperate 45 9 34269960 105660 856749.00
Rio Grande Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America 2 0 Temperate 19 4 1995180 163020 153475.38
New Caledonia Tropical Southwestern Pacific Central Indo-Pacific 1 1 Tropical 6 4 10858560 427560 2171712.00
Southern China South China Sea Central Indo-Pacific 1 1 Tropical 16 3 85379160 6485700 6567627.69
Southern Norway Northern European Seas Temperate Northern Atlantic 1 1 Temperate 3 1 1073820 536910 536910.00
Araucanian Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Temperate South America 1 0 Temperate 22 5 33251520 1036320 2216768.00
Easter Island Easter Island Eastern Indo-Pacific 1 0 Tropical 4 2 1434780 717390 717390.00
Gulf of Aden Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Western Indo-Pacific 1 0 Tropical 3 2 19140 19140 19140.00
Celtic Seas Northern European Seas Temperate Northern Atlantic 0 2 Temperate 33 5 33336180 693870 1666809.00
Central Chile Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Temperate South America 0 2 Temperate 25 6 44997300 742080 2045331.82
Sea of Japan/East Sea Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific Temperate Northern Pacific 0 2 Temperate 33 4 7772040 188490 298924.62
Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America 0 2 Temperate 9 6 487800 71610 121950.00
Central Kuroshio Current Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific Temperate Northern Pacific 0 1 Temperate 50 5 358746120 4846020 7632896.17
Eastern Brazil Tropical Southwestern Atlantic Tropical Atlantic 0 1 Tropical 4 3 2176620 1088310 1088310.00
Puget Trough/Georgia Basin Cold Temperate Northeast Pacific Temperate Northern Pacific 0 1 Temperate 11 4 68106540 3808140 6810654.00
Society Islands Southeast Polynesia Eastern Indo-Pacific 0 1 Tropical 11 8 6234840 486000 779355.00
Southeastern Brazil Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America 0 1 Temperate 15 5 130702140 13985940 10054010.77
Yellow Sea Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific Temperate Northern Pacific 0 1 Temperate 13 4 16371360 1410630 1637136.00
Alboran Sea Mediterranean Sea Temperate Northern Atlantic 0 1 Temperate 39 6 36765480 181080 1267775.17

supply

gateway_region_results$supply
ecoregion province realm strength_out strength_in lat_zone n_voyages n_ships total_time median_time mean_time
South Shetland Islands Scotia Sea Southern Ocean 178 180 Polar 176 43 139462560 416220 792400.91
Antarctic Peninsula Scotia Sea Southern Ocean 68 70 Polar 67 19 22706040 173340 338896.12
Malvinas/Falklands Magellanic Temperate South America 55 51 Temperate 176 27 130505940 266400 1035761.43
Rio de la Plata Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America 42 34 Temperate 284 36 401083140 264480 1585308.85
South Orkney Islands Scotia Sea Southern Ocean 37 38 Polar 35 6 15505140 247860 443004.00
Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Magellanic Temperate South America 31 30 Temperate 65 21 159218820 921840 4422745.00
South Georgia Scotia Sea Southern Ocean 13 13 Polar 9 2 2634960 155370 658740.00
Ross Sea Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean 10 8 Polar 10 5 22121520 1603170 2212152.00
Central New Zealand Southern New Zealand Temperate Australasia 8 10 Temperate 32 7 8551260 135900 294871.03
East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean 8 10 Polar 9 4 29157000 2763660 3239666.67
East Antarctic Wilkes Land Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean 8 7 Polar 8 3 17070360 1661400 2133795.00
East China Sea Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific Temperate Northern Pacific 7 0 Temperate 442 33 400124280 103680 1023335.75
Namaqua Benguela Temperate Southern Africa 6 7 Temperate 31 14 45868380 395640 1638156.43
East Antarctic Enderby Land Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean 6 6 Polar 6 1 325980 62370 54330.00
Sunda Shelf/Java Sea Sunda Shelf Central Indo-Pacific 5 4 Tropical 16 7 2066820 195900 258352.50
North Sea Northern European Seas Temperate Northern Atlantic 4 1 Temperate 237 24 153729960 339780 1004770.98
Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America 3 9 Temperate 158 19 83132760 127920 735688.14
Malacca Strait Sunda Shelf Central Indo-Pacific 3 2 Tropical 161 30 27650820 58320 185575.97
South Sandwich Islands Scotia Sea Southern Ocean 2 2 Polar 2 1 117540 58770 58770.00
Weddell Sea Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean 2 2 Polar 2 2 1188480 594240 594240.00
Eastern India Bay of Bengal Western Indo-Pacific 2 1 Tropical 12 6 3170520 465390 528420.00
Sea of Japan/East Sea Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific Temperate Northern Pacific 2 0 Temperate 122 23 66817260 263970 642473.65
Southern China South China Sea Central Indo-Pacific 2 0 Tropical 86 15 20766420 251520 273242.37
Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean 1 1 Polar 1 1 124260 124260 124260.00
Central Chile Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Temperate South America 1 1 Temperate 27 6 85393560 2102280 3712763.48
Araucanian Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Temperate South America 1 0 Temperate 11 9 2172420 196860 310345.71
Azores Canaries Madeira Lusitanian Temperate Northern Atlantic 1 0 Temperate 91 21 42403980 93360 487402.07
Baltic Sea Northern European Seas Temperate Northern Atlantic 1 0 Temperate 71 20 33588000 252120 533142.86
Gulf of Guinea South Gulf of Guinea Tropical Atlantic 1 0 Tropical 34 12 21999600 579750 846138.46
Mascarene Islands Western Indian Ocean Western Indo-Pacific 0 13 Tropical 32 18 2075700 33240 71575.86
Yellow Sea Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific Temperate Northern Pacific 0 2 Temperate 188 29 85944060 306900 547414.39
Central Peru Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Temperate South America 0 1 Temperate 14 8 8917260 177120 1114657.50
Guayaquil Tropical East Pacific Tropical Eastern Pacific 0 1 Tropical 28 12 15855720 631680 689379.13
Houtman West Central Australian Shelf Temperate Australasia 0 1 Temperate 2 1 168960 168960 168960.00
Natal Agulhas Temperate Southern Africa 0 1 Temperate 27 16 11898960 181950 457652.31
Rio Grande Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Temperate South America 0 1 Temperate 25 12 6801780 132570 340089.00
Northern Norway and Finnmark Northern European Seas Temperate Northern Atlantic 0 1 Temperate 44 4 63279120 585210 1581978.00

other

gateway_region_results$other
ecoregion province realm strength_out strength_in lat_zone n_voyages n_ships total_time median_time mean_time
East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean 13 14 Polar 13 2 22491360 929400 1730104.6
South Shetland Islands Scotia Sea Southern Ocean 10 11 Polar 11 3 6112500 299580 555681.8
Weddell Sea Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean 8 7 Polar 1 1 1195260 1195260 1195260.0
Antarctic Peninsula Scotia Sea Southern Ocean 7 7 Polar 7 2 4284480 431520 612068.6
North Sea Northern European Seas Temperate Northern Atlantic 7 6 Temperate 24 4 36860880 3067800 3686088.0
Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Magellanic Temperate South America 6 6 Temperate 8 2 5983740 644880 854820.0
Gulf of Guinea Central Gulf of Guinea Tropical Atlantic 2 1 Tropical 3 1 58645740 58645740 58645740.0
Azores Canaries Madeira Lusitanian Temperate Northern Atlantic 0 1 Temperate 2 2 2960100 1480050 1480050.0

How about the connections between ecoregions around the Southern Ocean?

Whem looking at all ships, by far the strongest connections are between the Antarctic Peninsula, the South Shetland Islands and the Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile, which combined account for 5344 voyages between regions. In comparison, the connections with the next highest amount were between South Georgia and the Malvinas/Falklands and from there to the South Shetland Islands and the Antarctic Peninsula, yet combined they only account for 798 voyages between regions. The highest ranked connection between regions that do not include the Antarctic Peninsula, South Shetland Islands, South Georgia, Malvinas/Falklands, Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile or South Orkney Islands is between Bassian (Tasmania, Australia) and East Antarctic Wilkes Land (a vast area of East Antarctica that has numerous research stations). Even so, this connection accounted for 95 voyages in both directions, equivalent to 6% of the 1547 between Southern Chile/South America and the South Shetland Islands

gateway_region_edge_results <- gateway_region_importance(list_of_eco_networks = ecoregion_networks, output_nodes = FALSE)
gateway_region_edge_results$all
from to move from_ecoregion to_ecoregion from_realm to_realm n_voyages n_ships n_trips total_time median_time mean_time n_time internal
127 6 South Shetland Islands_Antarctic Peninsula South Shetland Islands Antarctic Peninsula Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1582 102 138 46181280 16320 29191.71 1582 Within Antarctica
6 127 Antarctic Peninsula_South Shetland Islands Antarctic Peninsula South Shetland Islands Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1564 100 136 51024600 13920 32645.30 1563 Within Antarctica
127 28 South Shetland Islands_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile South Shetland Islands Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Southern Ocean Temperate South America 812 77 93 116547780 176760 223700.15 521 To or from Antarctica
28 127 Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_South Shetland Islands Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile South Shetland Islands Temperate South America Southern Ocean 735 91 108 69126840 123990 142824.05 484 To or from Antarctica
6 28 Antarctic Peninsula_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Antarctic Peninsula Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Southern Ocean Temperate South America 349 56 59 85680300 277830 303830.85 282 To or from Antarctica
28 6 Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_Antarctic Peninsula Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Antarctic Peninsula Temperate South America Southern Ocean 302 51 56 19070940 43320 87481.38 218 To or from Antarctica
77 122 Malvinas/Falklands_South Georgia Malvinas/Falklands South Georgia Temperate South America Southern Ocean 220 39 45 17261700 345420 401434.88 43 To or from Antarctica
127 77 South Shetland Islands_Malvinas/Falklands South Shetland Islands Malvinas/Falklands Southern Ocean Temperate South America 120 51 53 37179060 238740 375546.06 99 To or from Antarctica
77 127 Malvinas/Falklands_South Shetland Islands Malvinas/Falklands South Shetland Islands Temperate South America Southern Ocean 113 55 56 33127860 233880 394379.29 84 To or from Antarctica
122 127 South Georgia_South Shetland Islands South Georgia South Shetland Islands Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 107 29 29 7755360 237870 228098.82 34 Within Antarctica
122 77 South Georgia_Malvinas/Falklands South Georgia Malvinas/Falklands Southern Ocean Temperate South America 97 28 33 14190600 546660 788366.67 18 To or from Antarctica
125 127 South Orkney Islands_South Shetland Islands South Orkney Islands South Shetland Islands Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 89 38 47 7035360 28980 79048.99 89 Within Antarctica
36 14 East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Bassian East Antarctic Wilkes Land Bassian Southern Ocean Temperate Australasia 48 7 11 37505880 699630 852406.36 44 To or from Antarctica
14 36 Bassian_East Antarctic Wilkes Land Bassian East Antarctic Wilkes Land Temperate Australasia Southern Ocean 47 9 14 21954960 488790 548874.00 40 To or from Antarctica
122 6 South Georgia_Antarctic Peninsula South Georgia Antarctic Peninsula Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 45 19 20 3259620 173400 217308.00 15 Within Antarctica
127 108 South Shetland Islands_Rio de la Plata South Shetland Islands Rio de la Plata Southern Ocean Temperate South America 44 26 30 51888600 728250 1235442.86 42 To or from Antarctica
122 125 South Georgia_South Orkney Islands South Georgia South Orkney Islands Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 42 17 18 2305680 107460 256186.67 9 Within Antarctica
127 122 South Shetland Islands_South Georgia South Shetland Islands South Georgia Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 42 22 22 2227440 295890 371240.00 6 Within Antarctica
127 125 South Shetland Islands_South Orkney Islands South Shetland Islands South Orkney Islands Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 42 27 33 3109440 33150 74034.29 42 Within Antarctica
28 122 Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_South Georgia Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile South Georgia Temperate South America Southern Ocean 40 19 20 5284500 476880 480409.09 11 To or from Antarctica
77 125 Malvinas/Falklands_South Orkney Islands Malvinas/Falklands South Orkney Islands Temperate South America Southern Ocean 34 12 12 10829700 290640 373437.93 29 To or from Antarctica
110 25 Ross Sea_Central New Zealand Ross Sea Central New Zealand Southern Ocean Temperate Australasia 33 13 17 33070380 795540 1066786.45 31 To or from Antarctica
108 127 Rio de la Plata_South Shetland Islands Rio de la Plata South Shetland Islands Temperate South America Southern Ocean 31 19 20 29856420 623430 995214.00 30 To or from Antarctica
125 77 South Orkney Islands_Malvinas/Falklands South Orkney Islands Malvinas/Falklands Southern Ocean Temperate South America 25 7 7 6010680 206580 333926.67 18 To or from Antarctica
6 77 Antarctic Peninsula_Malvinas/Falklands Antarctic Peninsula Malvinas/Falklands Southern Ocean Temperate South America 24 14 15 8866440 244500 521555.29 17 To or from Antarctica
110 36 Ross Sea_East Antarctic Wilkes Land Ross Sea East Antarctic Wilkes Land Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 24 11 11 5117160 28050 213215.00 24 Within Antarctica
36 110 East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Ross Sea East Antarctic Wilkes Land Ross Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 23 14 18 8862120 113580 385309.57 23 Within Antarctica
25 110 Central New Zealand_Ross Sea Central New Zealand Ross Sea Temperate Australasia Southern Ocean 22 9 10 22046880 524790 1377930.00 16 To or from Antarctica
108 125 Rio de la Plata_South Orkney Islands Rio de la Plata South Orkney Islands Temperate South America Southern Ocean 22 10 12 9637980 486600 481899.00 20 To or from Antarctica
28 125 Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_South Orkney Islands Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile South Orkney Islands Temperate South America Southern Ocean 19 13 13 7301040 371640 486736.00 15 To or from Antarctica
77 6 Malvinas/Falklands_Antarctic Peninsula Malvinas/Falklands Antarctic Peninsula Temperate South America Southern Ocean 18 10 10 1456380 82080 132398.18 11 To or from Antarctica
125 6 South Orkney Islands_Antarctic Peninsula South Orkney Islands Antarctic Peninsula Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 18 10 10 3985200 86640 221400.00 18 Within Antarctica
37 150 East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_Weddell Sea East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Weddell Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 17 7 7 1658160 25440 97538.82 17 Within Antarctica
110 4 Ross Sea_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Ross Sea Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 17 13 16 8110500 304920 477088.24 17 Within Antarctica
28 4 Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 16 9 12 38511660 1586790 2406978.75 16 To or from Antarctica
122 108 South Georgia_Rio de la Plata South Georgia Rio de la Plata Southern Ocean Temperate South America 16 7 7 3318060 520590 553010.00 6 To or from Antarctica
125 108 South Orkney Islands_Rio de la Plata South Orkney Islands Rio de la Plata Southern Ocean Temperate South America 16 6 8 19804080 682740 1320272.00 15 To or from Antarctica
127 146 South Shetland Islands_Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf South Shetland Islands Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf Southern Ocean Temperate South America 16 9 9 8653500 536400 576900.00 15 To or from Antarctica
4 28 Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Southern Ocean Temperate South America 15 9 13 16407720 945090 1171980.00 14 To or from Antarctica
4 106 Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Peter the First Island Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Peter the First Island Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 15 12 13 1952100 34200 130140.00 15 Within Antarctica
84 37 Namaqua_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Namaqua East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Temperate Southern Africa Southern Ocean 15 6 6 8904900 569400 684992.31 13 To or from Antarctica
122 84 South Georgia_Namaqua South Georgia Namaqua Southern Ocean Temperate Southern Africa 14 8 8 4569180 1118700 1523060.00 3 To or from Antarctica
136 110 South New Zealand_Ross Sea South New Zealand Ross Sea Temperate Australasia Southern Ocean 14 4 6 8266140 679320 635856.92 13 To or from Antarctica
36 35 East Antarctic Wilkes Land_East Antarctic Enderby Land East Antarctic Wilkes Land East Antarctic Enderby Land Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 13 6 7 1157040 22380 89003.08 13 Within Antarctica
125 122 South Orkney Islands_South Georgia South Orkney Islands South Georgia Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 13 10 10 851820 217680 212955.00 4 Within Antarctica
127 82 South Shetland Islands_Mascarene Islands South Shetland Islands Mascarene Islands Southern Ocean Western Indo-Pacific 13 10 11 24031560 1656900 1848581.54 13 To or from Antarctica
6 122 Antarctic Peninsula_South Georgia Antarctic Peninsula South Georgia Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 12 9 9 3858000 466020 643000.00 6 Within Antarctica
84 150 Namaqua_Weddell Sea Namaqua Weddell Sea Temperate Southern Africa Southern Ocean 12 4 4 8596560 776730 859656.00 10 To or from Antarctica
108 122 Rio de la Plata_South Georgia Rio de la Plata South Georgia Temperate South America Southern Ocean 12 6 6 2491320 453360 622830.00 4 To or from Antarctica
122 28 South Georgia_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile South Georgia Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Southern Ocean Temperate South America 12 11 11 739740 369870 369870.00 2 To or from Antarctica
150 37 Weddell Sea_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Weddell Sea East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 12 5 5 3198420 95130 266535.00 12 Within Antarctica
37 84 East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_Namaqua East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Namaqua Southern Ocean Temperate Southern Africa 11 5 7 11641260 623160 1164126.00 10 To or from Antarctica
35 36 East Antarctic Enderby Land_East Antarctic Wilkes Land East Antarctic Enderby Land East Antarctic Wilkes Land Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 11 5 7 1115220 57960 101383.64 11 Within Antarctica
125 28 South Orkney Islands_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile South Orkney Islands Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Southern Ocean Temperate South America 11 9 9 8350680 581580 835068.00 10 To or from Antarctica
37 35 East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_East Antarctic Enderby Land East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land East Antarctic Enderby Land Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 10 5 7 1230120 16290 123012.00 10 Within Antarctica
36 25 East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Central New Zealand East Antarctic Wilkes Land Central New Zealand Southern Ocean Temperate Australasia 10 5 5 9470520 872430 947052.00 10 To or from Antarctica
165 37 North Sea_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land North Sea East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Temperate Northern Atlantic Southern Ocean 10 5 6 -21167820 -365220 -2645977.50 8 To or from Antarctica
150 84 Weddell Sea_Namaqua Weddell Sea Namaqua Southern Ocean Temperate Southern Africa 10 5 5 9320040 848880 932004.00 10 To or from Antarctica
4 6 Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Antarctic Peninsula Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Antarctic Peninsula Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 9 5 6 458580 20940 50953.33 9 Within Antarctica
6 4 Antarctic Peninsula_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Antarctic Peninsula Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 9 7 7 5477100 20880 608566.67 9 Within Antarctica
6 125 Antarctic Peninsula_South Orkney Islands Antarctic Peninsula South Orkney Islands Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 9 7 7 1697940 126420 188660.00 9 Within Antarctica
71 36 Leeuwin_East Antarctic Wilkes Land Leeuwin East Antarctic Wilkes Land Temperate Australasia Southern Ocean 9 5 5 5887680 744000 654186.67 9 To or from Antarctica
84 127 Namaqua_South Shetland Islands Namaqua South Shetland Islands Temperate Southern Africa Southern Ocean 9 6 7 16478940 1879500 2059867.50 8 To or from Antarctica
110 136 Ross Sea_South New Zealand Ross Sea South New Zealand Southern Ocean Temperate Australasia 9 6 6 7677420 750060 853046.67 9 To or from Antarctica
28 110 Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_Ross Sea Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Ross Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 8 5 7 33446340 4840860 4180792.50 8 To or from Antarctica
35 37 East Antarctic Enderby Land_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land East Antarctic Enderby Land East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 8 4 5 246360 18450 30795.00 8 Within Antarctica
36 136 East Antarctic Wilkes Land_South New Zealand East Antarctic Wilkes Land South New Zealand Southern Ocean Temperate Australasia 8 3 5 5532240 674850 691530.00 8 To or from Antarctica
38 127 East China Sea_South Shetland Islands East China Sea South Shetland Islands Temperate Northern Pacific Southern Ocean 8 8 8 15621540 2376120 2603590.00 6 To or from Antarctica
108 6 Rio de la Plata_Antarctic Peninsula Rio de la Plata Antarctic Peninsula Temperate South America Southern Ocean 8 5 5 3691380 444870 461422.50 8 To or from Antarctica
146 127 Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf_South Shetland Islands Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf South Shetland Islands Temperate South America Southern Ocean 8 4 4 2430420 451200 486084.00 5 To or from Antarctica
25 36 Central New Zealand_East Antarctic Wilkes Land Central New Zealand East Antarctic Wilkes Land Temperate Australasia Southern Ocean 7 5 5 2938320 547080 587664.00 5 To or from Antarctica
37 165 East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_North Sea East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land North Sea Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Atlantic 7 2 3 1983780 991890 991890.00 2 To or from Antarctica
36 71 East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Leeuwin East Antarctic Wilkes Land Leeuwin Southern Ocean Temperate Australasia 7 4 6 8698080 1114920 1242582.86 7 To or from Antarctica
106 4 Peter the First Island_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Peter the First Island Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 7 5 6 1922700 15240 274671.43 7 Within Antarctica
106 6 Peter the First Island_Antarctic Peninsula Peter the First Island Antarctic Peninsula Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 7 6 6 881520 117900 125931.43 7 Within Antarctica
150 125 Weddell Sea_South Orkney Islands Weddell Sea South Orkney Islands Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 7 3 3 2901720 283920 414531.43 7 Within Antarctica
4 77 Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Malvinas/Falklands Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Malvinas/Falklands Southern Ocean Temperate South America 6 3 4 2469240 949440 823080.00 3 To or from Antarctica
6 106 Antarctic Peninsula_Peter the First Island Antarctic Peninsula Peter the First Island Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 6 5 5 836520 102630 139420.00 6 Within Antarctica
8 127 Araucanian_South Shetland Islands Araucanian South Shetland Islands Temperate South America Southern Ocean 6 6 6 7112040 783270 1778010.00 4 To or from Antarctica
25 4 Central New Zealand_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Central New Zealand Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Temperate Australasia Southern Ocean 6 4 4 4466040 550140 1488680.00 3 To or from Antarctica
36 84 East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Namaqua East Antarctic Wilkes Land Namaqua Southern Ocean Temperate Southern Africa 6 4 4 5682900 1258680 1136580.00 5 To or from Antarctica
4 25 Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Central New Zealand Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Central New Zealand Southern Ocean Temperate Australasia 5 3 3 7026480 1349880 1405296.00 5 To or from Antarctica
4 110 Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Ross Sea Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Ross Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 5 4 4 314880 41880 62976.00 5 Within Antarctica
6 165 Antarctic Peninsula_North Sea Antarctic Peninsula North Sea Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Atlantic 5 3 3 8289600 19740 1657920.00 5 To or from Antarctica
14 110 Bassian_Ross Sea Bassian Ross Sea Temperate Australasia Southern Ocean 5 3 3 3443160 470640 688632.00 5 To or from Antarctica
35 84 East Antarctic Enderby Land_Namaqua East Antarctic Enderby Land Namaqua Southern Ocean Temperate Southern Africa 5 4 4 4557900 915000 911580.00 5 To or from Antarctica
38 37 East China Sea_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land East China Sea East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Temperate Northern Pacific Southern Ocean 5 1 2 4872060 2436030 2436030.00 2 To or from Antarctica
82 36 Mascarene Islands_East Antarctic Wilkes Land Mascarene Islands East Antarctic Wilkes Land Western Indo-Pacific Southern Ocean 5 3 3 6558060 1582740 1639515.00 4 To or from Antarctica
84 35 Namaqua_East Antarctic Enderby Land Namaqua East Antarctic Enderby Land Temperate Southern Africa Southern Ocean 5 3 4 2808600 559200 561720.00 5 To or from Antarctica
84 36 Namaqua_East Antarctic Wilkes Land Namaqua East Antarctic Wilkes Land Temperate Southern Africa Southern Ocean 5 2 4 3815460 731100 763092.00 5 To or from Antarctica
122 146 South Georgia_Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf South Georgia Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf Southern Ocean Temperate South America 5 4 4 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
136 36 South New Zealand_East Antarctic Wilkes Land South New Zealand East Antarctic Wilkes Land Temperate Australasia Southern Ocean 5 2 2 3445800 660030 861450.00 4 To or from Antarctica
126 150 South Sandwich Islands_Weddell Sea South Sandwich Islands Weddell Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 5 4 4 922200 180000 184440.00 5 Within Antarctica
162 127 Sunda Shelf/Java Sea_South Shetland Islands Sunda Shelf/Java Sea South Shetland Islands Central Indo-Pacific Southern Ocean 5 1 2 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
4 38 Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_East China Sea Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea East China Sea Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Pacific 4 3 4 15311460 3768090 3827865.00 4 To or from Antarctica
26 127 Central Peru_South Shetland Islands Central Peru South Shetland Islands Temperate South America Southern Ocean 4 2 3 4212840 1044480 1053210.00 4 To or from Antarctica
28 106 Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_Peter the First Island Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Peter the First Island Temperate South America Southern Ocean 4 3 4 1179480 346770 294870.00 4 To or from Antarctica
37 38 East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_East China Sea East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land East China Sea Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Pacific 4 1 1 7469820 994200 1867455.00 4 To or from Antarctica
36 82 East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Mascarene Islands East Antarctic Wilkes Land Mascarene Islands Southern Ocean Western Indo-Pacific 4 2 2 13564560 3407730 3391140.00 4 To or from Antarctica
71 110 Leeuwin_Ross Sea Leeuwin Ross Sea Temperate Australasia Southern Ocean 4 2 2 6280560 1023600 1570140.00 4 To or from Antarctica
77 4 Malvinas/Falklands_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Malvinas/Falklands Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 4 2 3 29112120 7039530 7278030.00 4 To or from Antarctica
84 125 Namaqua_South Orkney Islands Namaqua South Orkney Islands Temperate Southern Africa Southern Ocean 4 3 3 5047860 1069020 1682620.00 3 To or from Antarctica
165 6 North Sea_Antarctic Peninsula North Sea Antarctic Peninsula Temperate Northern Atlantic Southern Ocean 4 2 2 34080 17040 17040.00 2 To or from Antarctica
106 28 Peter the First Island_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Peter the First Island Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Southern Ocean Temperate South America 4 4 4 3204960 582030 801240.00 4 To or from Antarctica
110 28 Ross Sea_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Ross Sea Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Southern Ocean Temperate South America 4 4 4 5415180 1265580 1353795.00 4 To or from Antarctica
110 106 Ross Sea_Peter the First Island Ross Sea Peter the First Island Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 4 4 4 2408820 580920 602205.00 4 Within Antarctica
127 162 South Shetland Islands_Sunda Shelf/Java Sea South Shetland Islands Sunda Shelf/Java Sea Southern Ocean Central Indo-Pacific 4 1 1 11580 1470 2895.00 4 To or from Antarctica
150 122 Weddell Sea_South Georgia Weddell Sea South Georgia Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 4 2 2 676500 676500 676500.00 1 Within Antarctica
6 90 Antarctic Peninsula_North Patagonian Gulfs Antarctic Peninsula North Patagonian Gulfs Southern Ocean Temperate South America 3 2 2 219240 219240 219240.00 1 To or from Antarctica
6 108 Antarctic Peninsula_Rio de la Plata Antarctic Peninsula Rio de la Plata Southern Ocean Temperate South America 3 3 3 1591920 505920 530640.00 3 To or from Antarctica
6 130 Antarctic Peninsula_Southeastern Brazil Antarctic Peninsula Southeastern Brazil Southern Ocean Temperate South America 3 3 3 3710400 1639440 1236800.00 3 To or from Antarctica
28 36 Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_East Antarctic Wilkes Land Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile East Antarctic Wilkes Land Temperate South America Southern Ocean 3 1 2 8623500 2278860 2874500.00 3 To or from Antarctica
48 4 Fiji Islands_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Fiji Islands Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Central Indo-Pacific Southern Ocean 3 3 3 5183340 5183340 5183340.00 1 To or from Antarctica
48 110 Fiji Islands_Ross Sea Fiji Islands Ross Sea Central Indo-Pacific Southern Ocean 3 3 3 11307480 5653740 5653740.00 2 To or from Antarctica
75 127 Malacca Strait_South Shetland Islands Malacca Strait South Shetland Islands Central Indo-Pacific Southern Ocean 3 3 3 6474000 3237000 3237000.00 2 To or from Antarctica
78 36 Manning-Hawkesbury_East Antarctic Wilkes Land Manning-Hawkesbury East Antarctic Wilkes Land Temperate Australasia Southern Ocean 3 1 3 1200900 406860 400300.00 3 To or from Antarctica
84 122 Namaqua_South Georgia Namaqua South Georgia Temperate Southern Africa Southern Ocean 3 2 2 522540 522540 522540.00 1 To or from Antarctica
90 127 North Patagonian Gulfs_South Shetland Islands North Patagonian Gulfs South Shetland Islands Temperate South America Southern Ocean 3 3 3 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
106 77 Peter the First Island_Malvinas/Falklands Peter the First Island Malvinas/Falklands Southern Ocean Temperate South America 3 3 3 1379880 462480 459960.00 3 To or from Antarctica
106 127 Peter the First Island_South Shetland Islands Peter the First Island South Shetland Islands Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 3 3 3 4031940 1887480 1343980.00 3 Within Antarctica
108 4 Rio de la Plata_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Rio de la Plata Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 3 3 3 5645700 2822850 2822850.00 2 To or from Antarctica
110 38 Ross Sea_East China Sea Ross Sea East China Sea Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Pacific 3 2 3 10537860 3681840 3512620.00 3 To or from Antarctica
125 10 South Orkney Islands_Azores Canaries Madeira South Orkney Islands Azores Canaries Madeira Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Atlantic 3 3 3 22251300 9635940 7417100.00 3 To or from Antarctica
125 150 South Orkney Islands_Weddell Sea South Orkney Islands Weddell Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 3 2 2 866280 307860 288760.00 3 Within Antarctica
126 125 South Sandwich Islands_South Orkney Islands South Sandwich Islands South Orkney Islands Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 3 3 3 354900 118200 118300.00 3 Within Antarctica
127 84 South Shetland Islands_Namaqua South Shetland Islands Namaqua Southern Ocean Temperate Southern Africa 3 2 3 4461120 1577520 1487040.00 3 To or from Antarctica
127 90 South Shetland Islands_North Patagonian Gulfs South Shetland Islands North Patagonian Gulfs Southern Ocean Temperate South America 3 3 3 281460 281460 281460.00 1 To or from Antarctica
150 77 Weddell Sea_Malvinas/Falklands Weddell Sea Malvinas/Falklands Southern Ocean Temperate South America 3 1 1 2441700 761220 813900.00 3 To or from Antarctica
150 126 Weddell Sea_South Sandwich Islands Weddell Sea South Sandwich Islands Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 3 3 3 573840 189000 191280.00 3 Within Antarctica
10 122 Azores Canaries Madeira_South Georgia Azores Canaries Madeira South Georgia Temperate Northern Atlantic Southern Ocean 2 2 2 2719080 2719080 2719080.00 1 To or from Antarctica
10 125 Azores Canaries Madeira_South Orkney Islands Azores Canaries Madeira South Orkney Islands Temperate Northern Atlantic Southern Ocean 2 2 2 1814580 907290 907290.00 2 To or from Antarctica
10 127 Azores Canaries Madeira_South Shetland Islands Azores Canaries Madeira South Shetland Islands Temperate Northern Atlantic Southern Ocean 2 2 2 4415220 2207610 2207610.00 2 To or from Antarctica
12 110 Baltic Sea_Ross Sea Baltic Sea Ross Sea Temperate Northern Atlantic Southern Ocean 2 1 1 -9180 -9180 -9180.00 1 To or from Antarctica
37 36 East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_East Antarctic Wilkes Land East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land East Antarctic Wilkes Land Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 2 2 2 1653360 826680 826680.00 2 Within Antarctica
37 110 East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_Ross Sea East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Ross Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 2 2 2 19830840 9915420 9915420.00 2 Within Antarctica
55 127 Gulf of Guinea Central_South Shetland Islands Gulf of Guinea Central South Shetland Islands Tropical Atlantic Southern Ocean 2 1 2 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
71 37 Leeuwin_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Leeuwin East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Temperate Australasia Southern Ocean 2 1 1 897660 897660 897660.00 1 To or from Antarctica
77 126 Malvinas/Falklands_South Sandwich Islands Malvinas/Falklands South Sandwich Islands Temperate South America Southern Ocean 2 1 1 946500 473250 473250.00 2 To or from Antarctica
77 150 Malvinas/Falklands_Weddell Sea Malvinas/Falklands Weddell Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 2 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
90 122 North Patagonian Gulfs_South Georgia North Patagonian Gulfs South Georgia Temperate South America Southern Ocean 2 2 2 815640 815640 815640.00 1 To or from Antarctica
165 127 North Sea_South Shetland Islands North Sea South Shetland Islands Temperate Northern Atlantic Southern Ocean 2 1 1 7734780 7734780 7734780.00 1 To or from Antarctica
106 110 Peter the First Island_Ross Sea Peter the First Island Ross Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 2 2 2 1078200 539100 539100.00 2 Within Antarctica
108 110 Rio de la Plata_Ross Sea Rio de la Plata Ross Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 2 1 2 11404500 5702250 5702250.00 2 To or from Antarctica
109 127 Rio Grande_South Shetland Islands Rio Grande South Shetland Islands Temperate South America Southern Ocean 2 2 2 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
110 114 Ross Sea_Sea of Japan/East Sea Ross Sea Sea of Japan/East Sea Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Pacific 2 1 1 4634940 2317470 2317470.00 2 To or from Antarctica
114 127 Sea of Japan/East Sea_South Shetland Islands Sea of Japan/East Sea South Shetland Islands Temperate Northern Pacific Southern Ocean 2 1 1 5030580 2515290 2515290.00 2 To or from Antarctica
122 10 South Georgia_Azores Canaries Madeira South Georgia Azores Canaries Madeira Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Atlantic 2 2 2 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
122 20 South Georgia_Cape Verde South Georgia Cape Verde Southern Ocean Tropical Atlantic 2 2 2 857400 857400 857400.00 1 To or from Antarctica
122 150 South Georgia_Weddell Sea South Georgia Weddell Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 2 1 1 NA NA NA NA Within Antarctica
125 126 South Orkney Islands_South Sandwich Islands South Orkney Islands South Sandwich Islands Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 2 2 2 192960 96480 96480.00 2 Within Antarctica
125 146 South Orkney Islands_Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf South Orkney Islands Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf Southern Ocean Temperate South America 2 2 2 968520 484260 484260.00 2 To or from Antarctica
127 75 South Shetland Islands_Malacca Strait South Shetland Islands Malacca Strait Southern Ocean Central Indo-Pacific 2 2 2 5835540 2917770 2917770.00 2 To or from Antarctica
127 130 South Shetland Islands_Southeastern Brazil South Shetland Islands Southeastern Brazil Southern Ocean Temperate South America 2 2 2 843780 843780 843780.00 1 To or from Antarctica
133 127 Southern China_South Shetland Islands Southern China South Shetland Islands Central Indo-Pacific Southern Ocean 2 2 2 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
150 127 Weddell Sea_South Shetland Islands Weddell Sea South Shetland Islands Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 2 1 1 2327580 1163790 1163790.00 2 Within Antarctica
4 36 Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_East Antarctic Wilkes Land Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea East Antarctic Wilkes Land Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 562680 562680 562680.00 1 Within Antarctica
4 48 Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Fiji Islands Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Fiji Islands Southern Ocean Central Indo-Pacific 1 1 1 1745640 1745640 1745640.00 1 To or from Antarctica
4 107 Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Puget Trough/Georgia Basin Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Puget Trough/Georgia Basin Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Pacific 1 1 1 4431720 4431720 4431720.00 1 To or from Antarctica
4 108 Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Rio de la Plata Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Rio de la Plata Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 1740840 1740840 1740840.00 1 To or from Antarctica
4 125 Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_South Orkney Islands Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea South Orkney Islands Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 1524660 1524660 1524660.00 1 Within Antarctica
6 10 Antarctic Peninsula_Azores Canaries Madeira Antarctic Peninsula Azores Canaries Madeira Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Atlantic 1 1 1 2566500 2566500 2566500.00 1 To or from Antarctica
6 23 Antarctic Peninsula_Central Chile Antarctic Peninsula Central Chile Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 4010880 4010880 4010880.00 1 To or from Antarctica
6 30 Antarctic Peninsula_Chiloense Antarctic Peninsula Chiloense Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
6 110 Antarctic Peninsula_Ross Sea Antarctic Peninsula Ross Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 746760 746760 746760.00 1 Within Antarctica
6 139 Antarctic Peninsula_Southwestern Caribbean Antarctic Peninsula Southwestern Caribbean Southern Ocean Tropical Atlantic 1 1 1 4680 4680 4680.00 1 To or from Antarctica
6 146 Antarctic Peninsula_Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf Antarctic Peninsula Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 523080 523080 523080.00 1 To or from Antarctica
10 6 Azores Canaries Madeira_Antarctic Peninsula Azores Canaries Madeira Antarctic Peninsula Temperate Northern Atlantic Southern Ocean 1 1 1 1503060 1503060 1503060.00 1 To or from Antarctica
12 37 Baltic Sea_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Baltic Sea East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Temperate Northern Atlantic Southern Ocean 1 1 1 -37030080 -37030080 -37030080.00 1 To or from Antarctica
23 127 Central Chile_South Shetland Islands Central Chile South Shetland Islands Temperate South America Southern Ocean 1 1 1 577560 577560 577560.00 1 To or from Antarctica
25 6 Central New Zealand_Antarctic Peninsula Central New Zealand Antarctic Peninsula Temperate Australasia Southern Ocean 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
26 6 Central Peru_Antarctic Peninsula Central Peru Antarctic Peninsula Temperate South America Southern Ocean 1 1 1 1383780 1383780 1383780.00 1 To or from Antarctica
28 150 Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_Weddell Sea Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Weddell Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 1 1 1 1154460 1154460 1154460.00 1 To or from Antarctica
37 167 East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_Northern Norway and Finnmark East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Northern Norway and Finnmark Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Atlantic 1 1 1 1277400 1277400 1277400.00 1 To or from Antarctica
37 114 East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_Sea of Japan/East Sea East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Sea of Japan/East Sea Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Pacific 1 1 1 1320 1320 1320.00 1 To or from Antarctica
37 125 East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_South Orkney Islands East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land South Orkney Islands Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 378300 378300 378300.00 1 Within Antarctica
37 127 East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_South Shetland Islands East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land South Shetland Islands Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 115620 115620 115620.00 1 Within Antarctica
35 28 East Antarctic Enderby Land_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile East Antarctic Enderby Land Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 1167120 1167120 1167120.00 1 To or from Antarctica
35 126 East Antarctic Enderby Land_South Sandwich Islands East Antarctic Enderby Land South Sandwich Islands Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 631020 631020 631020.00 1 Within Antarctica
35 127 East Antarctic Enderby Land_South Shetland Islands East Antarctic Enderby Land South Shetland Islands Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 1121040 1121040 1121040.00 1 Within Antarctica
36 4 East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea East Antarctic Wilkes Land Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 267360 267360 267360.00 1 Within Antarctica
36 12 East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Baltic Sea East Antarctic Wilkes Land Baltic Sea Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Atlantic 1 1 1 770820 770820 770820.00 1 To or from Antarctica
36 24 East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Central Kuroshio Current East Antarctic Wilkes Land Central Kuroshio Current Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Pacific 1 1 1 3565440 3565440 3565440.00 1 To or from Antarctica
36 28 East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile East Antarctic Wilkes Land Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 2100420 2100420 2100420.00 1 To or from Antarctica
36 37 East Antarctic Wilkes Land_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land East Antarctic Wilkes Land East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 243720 243720 243720.00 1 Within Antarctica
36 38 East Antarctic Wilkes Land_East China Sea East Antarctic Wilkes Land East China Sea Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Pacific 1 1 1 8295600 8295600 8295600.00 1 To or from Antarctica
36 66 East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Houtman East Antarctic Wilkes Land Houtman Southern Ocean Temperate Australasia 1 1 1 852660 852660 852660.00 1 To or from Antarctica
36 77 East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Malvinas/Falklands East Antarctic Wilkes Land Malvinas/Falklands Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 1459740 1459740 1459740.00 1 To or from Antarctica
36 78 East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Manning-Hawkesbury East Antarctic Wilkes Land Manning-Hawkesbury Southern Ocean Temperate Australasia 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
36 125 East Antarctic Wilkes Land_South Orkney Islands East Antarctic Wilkes Land South Orkney Islands Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 1216200 1216200 1216200.00 1 Within Antarctica
38 6 East China Sea_Antarctic Peninsula East China Sea Antarctic Peninsula Temperate Northern Pacific Southern Ocean 1 1 1 3373740 3373740 3373740.00 1 To or from Antarctica
38 36 East China Sea_East Antarctic Wilkes Land East China Sea East Antarctic Wilkes Land Temperate Northern Pacific Southern Ocean 1 1 1 2117640 2117640 2117640.00 1 To or from Antarctica
40 4 Easter Island_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Easter Island Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Eastern Indo-Pacific Southern Ocean 1 1 1 2278560 2278560 2278560.00 1 To or from Antarctica
44 36 Eastern India_East Antarctic Wilkes Land Eastern India East Antarctic Wilkes Land Western Indo-Pacific Southern Ocean 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
44 127 Eastern India_South Shetland Islands Eastern India South Shetland Islands Western Indo-Pacific Southern Ocean 1 1 1 -997320 -997320 -997320.00 1 To or from Antarctica
53 37 Gulf of Aden_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Gulf of Aden East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Western Indo-Pacific Southern Ocean 1 1 1 8943420 8943420 8943420.00 1 To or from Antarctica
172 127 Gulf of Guinea South_South Shetland Islands Gulf of Guinea South South Shetland Islands Tropical Atlantic Southern Ocean 1 1 1 1932000 1932000 1932000.00 1 To or from Antarctica
75 36 Malacca Strait_East Antarctic Wilkes Land Malacca Strait East Antarctic Wilkes Land Central Indo-Pacific Southern Ocean 1 1 1 1351440 1351440 1351440.00 1 To or from Antarctica
75 125 Malacca Strait_South Orkney Islands Malacca Strait South Orkney Islands Central Indo-Pacific Southern Ocean 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
87 110 New Caledonia_Ross Sea New Caledonia Ross Sea Central Indo-Pacific Southern Ocean 1 1 1 519180 519180 519180.00 1 To or from Antarctica
165 125 North Sea_South Orkney Islands North Sea South Orkney Islands Temperate Northern Atlantic Southern Ocean 1 1 1 2049780 2049780 2049780.00 1 To or from Antarctica
106 25 Peter the First Island_Central New Zealand Peter the First Island Central New Zealand Southern Ocean Temperate Australasia 1 1 1 5358120 5358120 5358120.00 1 To or from Antarctica
106 108 Peter the First Island_Rio de la Plata Peter the First Island Rio de la Plata Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 859440 859440 859440.00 1 To or from Antarctica
106 126 Peter the First Island_South Sandwich Islands Peter the First Island South Sandwich Islands Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 879180 879180 879180.00 1 Within Antarctica
108 106 Rio de la Plata_Peter the First Island Rio de la Plata Peter the First Island Temperate South America Southern Ocean 1 1 1 1206540 1206540 1206540.00 1 To or from Antarctica
108 126 Rio de la Plata_South Sandwich Islands Rio de la Plata South Sandwich Islands Temperate South America Southern Ocean 1 1 1 561000 561000 561000.00 1 To or from Antarctica
110 180 Ross Sea_Alboran Sea Ross Sea Alboran Sea Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Atlantic 1 1 1 3127140 3127140 3127140.00 1 To or from Antarctica
110 12 Ross Sea_Baltic Sea Ross Sea Baltic Sea Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Atlantic 1 1 1 1380 1380 1380.00 1 To or from Antarctica
110 22 Ross Sea_Celtic Seas Ross Sea Celtic Seas Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Atlantic 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
110 23 Ross Sea_Central Chile Ross Sea Central Chile Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 1321260 1321260 1321260.00 1 To or from Antarctica
110 71 Ross Sea_Leeuwin Ross Sea Leeuwin Southern Ocean Temperate Australasia 1 1 1 1912980 1912980 1912980.00 1 To or from Antarctica
110 87 Ross Sea_New Caledonia Ross Sea New Caledonia Southern Ocean Central Indo-Pacific 1 1 1 2522340 2522340 2522340.00 1 To or from Antarctica
110 108 Ross Sea_Rio de la Plata Ross Sea Rio de la Plata Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 1562760 1562760 1562760.00 1 To or from Antarctica
110 117 Ross Sea_Society Islands Ross Sea Society Islands Southern Ocean Eastern Indo-Pacific 1 1 1 1543860 1543860 1543860.00 1 To or from Antarctica
110 158 Ross Sea_Yellow Sea Ross Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Pacific 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
174 127 Sahelian Upwelling_South Shetland Islands Sahelian Upwelling South Shetland Islands Tropical Atlantic Southern Ocean 1 1 1 1273200 1273200 1273200.00 1 To or from Antarctica
114 37 Sea of Japan/East Sea_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Sea of Japan/East Sea East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Temperate Northern Pacific Southern Ocean 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
122 8 South Georgia_Araucanian South Georgia Araucanian Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
122 22 South Georgia_Celtic Seas South Georgia Celtic Seas Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Atlantic 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
122 26 South Georgia_Central Peru South Georgia Central Peru Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
122 82 South Georgia_Mascarene Islands South Georgia Mascarene Islands Southern Ocean Western Indo-Pacific 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
122 90 South Georgia_North Patagonian Gulfs South Georgia North Patagonian Gulfs Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
122 126 South Georgia_South Sandwich Islands South Georgia South Sandwich Islands Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA Within Antarctica
122 140 South Georgia_St. Helena and Ascension Islands South Georgia St. Helena and Ascension Islands Southern Ocean Tropical Atlantic 1 1 1 1268400 1268400 1268400.00 1 To or from Antarctica
125 8 South Orkney Islands_Araucanian South Orkney Islands Araucanian Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 7227420 7227420 7227420.00 1 To or from Antarctica
125 37 South Orkney Islands_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land South Orkney Islands East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 282420 282420 282420.00 1 Within Antarctica
125 82 South Orkney Islands_Mascarene Islands South Orkney Islands Mascarene Islands Southern Ocean Western Indo-Pacific 1 1 1 2410260 2410260 2410260.00 1 To or from Antarctica
125 165 South Orkney Islands_North Sea South Orkney Islands North Sea Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Atlantic 1 1 1 3545340 3545340 3545340.00 1 To or from Antarctica
125 139 South Orkney Islands_Southwestern Caribbean South Orkney Islands Southwestern Caribbean Southern Ocean Tropical Atlantic 1 1 1 10500 10500 10500.00 1 To or from Antarctica
125 158 South Orkney Islands_Yellow Sea South Orkney Islands Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Pacific 1 1 1 6331620 6331620 6331620.00 1 To or from Antarctica
126 37 South Sandwich Islands_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land South Sandwich Islands East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 304500 304500 304500.00 1 Within Antarctica
126 77 South Sandwich Islands_Malvinas/Falklands South Sandwich Islands Malvinas/Falklands Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 5605380 5605380 5605380.00 1 To or from Antarctica
126 122 South Sandwich Islands_South Georgia South Sandwich Islands South Georgia Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA Within Antarctica
127 10 South Shetland Islands_Azores Canaries Madeira South Shetland Islands Azores Canaries Madeira Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Atlantic 1 1 1 1916520 1916520 1916520.00 1 To or from Antarctica
127 12 South Shetland Islands_Baltic Sea South Shetland Islands Baltic Sea Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Atlantic 1 1 1 3781020 3781020 3781020.00 1 To or from Antarctica
127 20 South Shetland Islands_Cape Verde South Shetland Islands Cape Verde Southern Ocean Tropical Atlantic 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
127 23 South Shetland Islands_Central Chile South Shetland Islands Central Chile Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 1221420 1221420 1221420.00 1 To or from Antarctica
127 26 South Shetland Islands_Central Peru South Shetland Islands Central Peru Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 2377320 2377320 2377320.00 1 To or from Antarctica
127 38 South Shetland Islands_East China Sea South Shetland Islands East China Sea Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Pacific 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
127 42 South Shetland Islands_Eastern Brazil South Shetland Islands Eastern Brazil Southern Ocean Tropical Atlantic 1 1 1 3048840 3048840 3048840.00 1 To or from Antarctica
127 44 South Shetland Islands_Eastern India South Shetland Islands Eastern India Southern Ocean Western Indo-Pacific 1 1 1 156840 156840 156840.00 1 To or from Antarctica
127 51 South Shetland Islands_Guayaquil South Shetland Islands Guayaquil Southern Ocean Tropical Eastern Pacific 1 1 1 2332020 2332020 2332020.00 1 To or from Antarctica
127 55 South Shetland Islands_Gulf of Guinea Central South Shetland Islands Gulf of Guinea Central Southern Ocean Tropical Atlantic 1 1 1 281700 281700 281700.00 1 To or from Antarctica
127 86 South Shetland Islands_Natal South Shetland Islands Natal Southern Ocean Temperate Southern Africa 1 1 1 1228620 1228620 1228620.00 1 To or from Antarctica
127 165 South Shetland Islands_North Sea South Shetland Islands North Sea Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Atlantic 1 1 1 3101700 3101700 3101700.00 1 To or from Antarctica
127 109 South Shetland Islands_Rio Grande South Shetland Islands Rio Grande Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
127 117 South Shetland Islands_Society Islands South Shetland Islands Society Islands Southern Ocean Eastern Indo-Pacific 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
127 133 South Shetland Islands_Southern China South Shetland Islands Southern China Southern Ocean Central Indo-Pacific 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
127 140 South Shetland Islands_St. Helena and Ascension Islands South Shetland Islands St. Helena and Ascension Islands Southern Ocean Tropical Atlantic 1 1 1 3354120 3354120 3354120.00 1 To or from Antarctica
127 158 South Shetland Islands_Yellow Sea South Shetland Islands Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Pacific 1 1 1 4959780 4959780 4959780.00 1 To or from Antarctica
130 122 Southeastern Brazil_South Georgia Southeastern Brazil South Georgia Temperate South America Southern Ocean 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
133 6 Southern China_Antarctic Peninsula Southern China Antarctic Peninsula Central Indo-Pacific Southern Ocean 1 1 1 5982420 5982420 5982420.00 1 To or from Antarctica
166 150 Southern Norway_Weddell Sea Southern Norway Weddell Sea Temperate Northern Atlantic Southern Ocean 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
139 6 Southwestern Caribbean_Antarctic Peninsula Southwestern Caribbean Antarctic Peninsula Tropical Atlantic Southern Ocean 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
139 125 Southwestern Caribbean_South Orkney Islands Southwestern Caribbean South Orkney Islands Tropical Atlantic Southern Ocean 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
146 125 Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf_South Orkney Islands Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf South Orkney Islands Temperate South America Southern Ocean 1 1 1 792300 792300 792300.00 1 To or from Antarctica
150 6 Weddell Sea_Antarctic Peninsula Weddell Sea Antarctic Peninsula Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 261240 261240 261240.00 1 Within Antarctica
150 10 Weddell Sea_Azores Canaries Madeira Weddell Sea Azores Canaries Madeira Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Atlantic 1 1 1 2229180 2229180 2229180.00 1 To or from Antarctica
150 28 Weddell Sea_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Weddell Sea Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 956940 956940 956940.00 1 To or from Antarctica
150 108 Weddell Sea_Rio de la Plata Weddell Sea Rio de la Plata Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 3465780 3465780 3465780.00 1 To or from Antarctica
150 166 Weddell Sea_Southern Norway Weddell Sea Southern Norway Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Atlantic 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica

Now I extract some key summary numbers for the areas in summary paragraph above.

primary_key_regions <- c("South Shetland Islands", "Antarctic Peninsula","Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile")
secondary_key_regions <- c("Malvinas/Falklands", "South Georgia", "South Shetland Islands", "Antarctic Peninsula")
ecoregion_networks$all %>%
     activate(edges) %>% 
     arrange(desc(n_voyages)) %>%
     filter(from_ecoregion %in% primary_key_regions & to_ecoregion %in%       primary_key_regions) %>%
    as_tibble() %>% 
    summarise(primary_key_regions_total = sum(n_voyages))
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   primary_key_regions_total
##                       <dbl>
## 1                      5344
ecoregion_networks$all %>%
     activate(edges) %>% 
     arrange(desc(n_voyages)) %>%
     filter(from_ecoregion %in% secondary_key_regions & to_ecoregion %in%       secondary_key_regions, 
            move != "South Shetland Islands_Antarctic Peninsula",
            move != "Antarctic Peninsula_South Shetland Islands"
            ) %>%
    as_tibble() %>% 
    summarise(secondary_key_regions_total = sum(n_voyages))
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   secondary_key_regions_total
##                         <dbl>
## 1                         798

The main pattern of important regions of activity is similar for fishing activity.

gateway_region_edge_results$fishing
from to move from_ecoregion to_ecoregion from_province to_province from_realm to_realm n_voyages n_ships n_trips total_time median_time mean_time n_time internal
45 2 South Shetland Islands_Antarctic Peninsula South Shetland Islands Antarctic Peninsula Scotia Sea Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 285 17 33 7288500 14880 25573.68 285 Within Antarctica
2 45 Antarctic Peninsula_South Shetland Islands Antarctic Peninsula South Shetland Islands Scotia Sea Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 283 18 34 15066780 12360 53239.51 283 Within Antarctica
45 43 South Shetland Islands_South Orkney Islands South Shetland Islands South Orkney Islands Scotia Sea Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 22 13 16 1888020 27390 85819.09 22 Within Antarctica
11 45 Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_South Shetland Islands Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile South Shetland Islands Magellanic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 20 9 11 4175280 255600 260955.00 16 To or from Antarctica
43 45 South Orkney Islands_South Shetland Islands South Orkney Islands South Shetland Islands Scotia Sea Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 17 8 14 783000 30480 46058.82 17 Within Antarctica
41 28 South Georgia_Malvinas/Falklands South Georgia Malvinas/Falklands Scotia Sea Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 15 7 12 6264840 3132420 3132420.00 2 To or from Antarctica
45 28 South Shetland Islands_Malvinas/Falklands South Shetland Islands Malvinas/Falklands Scotia Sea Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 15 6 8 4431480 186480 402861.82 11 To or from Antarctica
45 35 South Shetland Islands_Rio de la Plata South Shetland Islands Rio de la Plata Scotia Sea Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 14 10 13 26440500 1056990 1888607.14 14 To or from Antarctica
1 11 Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Continental High Antarctic Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 13 7 11 15043320 907980 1157178.46 13 To or from Antarctica
11 1 Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Magellanic Continental High Antarctic Temperate South America Southern Ocean 13 6 9 36399240 1900260 2799941.54 13 To or from Antarctica
28 45 Malvinas/Falklands_South Shetland Islands Malvinas/Falklands South Shetland Islands Magellanic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 13 10 10 2196960 220620 219696.00 10 To or from Antarctica
45 11 South Shetland Islands_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile South Shetland Islands Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Scotia Sea Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 13 4 6 8869260 310560 682250.77 13 To or from Antarctica
36 1 Ross Sea_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Ross Sea Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Continental High Antarctic Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 12 9 12 5282220 322110 440185.00 12 Within Antarctica
28 41 Malvinas/Falklands_South Georgia Malvinas/Falklands South Georgia Magellanic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 11 6 9 283800 283800 283800.00 1 To or from Antarctica
30 45 Namaqua_South Shetland Islands Namaqua South Shetland Islands Benguela Scotia Sea Temperate Southern Africa Southern Ocean 9 6 7 16478940 1879500 2059867.50 8 To or from Antarctica
43 2 South Orkney Islands_Antarctic Peninsula South Orkney Islands Antarctic Peninsula Scotia Sea Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 9 4 4 2812260 86520 312473.33 9 Within Antarctica
1 34 Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Peter the First Island Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Peter the First Island Continental High Antarctic Subantarctic Islands Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 8 7 8 1404600 36930 175575.00 8 Within Antarctica
11 36 Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_Ross Sea Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Ross Sea Magellanic Continental High Antarctic Temperate South America Southern Ocean 7 4 6 32882640 4845060 4697520.00 7 To or from Antarctica
43 11 South Orkney Islands_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile South Orkney Islands Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Scotia Sea Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 7 5 5 5799300 566460 828471.43 7 To or from Antarctica
1 28 Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Malvinas/Falklands Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Malvinas/Falklands Continental High Antarctic Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 6 3 4 2469240 949440 823080.00 3 To or from Antarctica
2 11 Antarctic Peninsula_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Antarctic Peninsula Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Scotia Sea Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 6 4 5 3168720 522540 528120.00 6 To or from Antarctica
2 43 Antarctic Peninsula_South Orkney Islands Antarctic Peninsula South Orkney Islands Scotia Sea Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 6 4 4 1089720 155340 181620.00 6 Within Antarctica
11 43 Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_South Orkney Islands Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile South Orkney Islands Magellanic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 6 6 6 2213160 322590 368860.00 6 To or from Antarctica
35 45 Rio de la Plata_South Shetland Islands Rio de la Plata South Shetland Islands Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 6 5 5 12906060 690210 2151010.00 6 To or from Antarctica
45 41 South Shetland Islands_South Georgia South Shetland Islands South Georgia Scotia Sea Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 6 3 3 NA NA NA NA Within Antarctica
11 41 Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_South Georgia Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile South Georgia Magellanic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 5 3 4 476880 476880 476880.00 1 To or from Antarctica
16 15 East China Sea_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land East China Sea East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific Continental High Antarctic Temperate Northern Pacific Southern Ocean 5 1 2 4872060 2436030 2436030.00 2 To or from Antarctica
43 28 South Orkney Islands_Malvinas/Falklands South Orkney Islands Malvinas/Falklands Scotia Sea Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 5 4 4 1228860 237900 245772.00 5 To or from Antarctica
1 16 Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_East China Sea Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea East China Sea Continental High Antarctic Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Pacific 4 3 4 15311460 3768090 3827865.00 4 To or from Antarctica
2 28 Antarctic Peninsula_Malvinas/Falklands Antarctic Peninsula Malvinas/Falklands Scotia Sea Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 4 3 4 5326140 730380 1331535.00 4 To or from Antarctica
9 36 Central New Zealand_Ross Sea Central New Zealand Ross Sea Southern New Zealand Continental High Antarctic Temperate Australasia Southern Ocean 4 1 1 16202700 4687560 4050675.00 4 To or from Antarctica
10 45 Central Peru_South Shetland Islands Central Peru South Shetland Islands Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 4 2 3 4212840 1044480 1053210.00 4 To or from Antarctica
15 16 East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_East China Sea East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land East China Sea Continental High Antarctic Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Pacific 4 1 1 7469820 994200 1867455.00 4 To or from Antarctica
28 1 Malvinas/Falklands_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Malvinas/Falklands Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Magellanic Continental High Antarctic Temperate South America Southern Ocean 4 2 3 29112120 7039530 7278030.00 4 To or from Antarctica
30 43 Namaqua_South Orkney Islands Namaqua South Orkney Islands Benguela Scotia Sea Temperate Southern Africa Southern Ocean 4 3 3 5047860 1069020 1682620.00 3 To or from Antarctica
35 43 Rio de la Plata_South Orkney Islands Rio de la Plata South Orkney Islands Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 4 3 4 1748700 533970 437175.00 4 To or from Antarctica
36 9 Ross Sea_Central New Zealand Ross Sea Central New Zealand Continental High Antarctic Southern New Zealand Southern Ocean Temperate Australasia 4 1 1 4170720 1541040 1390240.00 3 To or from Antarctica
36 11 Ross Sea_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Ross Sea Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Continental High Antarctic Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 4 4 4 5415180 1265580 1353795.00 4 To or from Antarctica
43 35 South Orkney Islands_Rio de la Plata South Orkney Islands Rio de la Plata Scotia Sea Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 4 3 4 12875400 1826370 3218850.00 4 To or from Antarctica
3 45 Araucanian_South Shetland Islands Araucanian South Shetland Islands Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 3 3 3 1566540 783270 783270.00 2 To or from Antarctica
9 1 Central New Zealand_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Central New Zealand Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Southern New Zealand Continental High Antarctic Temperate Australasia Southern Ocean 3 3 3 3544980 3544980 3544980.00 1 To or from Antarctica
11 2 Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_Antarctic Peninsula Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Antarctic Peninsula Magellanic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 3 3 3 436740 218370 218370.00 2 To or from Antarctica
11 14 Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_East Antarctic Wilkes Land Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile East Antarctic Wilkes Land Magellanic Continental High Antarctic Temperate South America Southern Ocean 3 1 2 8623500 2278860 2874500.00 3 To or from Antarctica
19 1 Fiji Islands_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Fiji Islands Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Tropical Southwestern Pacific Continental High Antarctic Central Indo-Pacific Southern Ocean 3 3 3 5183340 5183340 5183340.00 1 To or from Antarctica
19 36 Fiji Islands_Ross Sea Fiji Islands Ross Sea Tropical Southwestern Pacific Continental High Antarctic Central Indo-Pacific Southern Ocean 3 3 3 11307480 5653740 5653740.00 2 To or from Antarctica
34 28 Peter the First Island_Malvinas/Falklands Peter the First Island Malvinas/Falklands Subantarctic Islands Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 3 3 3 1379880 462480 459960.00 3 To or from Antarctica
35 1 Rio de la Plata_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Rio de la Plata Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Continental High Antarctic Temperate South America Southern Ocean 3 3 3 5645700 2822850 2822850.00 2 To or from Antarctica
36 16 Ross Sea_East China Sea Ross Sea East China Sea Continental High Antarctic Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Pacific 3 2 3 10537860 3681840 3512620.00 3 To or from Antarctica
1 2 Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Antarctic Peninsula Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Antarctic Peninsula Continental High Antarctic Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 2 1 2 206580 103290 103290.00 2 Within Antarctica
1 9 Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Central New Zealand Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Central New Zealand Continental High Antarctic Southern New Zealand Southern Ocean Temperate Australasia 2 2 2 2619780 1309890 1309890.00 2 To or from Antarctica
2 1 Antarctic Peninsula_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Antarctic Peninsula Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Scotia Sea Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 2 2 2 5207040 2603520 2603520.00 2 Within Antarctica
2 34 Antarctic Peninsula_Peter the First Island Antarctic Peninsula Peter the First Island Scotia Sea Subantarctic Islands Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 2 1 1 455160 227580 227580.00 2 Within Antarctica
2 41 Antarctic Peninsula_South Georgia Antarctic Peninsula South Georgia Scotia Sea Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 2 2 2 NA NA NA NA Within Antarctica
4 43 Azores Canaries Madeira_South Orkney Islands Azores Canaries Madeira South Orkney Islands Lusitanian Scotia Sea Temperate Northern Atlantic Southern Ocean 2 2 2 1814580 907290 907290.00 2 To or from Antarctica
4 45 Azores Canaries Madeira_South Shetland Islands Azores Canaries Madeira South Shetland Islands Lusitanian Scotia Sea Temperate Northern Atlantic Southern Ocean 2 2 2 4415220 2207610 2207610.00 2 To or from Antarctica
5 36 Baltic Sea_Ross Sea Baltic Sea Ross Sea Northern European Seas Continental High Antarctic Temperate Northern Atlantic Southern Ocean 2 1 1 -9180 -9180 -9180.00 1 To or from Antarctica
15 30 East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_Namaqua East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Namaqua Continental High Antarctic Benguela Southern Ocean Temperate Southern Africa 2 1 2 5861820 2930910 2930910.00 2 To or from Antarctica
14 13 East Antarctic Wilkes Land_East Antarctic Enderby Land East Antarctic Wilkes Land East Antarctic Enderby Land Continental High Antarctic Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 2 1 1 841200 420600 420600.00 2 Within Antarctica
14 29 East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Mascarene Islands East Antarctic Wilkes Land Mascarene Islands Continental High Antarctic Western Indian Ocean Southern Ocean Western Indo-Pacific 2 1 1 8799420 4399710 4399710.00 2 To or from Antarctica
16 45 East China Sea_South Shetland Islands East China Sea South Shetland Islands Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific Scotia Sea Temperate Northern Pacific Southern Ocean 2 2 2 4268940 4268940 4268940.00 1 To or from Antarctica
28 2 Malvinas/Falklands_Antarctic Peninsula Malvinas/Falklands Antarctic Peninsula Magellanic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 2 1 1 129540 129540 129540.00 1 To or from Antarctica
29 14 Mascarene Islands_East Antarctic Wilkes Land Mascarene Islands East Antarctic Wilkes Land Western Indian Ocean Continental High Antarctic Western Indo-Pacific Southern Ocean 2 1 1 3392580 1696290 1696290.00 2 To or from Antarctica
30 41 Namaqua_South Georgia Namaqua South Georgia Benguela Scotia Sea Temperate Southern Africa Southern Ocean 2 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
34 2 Peter the First Island_Antarctic Peninsula Peter the First Island Antarctic Peninsula Subantarctic Islands Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 2 2 2 378480 189240 189240.00 2 Within Antarctica
34 11 Peter the First Island_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Peter the First Island Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Subantarctic Islands Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 2 2 2 2308980 1154490 1154490.00 2 To or from Antarctica
35 2 Rio de la Plata_Antarctic Peninsula Rio de la Plata Antarctic Peninsula Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 2 2 2 1233900 616950 616950.00 2 To or from Antarctica
35 36 Rio de la Plata_Ross Sea Rio de la Plata Ross Sea Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Continental High Antarctic Temperate South America Southern Ocean 2 1 2 11404500 5702250 5702250.00 2 To or from Antarctica
41 4 South Georgia_Azores Canaries Madeira South Georgia Azores Canaries Madeira Scotia Sea Lusitanian Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Atlantic 2 2 2 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
41 11 South Georgia_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile South Georgia Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Scotia Sea Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 2 2 2 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
41 30 South Georgia_Namaqua South Georgia Namaqua Scotia Sea Benguela Southern Ocean Temperate Southern Africa 2 2 2 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
41 49 South Georgia_Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf South Georgia Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf Scotia Sea Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 2 2 2 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
43 4 South Orkney Islands_Azores Canaries Madeira South Orkney Islands Azores Canaries Madeira Scotia Sea Lusitanian Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Atlantic 2 2 2 19553580 9776790 9776790.00 2 To or from Antarctica
45 30 South Shetland Islands_Namaqua South Shetland Islands Namaqua Scotia Sea Benguela Southern Ocean Temperate Southern Africa 2 1 2 2764800 1382400 1382400.00 2 To or from Antarctica
1 14 Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_East Antarctic Wilkes Land Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea East Antarctic Wilkes Land Continental High Antarctic Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 562680 562680 562680.00 1 Within Antarctica
1 19 Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Fiji Islands Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Fiji Islands Continental High Antarctic Tropical Southwestern Pacific Southern Ocean Central Indo-Pacific 1 1 1 1745640 1745640 1745640.00 1 To or from Antarctica
1 35 Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Rio de la Plata Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Rio de la Plata Continental High Antarctic Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 1740840 1740840 1740840.00 1 To or from Antarctica
1 36 Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Ross Sea Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Ross Sea Continental High Antarctic Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 10440 10440 10440.00 1 Within Antarctica
1 43 Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_South Orkney Islands Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea South Orkney Islands Continental High Antarctic Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 1524660 1524660 1524660.00 1 Within Antarctica
2 4 Antarctic Peninsula_Azores Canaries Madeira Antarctic Peninsula Azores Canaries Madeira Scotia Sea Lusitanian Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Atlantic 1 1 1 2566500 2566500 2566500.00 1 To or from Antarctica
2 53 Antarctic Peninsula_North Sea Antarctic Peninsula North Sea Scotia Sea Northern European Seas Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Atlantic 1 1 1 8225400 8225400 8225400.00 1 To or from Antarctica
2 48 Antarctic Peninsula_Southwestern Caribbean Antarctic Peninsula Southwestern Caribbean Scotia Sea Tropical Northwestern Atlantic Southern Ocean Tropical Atlantic 1 1 1 4680 4680 4680.00 1 To or from Antarctica
9 14 Central New Zealand_East Antarctic Wilkes Land Central New Zealand East Antarctic Wilkes Land Southern New Zealand Continental High Antarctic Temperate Australasia Southern Ocean 1 1 1 916860 916860 916860.00 1 To or from Antarctica
10 2 Central Peru_Antarctic Peninsula Central Peru Antarctic Peninsula Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 1 1 1 1383780 1383780 1383780.00 1 To or from Antarctica
15 37 East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_Sea of Japan/East Sea East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Sea of Japan/East Sea Continental High Antarctic Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Pacific 1 1 1 1320 1320 1320.00 1 To or from Antarctica
13 11 East Antarctic Enderby Land_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile East Antarctic Enderby Land Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Continental High Antarctic Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 1167120 1167120 1167120.00 1 To or from Antarctica
13 30 East Antarctic Enderby Land_Namaqua East Antarctic Enderby Land Namaqua Continental High Antarctic Benguela Southern Ocean Temperate Southern Africa 1 1 1 1048380 1048380 1048380.00 1 To or from Antarctica
14 5 East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Baltic Sea East Antarctic Wilkes Land Baltic Sea Continental High Antarctic Northern European Seas Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Atlantic 1 1 1 770820 770820 770820.00 1 To or from Antarctica
14 6 East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Bassian East Antarctic Wilkes Land Bassian Continental High Antarctic Southeast Australian Shelf Southern Ocean Temperate Australasia 1 1 1 3798240 3798240 3798240.00 1 To or from Antarctica
14 9 East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Central New Zealand East Antarctic Wilkes Land Central New Zealand Continental High Antarctic Southern New Zealand Southern Ocean Temperate Australasia 1 1 1 902160 902160 902160.00 1 To or from Antarctica
14 11 East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile East Antarctic Wilkes Land Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Continental High Antarctic Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 2100420 2100420 2100420.00 1 To or from Antarctica
14 16 East Antarctic Wilkes Land_East China Sea East Antarctic Wilkes Land East China Sea Continental High Antarctic Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Pacific 1 1 1 8295600 8295600 8295600.00 1 To or from Antarctica
14 28 East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Malvinas/Falklands East Antarctic Wilkes Land Malvinas/Falklands Continental High Antarctic Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 1459740 1459740 1459740.00 1 To or from Antarctica
14 30 East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Namaqua East Antarctic Wilkes Land Namaqua Continental High Antarctic Benguela Southern Ocean Temperate Southern Africa 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
16 14 East China Sea_East Antarctic Wilkes Land East China Sea East Antarctic Wilkes Land Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific Continental High Antarctic Temperate Northern Pacific Southern Ocean 1 1 1 2117640 2117640 2117640.00 1 To or from Antarctica
27 14 Malacca Strait_East Antarctic Wilkes Land Malacca Strait East Antarctic Wilkes Land Sunda Shelf Continental High Antarctic Central Indo-Pacific Southern Ocean 1 1 1 1351440 1351440 1351440.00 1 To or from Antarctica
27 43 Malacca Strait_South Orkney Islands Malacca Strait South Orkney Islands Sunda Shelf Scotia Sea Central Indo-Pacific Southern Ocean 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
28 43 Malvinas/Falklands_South Orkney Islands Malvinas/Falklands South Orkney Islands Magellanic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 1 1 1 252240 252240 252240.00 1 To or from Antarctica
30 15 Namaqua_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Namaqua East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Benguela Continental High Antarctic Temperate Southern Africa Southern Ocean 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
34 1 Peter the First Island_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Peter the First Island Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Subantarctic Islands Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 1623660 1623660 1623660.00 1 Within Antarctica
34 35 Peter the First Island_Rio de la Plata Peter the First Island Rio de la Plata Subantarctic Islands Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 859440 859440 859440.00 1 To or from Antarctica
34 44 Peter the First Island_South Sandwich Islands Peter the First Island South Sandwich Islands Subantarctic Islands Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 879180 879180 879180.00 1 Within Antarctica
34 45 Peter the First Island_South Shetland Islands Peter the First Island South Shetland Islands Subantarctic Islands Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 256980 256980 256980.00 1 Within Antarctica
35 34 Rio de la Plata_Peter the First Island Rio de la Plata Peter the First Island Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Subantarctic Islands Temperate South America Southern Ocean 1 1 1 1206540 1206540 1206540.00 1 To or from Antarctica
36 5 Ross Sea_Baltic Sea Ross Sea Baltic Sea Continental High Antarctic Northern European Seas Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Atlantic 1 1 1 1380 1380 1380.00 1 To or from Antarctica
36 14 Ross Sea_East Antarctic Wilkes Land Ross Sea East Antarctic Wilkes Land Continental High Antarctic Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 19920 19920 19920.00 1 Within Antarctica
36 34 Ross Sea_Peter the First Island Ross Sea Peter the First Island Continental High Antarctic Subantarctic Islands Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 711000 711000 711000.00 1 Within Antarctica
36 35 Ross Sea_Rio de la Plata Ross Sea Rio de la Plata Continental High Antarctic Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 1562760 1562760 1562760.00 1 To or from Antarctica
55 45 Sahelian Upwelling_South Shetland Islands Sahelian Upwelling South Shetland Islands West African Transition Scotia Sea Tropical Atlantic Southern Ocean 1 1 1 1273200 1273200 1273200.00 1 To or from Antarctica
37 15 Sea of Japan/East Sea_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Sea of Japan/East Sea East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific Continental High Antarctic Temperate Northern Pacific Southern Ocean 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
41 3 South Georgia_Araucanian South Georgia Araucanian Scotia Sea Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
41 10 South Georgia_Central Peru South Georgia Central Peru Scotia Sea Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
41 43 South Georgia_South Orkney Islands South Georgia South Orkney Islands Scotia Sea Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 688860 688860 688860.00 1 Within Antarctica
41 44 South Georgia_South Sandwich Islands South Georgia South Sandwich Islands Scotia Sea Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA Within Antarctica
43 3 South Orkney Islands_Araucanian South Orkney Islands Araucanian Scotia Sea Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 7227420 7227420 7227420.00 1 To or from Antarctica
43 41 South Orkney Islands_South Georgia South Orkney Islands South Georgia Scotia Sea Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA Within Antarctica
43 48 South Orkney Islands_Southwestern Caribbean South Orkney Islands Southwestern Caribbean Scotia Sea Tropical Northwestern Atlantic Southern Ocean Tropical Atlantic 1 1 1 10500 10500 10500.00 1 To or from Antarctica
44 28 South Sandwich Islands_Malvinas/Falklands South Sandwich Islands Malvinas/Falklands Scotia Sea Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 5605380 5605380 5605380.00 1 To or from Antarctica
44 50 South Sandwich Islands_Weddell Sea South Sandwich Islands Weddell Sea Scotia Sea Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 185460 185460 185460.00 1 Within Antarctica
45 4 South Shetland Islands_Azores Canaries Madeira South Shetland Islands Azores Canaries Madeira Scotia Sea Lusitanian Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Atlantic 1 1 1 1916520 1916520 1916520.00 1 To or from Antarctica
45 16 South Shetland Islands_East China Sea South Shetland Islands East China Sea Scotia Sea Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Pacific 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
45 29 South Shetland Islands_Mascarene Islands South Shetland Islands Mascarene Islands Scotia Sea Western Indian Ocean Southern Ocean Western Indo-Pacific 1 1 1 2496840 2496840 2496840.00 1 To or from Antarctica
48 2 Southwestern Caribbean_Antarctic Peninsula Southwestern Caribbean Antarctic Peninsula Tropical Northwestern Atlantic Scotia Sea Tropical Atlantic Southern Ocean 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
48 43 Southwestern Caribbean_South Orkney Islands Southwestern Caribbean South Orkney Islands Tropical Northwestern Atlantic Scotia Sea Tropical Atlantic Southern Ocean 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
49 43 Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf_South Orkney Islands Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf South Orkney Islands Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 1 1 1 792300 792300 792300.00 1 To or from Antarctica
50 35 Weddell Sea_Rio de la Plata Weddell Sea Rio de la Plata Continental High Antarctic Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 3465780 3465780 3465780.00 1 To or from Antarctica

Tourism is even more centred on the area formed between southern SOuth America, Malvinas/Falklands, Scotia Arc and the Antarctic Peninsula. The connection with the highest number of voyages that is not within that are is from New Zealand to the Ross Sea, but only 14 tourist voyages to that route to Antarctica versus the 568 that travelled from the Chanels and Fjords of Southern Chile to the South Shetland Islands.

gateway_region_edge_results$tourism
from to move from_ecoregion to_ecoregion from_province to_province from_realm to_realm n_voyages n_ships n_trips total_time median_time mean_time n_time internal
121 6 South Shetland Islands_Antarctic Peninsula South Shetland Islands Antarctic Peninsula Scotia Sea Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1032 52 59 32681220 16620 31667.85 1032 Within Antarctica
6 121 Antarctic Peninsula_South Shetland Islands Antarctic Peninsula South Shetland Islands Scotia Sea Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1004 47 54 29615700 14670 29497.71 1004 Within Antarctica
121 28 South Shetland Islands_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile South Shetland Islands Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Scotia Sea Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 638 42 48 65243880 164160 175859.51 371 To or from Antarctica
28 121 Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_South Shetland Islands Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile South Shetland Islands Magellanic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 568 49 56 38632440 105720 112303.60 344 To or from Antarctica
6 28 Antarctic Peninsula_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Antarctic Peninsula Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Scotia Sea Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 317 41 43 68001660 261900 272006.64 250 To or from Antarctica
28 6 Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_Antarctic Peninsula Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Antarctic Peninsula Magellanic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 268 39 43 13892040 41580 73502.86 189 To or from Antarctica
72 117 Malvinas/Falklands_South Georgia Malvinas/Falklands South Georgia Magellanic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 191 28 31 13674420 345420 369578.92 37 To or from Antarctica
117 121 South Georgia_South Shetland Islands South Georgia South Shetland Islands Scotia Sea Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 106 28 28 7755360 237870 228098.82 34 Within Antarctica
117 72 South Georgia_Malvinas/Falklands South Georgia Malvinas/Falklands Scotia Sea Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 61 16 16 5450760 558780 495523.64 11 To or from Antarctica
121 72 South Shetland Islands_Malvinas/Falklands South Shetland Islands Malvinas/Falklands Scotia Sea Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 59 23 23 18364620 364740 374788.16 49 To or from Antarctica
72 121 Malvinas/Falklands_South Shetland Islands Malvinas/Falklands South Shetland Islands Magellanic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 48 23 23 20165940 653160 517075.38 39 To or from Antarctica
120 121 South Orkney Islands_South Shetland Islands South Orkney Islands South Shetland Islands Scotia Sea Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 47 16 17 2753580 27060 58586.81 47 Within Antarctica
117 6 South Georgia_Antarctic Peninsula South Georgia Antarctic Peninsula Scotia Sea Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 45 19 20 3259620 173400 217308.00 15 Within Antarctica
117 120 South Georgia_South Orkney Islands South Georgia South Orkney Islands Scotia Sea Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 40 15 16 1616820 101100 202102.50 8 Within Antarctica
121 117 South Shetland Islands_South Georgia South Shetland Islands South Georgia Scotia Sea Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 36 19 19 2227440 295890 371240.00 6 Within Antarctica
28 117 Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_South Georgia Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile South Georgia Magellanic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 34 15 15 4807620 478080 480762.00 10 To or from Antarctica
6 72 Antarctic Peninsula_Malvinas/Falklands Antarctic Peninsula Malvinas/Falklands Scotia Sea Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 16 8 8 3106320 202800 282392.73 11 To or from Antarctica
130 105 South New Zealand_Ross Sea South New Zealand Ross Sea Southern New Zealand Continental High Antarctic Temperate Australasia Southern Ocean 14 4 6 8266140 679320 635856.92 13 To or from Antarctica
72 120 Malvinas/Falklands_South Orkney Islands Malvinas/Falklands South Orkney Islands Magellanic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 13 6 6 6590400 583200 506953.85 13 To or from Antarctica
72 6 Malvinas/Falklands_Antarctic Peninsula Malvinas/Falklands Antarctic Peninsula Magellanic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 11 6 6 1057920 38280 151131.43 7 To or from Antarctica
105 34 Ross Sea_East Antarctic Wilkes Land Ross Sea East Antarctic Wilkes Land Continental High Antarctic Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 10 3 3 524400 23070 52440.00 10 Within Antarctica
117 79 South Georgia_Namaqua South Georgia Namaqua Scotia Sea Benguela Southern Ocean Temperate Southern Africa 10 4 4 3527760 1763880 1763880.00 2 To or from Antarctica
6 117 Antarctic Peninsula_South Georgia Antarctic Peninsula South Georgia Scotia Sea Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 9 6 6 2219580 423960 443916.00 5 Within Antarctica
105 130 Ross Sea_South New Zealand Ross Sea South New Zealand Continental High Antarctic Southern New Zealand Southern Ocean Temperate Australasia 9 6 6 7677420 750060 853046.67 9 To or from Antarctica
117 28 South Georgia_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile South Georgia Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Scotia Sea Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 9 8 8 472860 472860 472860.00 1 To or from Antarctica
117 103 South Georgia_Rio de la Plata South Georgia Rio de la Plata Scotia Sea Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 9 5 5 1378440 398040 459480.00 3 To or from Antarctica
121 138 South Shetland Islands_Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf South Shetland Islands Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf Scotia Sea Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 9 5 5 4886880 517380 542986.67 9 To or from Antarctica
34 130 East Antarctic Wilkes Land_South New Zealand East Antarctic Wilkes Land South New Zealand Continental High Antarctic Southern New Zealand Southern Ocean Temperate Australasia 8 3 5 5532240 674850 691530.00 8 To or from Antarctica
103 117 Rio de la Plata_South Georgia Rio de la Plata South Georgia Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 8 5 5 2491320 453360 622830.00 4 To or from Antarctica
34 105 East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Ross Sea East Antarctic Wilkes Land Ross Sea Continental High Antarctic Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 7 4 4 687000 37860 98142.86 7 Within Antarctica
103 121 Rio de la Plata_South Shetland Islands Rio de la Plata South Shetland Islands Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 7 5 5 2989980 403560 427140.00 7 To or from Antarctica
120 6 South Orkney Islands_Antarctic Peninsula South Orkney Islands Antarctic Peninsula Scotia Sea Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 7 4 4 810360 108540 115765.71 7 Within Antarctica
121 103 South Shetland Islands_Rio de la Plata South Shetland Islands Rio de la Plata Scotia Sea Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 7 5 5 3637920 435780 519702.86 7 To or from Antarctica
120 117 South Orkney Islands_South Georgia South Orkney Islands South Georgia Scotia Sea Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 6 6 6 562260 281130 281130.00 2 Within Antarctica
130 34 South New Zealand_East Antarctic Wilkes Land South New Zealand East Antarctic Wilkes Land Southern New Zealand Continental High Antarctic Temperate Australasia Southern Ocean 5 2 2 3445800 660030 861450.00 4 To or from Antarctica
138 121 Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf_South Shetland Islands Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf South Shetland Islands Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 5 1 1 973980 451200 324660.00 3 To or from Antarctica
34 25 East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Central New Zealand East Antarctic Wilkes Land Central New Zealand Continental High Antarctic Southern New Zealand Southern Ocean Temperate Australasia 4 1 1 3435600 819180 858900.00 4 To or from Antarctica
105 25 Ross Sea_Central New Zealand Ross Sea Central New Zealand Continental High Antarctic Southern New Zealand Southern Ocean Temperate Australasia 4 2 3 4613400 894750 1153350.00 4 To or from Antarctica
121 120 South Shetland Islands_South Orkney Islands South Shetland Islands South Orkney Islands Scotia Sea Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 4 4 4 106200 25950 26550.00 4 Within Antarctica
6 85 Antarctic Peninsula_North Patagonian Gulfs Antarctic Peninsula North Patagonian Gulfs Scotia Sea Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 3 2 2 219240 219240 219240.00 1 To or from Antarctica
6 124 Antarctic Peninsula_Southeastern Brazil Antarctic Peninsula Southeastern Brazil Scotia Sea Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 3 3 3 3710400 1639440 1236800.00 3 To or from Antarctica
14 34 Bassian_East Antarctic Wilkes Land Bassian East Antarctic Wilkes Land Southeast Australian Shelf Continental High Antarctic Temperate Australasia Southern Ocean 3 3 3 881220 440610 440610.00 2 To or from Antarctica
28 120 Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_South Orkney Islands Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile South Orkney Islands Magellanic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 3 2 2 1472460 736230 736230.00 2 To or from Antarctica
85 121 North Patagonian Gulfs_South Shetland Islands North Patagonian Gulfs South Shetland Islands Magellanic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 3 3 3 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
121 85 South Shetland Islands_North Patagonian Gulfs South Shetland Islands North Patagonian Gulfs Scotia Sea Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 3 3 3 281460 281460 281460.00 1 To or from Antarctica
4 101 Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Peter the First Island Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Peter the First Island Continental High Antarctic Subantarctic Islands Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 2 1 1 37020 18510 18510.00 2 Within Antarctica
6 101 Antarctic Peninsula_Peter the First Island Antarctic Peninsula Peter the First Island Scotia Sea Subantarctic Islands Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 2 2 2 205260 102630 102630.00 2 Within Antarctica
6 103 Antarctic Peninsula_Rio de la Plata Antarctic Peninsula Rio de la Plata Scotia Sea Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 2 2 2 1086000 543000 543000.00 2 To or from Antarctica
6 120 Antarctic Peninsula_South Orkney Islands Antarctic Peninsula South Orkney Islands Scotia Sea Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 2 2 2 522540 261270 261270.00 2 Within Antarctica
85 117 North Patagonian Gulfs_South Georgia North Patagonian Gulfs South Georgia Magellanic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 2 2 2 815640 815640 815640.00 1 To or from Antarctica
101 6 Peter the First Island_Antarctic Peninsula Peter the First Island Antarctic Peninsula Subantarctic Islands Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 2 1 1 216840 108420 108420.00 2 Within Antarctica
101 105 Peter the First Island_Ross Sea Peter the First Island Ross Sea Subantarctic Islands Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 2 2 2 1078200 539100 539100.00 2 Within Antarctica
103 6 Rio de la Plata_Antarctic Peninsula Rio de la Plata Antarctic Peninsula Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 2 1 1 713400 356700 356700.00 2 To or from Antarctica
105 4 Ross Sea_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Ross Sea Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Continental High Antarctic Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 2 1 1 469620 234810 234810.00 2 Within Antarctica
117 20 South Georgia_Cape Verde South Georgia Cape Verde Scotia Sea West African Transition Southern Ocean Tropical Atlantic 2 2 2 857400 857400 857400.00 1 To or from Antarctica
120 28 South Orkney Islands_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile South Orkney Islands Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Scotia Sea Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 2 2 2 1245240 622620 622620.00 2 To or from Antarctica
4 105 Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Ross Sea Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Ross Sea Continental High Antarctic Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 41880 41880 41880.00 1 Within Antarctica
6 30 Antarctic Peninsula_Chiloense Antarctic Peninsula Chiloense Scotia Sea Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
6 156 Antarctic Peninsula_North Sea Antarctic Peninsula North Sea Scotia Sea Northern European Seas Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Atlantic 1 1 1 2820 2820 2820.00 1 To or from Antarctica
6 105 Antarctic Peninsula_Ross Sea Antarctic Peninsula Ross Sea Scotia Sea Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 746760 746760 746760.00 1 Within Antarctica
6 138 Antarctic Peninsula_Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf Antarctic Peninsula Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf Scotia Sea Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 523080 523080 523080.00 1 To or from Antarctica
8 121 Araucanian_South Shetland Islands Araucanian South Shetland Islands Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
28 101 Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_Peter the First Island Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Peter the First Island Magellanic Subantarctic Islands Temperate South America Southern Ocean 1 1 1 45180 45180 45180.00 1 To or from Antarctica
156 6 North Sea_Antarctic Peninsula North Sea Antarctic Peninsula Northern European Seas Scotia Sea Temperate Northern Atlantic Southern Ocean 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
101 4 Peter the First Island_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Peter the First Island Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Subantarctic Islands Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 60120 60120 60120.00 1 Within Antarctica
117 85 South Georgia_North Patagonian Gulfs South Georgia North Patagonian Gulfs Scotia Sea Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
117 133 South Georgia_St. Helena and Ascension Islands South Georgia St. Helena and Ascension Islands Scotia Sea St. Helena and Ascension Islands Southern Ocean Tropical Atlantic 1 1 1 1268400 1268400 1268400.00 1 To or from Antarctica
117 138 South Georgia_Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf South Georgia Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf Scotia Sea Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
120 156 South Orkney Islands_North Sea South Orkney Islands North Sea Scotia Sea Northern European Seas Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Atlantic 1 1 1 3545340 3545340 3545340.00 1 To or from Antarctica
121 12 South Shetland Islands_Baltic Sea South Shetland Islands Baltic Sea Scotia Sea Northern European Seas Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Atlantic 1 1 1 3781020 3781020 3781020.00 1 To or from Antarctica
121 20 South Shetland Islands_Cape Verde South Shetland Islands Cape Verde Scotia Sea West African Transition Southern Ocean Tropical Atlantic 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
121 112 South Shetland Islands_Society Islands South Shetland Islands Society Islands Scotia Sea Southeast Polynesia Southern Ocean Eastern Indo-Pacific 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
121 124 South Shetland Islands_Southeastern Brazil South Shetland Islands Southeastern Brazil Scotia Sea Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
121 133 South Shetland Islands_St. Helena and Ascension Islands South Shetland Islands St. Helena and Ascension Islands Scotia Sea St. Helena and Ascension Islands Southern Ocean Tropical Atlantic 1 1 1 3354120 3354120 3354120.00 1 To or from Antarctica
124 117 Southeastern Brazil_South Georgia Southeastern Brazil South Georgia Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica

Although still heavily centered around the Antarctic Peninsula/South Shetland Islands/South America/Falklands/Scotia Arc area, research activity is a little more evenly spread. The connections between Bassian and East Antarctic Wilkes Land in both directions are rank 5th and 6th.

gateway_region_edge_results$research
from to move from_ecoregion to_ecoregion from_province to_province from_realm to_realm n_voyages n_ships n_trips total_time median_time mean_time n_time internal
5 91 Antarctic Peninsula_South Shetland Islands Antarctic Peninsula South Shetland Islands Scotia Sea Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 208 17 27 5248800 13260 25356.52 207 Within Antarctica
91 5 South Shetland Islands_Antarctic Peninsula South Shetland Islands Antarctic Peninsula Scotia Sea Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 200 16 26 4814160 12030 24070.80 200 Within Antarctica
91 23 South Shetland Islands_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile South Shetland Islands Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Scotia Sea Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 130 16 22 35565540 251940 320410.27 111 To or from Antarctica
23 91 Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_South Shetland Islands Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile South Shetland Islands Magellanic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 118 17 24 23279700 206730 223843.27 104 To or from Antarctica
29 11 East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Bassian East Antarctic Wilkes Land Bassian Continental High Antarctic Southeast Australian Shelf Southern Ocean Temperate Australasia 47 6 10 33707640 698040 783898.60 43 To or from Antarctica
11 29 Bassian_East Antarctic Wilkes Land Bassian East Antarctic Wilkes Land Southeast Australian Shelf Continental High Antarctic Temperate Australasia Southern Ocean 44 6 11 21073740 491760 554572.11 38 To or from Antarctica
23 5 Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_Antarctic Peninsula Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Antarctic Peninsula Magellanic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 26 5 6 3827760 178140 173989.09 22 To or from Antarctica
5 23 Antarctic Peninsula_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Antarctic Peninsula Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Scotia Sea Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 23 8 8 11860860 415800 515689.57 23 To or from Antarctica
86 54 South Georgia_Malvinas/Falklands South Georgia Malvinas/Falklands Scotia Sea Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 18 4 4 2178900 406080 544725.00 4 To or from Antarctica
29 78 East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Ross Sea East Antarctic Wilkes Land Ross Sea Continental High Antarctic Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 15 9 13 8061360 126480 537424.00 15 Within Antarctica
78 20 Ross Sea_Central New Zealand Ross Sea Central New Zealand Continental High Antarctic Southern New Zealand Southern Ocean Temperate Australasia 15 5 6 15999840 852090 1142845.71 14 To or from Antarctica
54 91 Malvinas/Falklands_South Shetland Islands Malvinas/Falklands South Shetland Islands Magellanic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 14 3 3 4427160 251280 442716.00 10 To or from Antarctica
60 30 Namaqua_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Namaqua East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Benguela Continental High Antarctic Temperate Southern Africa Southern Ocean 14 5 5 8904900 569400 684992.31 13 To or from Antarctica
78 29 Ross Sea_East Antarctic Wilkes Land Ross Sea East Antarctic Wilkes Land Continental High Antarctic Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 13 7 7 4572840 201660 351756.92 13 Within Antarctica
89 91 South Orkney Islands_South Shetland Islands South Orkney Islands South Shetland Islands Scotia Sea Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 13 9 9 2302920 24240 177147.69 13 Within Antarctica
60 104 Namaqua_Weddell Sea Namaqua Weddell Sea Benguela Continental High Antarctic Temperate Southern Africa Southern Ocean 12 4 4 8596560 776730 859656.00 10 To or from Antarctica
20 78 Central New Zealand_Ross Sea Central New Zealand Ross Sea Southern New Zealand Continental High Antarctic Temperate Australasia Southern Ocean 11 5 5 2335260 514980 467052.00 5 To or from Antarctica
54 86 Malvinas/Falklands_South Georgia Malvinas/Falklands South Georgia Magellanic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 11 4 4 2767080 997860 922360.00 3 To or from Antarctica
89 54 South Orkney Islands_Malvinas/Falklands South Orkney Islands Malvinas/Falklands Scotia Sea Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 11 2 2 3482760 251760 497537.14 7 To or from Antarctica
30 28 East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_East Antarctic Enderby Land East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land East Antarctic Enderby Land Continental High Antarctic Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 10 5 7 1230120 16290 123012.00 10 Within Antarctica
54 89 Malvinas/Falklands_South Orkney Islands Malvinas/Falklands South Orkney Islands Magellanic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 10 2 2 2054400 224940 293485.71 7 To or from Antarctica
91 89 South Shetland Islands_South Orkney Islands South Shetland Islands South Orkney Islands Scotia Sea Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 10 7 8 421980 22170 42198.00 10 Within Antarctica
104 60 Weddell Sea_Namaqua Weddell Sea Namaqua Continental High Antarctic Benguela Southern Ocean Temperate Southern Africa 10 5 5 9320040 848880 932004.00 10 To or from Antarctica
30 104 East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_Weddell Sea East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Weddell Sea Continental High Antarctic Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 9 4 4 875400 20580 97266.67 9 Within Antarctica
28 29 East Antarctic Enderby Land_East Antarctic Wilkes Land East Antarctic Enderby Land East Antarctic Wilkes Land Continental High Antarctic Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 9 4 5 1090200 98400 121133.33 9 Within Antarctica
51 29 Leeuwin_East Antarctic Wilkes Land Leeuwin East Antarctic Wilkes Land Southwest Australian Shelf Continental High Antarctic Temperate Australasia Southern Ocean 9 5 5 5887680 744000 654186.67 9 To or from Antarctica
91 54 South Shetland Islands_Malvinas/Falklands South Shetland Islands Malvinas/Falklands Scotia Sea Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 8 3 3 2922840 213300 417548.57 7 To or from Antarctica
91 76 South Shetland Islands_Rio de la Plata South Shetland Islands Rio de la Plata Scotia Sea Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 8 4 5 4810080 714720 801680.00 6 To or from Antarctica
3 5 Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Antarctic Peninsula Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Antarctic Peninsula Continental High Antarctic Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 7 4 4 252000 19020 36000.00 7 Within Antarctica
23 89 Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_South Orkney Islands Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile South Orkney Islands Magellanic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 7 4 4 3342900 365010 557150.00 6 To or from Antarctica
29 28 East Antarctic Wilkes Land_East Antarctic Enderby Land East Antarctic Wilkes Land East Antarctic Enderby Land Continental High Antarctic Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 7 4 5 204660 22380 29237.14 7 Within Antarctica
29 51 East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Leeuwin East Antarctic Wilkes Land Leeuwin Continental High Antarctic Southwest Australian Shelf Southern Ocean Temperate Australasia 7 4 6 8698080 1114920 1242582.86 7 To or from Antarctica
104 89 Weddell Sea_South Orkney Islands Weddell Sea South Orkney Islands Continental High Antarctic Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 7 3 3 2901720 283920 414531.43 7 Within Antarctica
5 3 Antarctic Peninsula_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Antarctic Peninsula Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Scotia Sea Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 6 4 4 254040 27540 42340.00 6 Within Antarctica
3 74 Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Peter the First Island Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Peter the First Island Continental High Antarctic Subantarctic Islands Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 5 4 4 510480 50820 102096.00 5 Within Antarctica
11 78 Bassian_Ross Sea Bassian Ross Sea Southeast Australian Shelf Continental High Antarctic Temperate Australasia Southern Ocean 5 3 3 3443160 470640 688632.00 5 To or from Antarctica
20 29 Central New Zealand_East Antarctic Wilkes Land Central New Zealand East Antarctic Wilkes Land Southern New Zealand Continental High Antarctic Temperate Australasia Southern Ocean 5 3 3 1488660 547080 496220.00 3 To or from Antarctica
29 20 East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Central New Zealand East Antarctic Wilkes Land Central New Zealand Continental High Antarctic Southern New Zealand Southern Ocean Temperate Australasia 5 3 3 5132760 1022040 1026552.00 5 To or from Antarctica
54 5 Malvinas/Falklands_Antarctic Peninsula Malvinas/Falklands Antarctic Peninsula Magellanic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 5 3 3 268920 82080 89640.00 3 To or from Antarctica
74 3 Peter the First Island_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Peter the First Island Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Subantarctic Islands Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 5 3 4 238920 11460 47784.00 5 Within Antarctica
89 86 South Orkney Islands_South Georgia South Orkney Islands South Georgia Scotia Sea Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 5 2 2 232200 232200 232200.00 1 Within Antarctica
30 60 East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_Namaqua East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Namaqua Continental High Antarctic Benguela Southern Ocean Temperate Southern Africa 4 3 3 3290820 559200 822705.00 4 To or from Antarctica
28 30 East Antarctic Enderby Land_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land East Antarctic Enderby Land East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Continental High Antarctic Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 4 3 4 81660 18450 20415.00 4 Within Antarctica
28 60 East Antarctic Enderby Land_Namaqua East Antarctic Enderby Land Namaqua Continental High Antarctic Benguela Southern Ocean Temperate Southern Africa 4 3 3 3509520 862110 877380.00 4 To or from Antarctica
29 60 East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Namaqua East Antarctic Wilkes Land Namaqua Continental High Antarctic Benguela Southern Ocean Temperate Southern Africa 4 2 2 4194120 1026930 1048530.00 4 To or from Antarctica
51 78 Leeuwin_Ross Sea Leeuwin Ross Sea Southwest Australian Shelf Continental High Antarctic Temperate Australasia Southern Ocean 4 2 2 6280560 1023600 1570140.00 4 To or from Antarctica
104 30 Weddell Sea_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Weddell Sea East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Continental High Antarctic Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 4 2 2 1067220 10800 266805.00 4 Within Antarctica
104 86 Weddell Sea_South Georgia Weddell Sea South Georgia Continental High Antarctic Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 4 2 2 676500 676500 676500.00 1 Within Antarctica
3 20 Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Central New Zealand Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Central New Zealand Continental High Antarctic Southern New Zealand Southern Ocean Temperate Australasia 3 1 1 4406700 1364700 1468900.00 3 To or from Antarctica
3 78 Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Ross Sea Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Ross Sea Continental High Antarctic Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 3 2 2 262560 110520 87520.00 3 Within Antarctica
5 54 Antarctic Peninsula_Malvinas/Falklands Antarctic Peninsula Malvinas/Falklands Scotia Sea Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 3 2 2 244500 244500 244500.00 1 To or from Antarctica
5 113 Antarctic Peninsula_North Sea Antarctic Peninsula North Sea Scotia Sea Northern European Seas Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Atlantic 3 1 1 61380 19740 20460.00 3 To or from Antarctica
20 3 Central New Zealand_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Central New Zealand Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Southern New Zealand Continental High Antarctic Temperate Australasia Southern Ocean 3 1 1 921060 460530 460530.00 2 To or from Antarctica
23 3 Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Magellanic Continental High Antarctic Temperate South America Southern Ocean 3 3 3 2112420 602820 704140.00 3 To or from Antarctica
23 74 Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_Peter the First Island Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Peter the First Island Magellanic Subantarctic Islands Temperate South America Southern Ocean 3 2 3 1134300 405720 378100.00 3 To or from Antarctica
55 29 Manning-Hawkesbury_East Antarctic Wilkes Land Manning-Hawkesbury East Antarctic Wilkes Land East Central Australian Shelf Continental High Antarctic Temperate Australasia Southern Ocean 3 1 3 1200900 406860 400300.00 3 To or from Antarctica
58 29 Mascarene Islands_East Antarctic Wilkes Land Mascarene Islands East Antarctic Wilkes Land Western Indian Ocean Continental High Antarctic Western Indo-Pacific Southern Ocean 3 2 2 3165480 1582740 1582740.00 2 To or from Antarctica
60 28 Namaqua_East Antarctic Enderby Land Namaqua East Antarctic Enderby Land Benguela Continental High Antarctic Temperate Southern Africa Southern Ocean 3 2 2 1446900 557220 482300.00 3 To or from Antarctica
113 5 North Sea_Antarctic Peninsula North Sea Antarctic Peninsula Northern European Seas Scotia Sea Temperate Northern Atlantic Southern Ocean 3 1 1 34080 17040 17040.00 2 To or from Antarctica
74 5 Peter the First Island_Antarctic Peninsula Peter the First Island Antarctic Peninsula Subantarctic Islands Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 3 3 3 286200 101340 95400.00 3 Within Antarctica
78 3 Ross Sea_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Ross Sea Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Continental High Antarctic Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 3 3 3 2358660 28200 786220.00 3 Within Antarctica
78 74 Ross Sea_Peter the First Island Ross Sea Peter the First Island Continental High Antarctic Subantarctic Islands Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 3 3 3 1697820 535980 565940.00 3 Within Antarctica
89 104 South Orkney Islands_Weddell Sea South Orkney Islands Weddell Sea Scotia Sea Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 3 2 2 866280 307860 288760.00 3 Within Antarctica
90 104 South Sandwich Islands_Weddell Sea South Sandwich Islands Weddell Sea Scotia Sea Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 3 2 2 499860 168960 166620.00 3 Within Antarctica
104 54 Weddell Sea_Malvinas/Falklands Weddell Sea Malvinas/Falklands Continental High Antarctic Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 3 1 1 2441700 761220 813900.00 3 To or from Antarctica
5 74 Antarctic Peninsula_Peter the First Island Antarctic Peninsula Peter the First Island Scotia Sea Subantarctic Islands Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 2 2 2 176100 88050 88050.00 2 Within Antarctica
8 86 Azores Canaries Madeira_South Georgia Azores Canaries Madeira South Georgia Lusitanian Scotia Sea Temperate Northern Atlantic Southern Ocean 2 2 2 2719080 2719080 2719080.00 1 To or from Antarctica
30 29 East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_East Antarctic Wilkes Land East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land East Antarctic Wilkes Land Continental High Antarctic Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 2 2 2 1653360 826680 826680.00 2 Within Antarctica
30 78 East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_Ross Sea East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Ross Sea Continental High Antarctic Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 2 2 2 19830840 9915420 9915420.00 2 Within Antarctica
29 58 East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Mascarene Islands East Antarctic Wilkes Land Mascarene Islands Continental High Antarctic Western Indian Ocean Southern Ocean Western Indo-Pacific 2 1 1 4765140 2382570 2382570.00 2 To or from Antarctica
51 30 Leeuwin_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Leeuwin East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Southwest Australian Shelf Continental High Antarctic Temperate Australasia Southern Ocean 2 1 1 897660 897660 897660.00 1 To or from Antarctica
54 90 Malvinas/Falklands_South Sandwich Islands Malvinas/Falklands South Sandwich Islands Magellanic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 2 1 1 946500 473250 473250.00 2 To or from Antarctica
54 104 Malvinas/Falklands_Weddell Sea Malvinas/Falklands Weddell Sea Magellanic Continental High Antarctic Temperate South America Southern Ocean 2 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
60 29 Namaqua_East Antarctic Wilkes Land Namaqua East Antarctic Wilkes Land Benguela Continental High Antarctic Temperate Southern Africa Southern Ocean 2 1 2 2121540 1060770 1060770.00 2 To or from Antarctica
113 91 North Sea_South Shetland Islands North Sea South Shetland Islands Northern European Seas Scotia Sea Temperate Northern Atlantic Southern Ocean 2 1 1 7734780 7734780 7734780.00 1 To or from Antarctica
74 23 Peter the First Island_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Peter the First Island Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Subantarctic Islands Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 2 2 2 895980 447990 447990.00 2 To or from Antarctica
74 91 Peter the First Island_South Shetland Islands Peter the First Island South Shetland Islands Subantarctic Islands Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 2 2 2 3774960 1887480 1887480.00 2 Within Antarctica
76 89 Rio de la Plata_South Orkney Islands Rio de la Plata South Orkney Islands Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 2 2 2 574380 287190 287190.00 2 To or from Antarctica
77 91 Rio Grande_South Shetland Islands Rio Grande South Shetland Islands Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 2 2 2 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
78 80 Ross Sea_Sea of Japan/East Sea Ross Sea Sea of Japan/East Sea Continental High Antarctic Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Pacific 2 1 1 4634940 2317470 2317470.00 2 To or from Antarctica
86 60 South Georgia_Namaqua South Georgia Namaqua Scotia Sea Benguela Southern Ocean Temperate Southern Africa 2 2 2 1041420 1041420 1041420.00 1 To or from Antarctica
86 104 South Georgia_Weddell Sea South Georgia Weddell Sea Scotia Sea Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 2 1 1 NA NA NA NA Within Antarctica
89 5 South Orkney Islands_Antarctic Peninsula South Orkney Islands Antarctic Peninsula Scotia Sea Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 2 2 2 362580 181290 181290.00 2 Within Antarctica
89 90 South Orkney Islands_South Sandwich Islands South Orkney Islands South Sandwich Islands Scotia Sea Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 2 2 2 192960 96480 96480.00 2 Within Antarctica
90 89 South Sandwich Islands_South Orkney Islands South Sandwich Islands South Orkney Islands Scotia Sea Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 2 2 2 224640 112320 112320.00 2 Within Antarctica
104 90 Weddell Sea_South Sandwich Islands Weddell Sea South Sandwich Islands Continental High Antarctic Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 2 2 2 409560 204780 204780.00 2 Within Antarctica
104 91 Weddell Sea_South Shetland Islands Weddell Sea South Shetland Islands Continental High Antarctic Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 2 1 1 2327580 1163790 1163790.00 2 Within Antarctica
3 23 Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Continental High Antarctic Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
3 75 Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Puget Trough/Georgia Basin Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Puget Trough/Georgia Basin Continental High Antarctic Cold Temperate Northeast Pacific Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Pacific 1 1 1 4431720 4431720 4431720.00 1 To or from Antarctica
5 18 Antarctic Peninsula_Central Chile Antarctic Peninsula Central Chile Scotia Sea Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 4010880 4010880 4010880.00 1 To or from Antarctica
5 86 Antarctic Peninsula_South Georgia Antarctic Peninsula South Georgia Scotia Sea Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 1638420 1638420 1638420.00 1 Within Antarctica
5 89 Antarctic Peninsula_South Orkney Islands Antarctic Peninsula South Orkney Islands Scotia Sea Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 85680 85680 85680.00 1 Within Antarctica
7 91 Araucanian_South Shetland Islands Araucanian South Shetland Islands Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 1 1 1 5509260 5509260 5509260.00 1 To or from Antarctica
20 5 Central New Zealand_Antarctic Peninsula Central New Zealand Antarctic Peninsula Southern New Zealand Scotia Sea Temperate Australasia Southern Ocean 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
23 78 Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_Ross Sea Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Ross Sea Magellanic Continental High Antarctic Temperate South America Southern Ocean 1 1 1 563700 563700 563700.00 1 To or from Antarctica
23 86 Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_South Georgia Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile South Georgia Magellanic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
23 104 Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_Weddell Sea Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Weddell Sea Magellanic Continental High Antarctic Temperate South America Southern Ocean 1 1 1 1154460 1154460 1154460.00 1 To or from Antarctica
30 89 East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_South Orkney Islands East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land South Orkney Islands Continental High Antarctic Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 378300 378300 378300.00 1 Within Antarctica
30 91 East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_South Shetland Islands East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land South Shetland Islands Continental High Antarctic Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 115620 115620 115620.00 1 Within Antarctica
28 90 East Antarctic Enderby Land_South Sandwich Islands East Antarctic Enderby Land South Sandwich Islands Continental High Antarctic Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 631020 631020 631020.00 1 Within Antarctica
28 91 East Antarctic Enderby Land_South Shetland Islands East Antarctic Enderby Land South Shetland Islands Continental High Antarctic Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 1121040 1121040 1121040.00 1 Within Antarctica
29 3 East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea East Antarctic Wilkes Land Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Continental High Antarctic Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 267360 267360 267360.00 1 Within Antarctica
29 19 East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Central Kuroshio Current East Antarctic Wilkes Land Central Kuroshio Current Continental High Antarctic Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Pacific 1 1 1 3565440 3565440 3565440.00 1 To or from Antarctica
29 55 East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Manning-Hawkesbury East Antarctic Wilkes Land Manning-Hawkesbury Continental High Antarctic East Central Australian Shelf Southern Ocean Temperate Australasia 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
29 89 East Antarctic Wilkes Land_South Orkney Islands East Antarctic Wilkes Land South Orkney Islands Continental High Antarctic Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 1216200 1216200 1216200.00 1 Within Antarctica
32 3 Easter Island_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Easter Island Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Easter Island Continental High Antarctic Eastern Indo-Pacific Southern Ocean 1 1 1 2278560 2278560 2278560.00 1 To or from Antarctica
42 30 Gulf of Aden_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Gulf of Aden East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Continental High Antarctic Western Indo-Pacific Southern Ocean 1 1 1 8943420 8943420 8943420.00 1 To or from Antarctica
63 78 New Caledonia_Ross Sea New Caledonia Ross Sea Tropical Southwestern Pacific Continental High Antarctic Central Indo-Pacific Southern Ocean 1 1 1 519180 519180 519180.00 1 To or from Antarctica
74 20 Peter the First Island_Central New Zealand Peter the First Island Central New Zealand Subantarctic Islands Southern New Zealand Southern Ocean Temperate Australasia 1 1 1 5358120 5358120 5358120.00 1 To or from Antarctica
76 91 Rio de la Plata_South Shetland Islands Rio de la Plata South Shetland Islands Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 1 1 1 542700 542700 542700.00 1 To or from Antarctica
78 122 Ross Sea_Alboran Sea Ross Sea Alboran Sea Continental High Antarctic Mediterranean Sea Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Atlantic 1 1 1 3127140 3127140 3127140.00 1 To or from Antarctica
78 17 Ross Sea_Celtic Seas Ross Sea Celtic Seas Continental High Antarctic Northern European Seas Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Atlantic 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
78 18 Ross Sea_Central Chile Ross Sea Central Chile Continental High Antarctic Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 1321260 1321260 1321260.00 1 To or from Antarctica
78 51 Ross Sea_Leeuwin Ross Sea Leeuwin Continental High Antarctic Southwest Australian Shelf Southern Ocean Temperate Australasia 1 1 1 1912980 1912980 1912980.00 1 To or from Antarctica
78 63 Ross Sea_New Caledonia Ross Sea New Caledonia Continental High Antarctic Tropical Southwestern Pacific Southern Ocean Central Indo-Pacific 1 1 1 2522340 2522340 2522340.00 1 To or from Antarctica
78 81 Ross Sea_Society Islands Ross Sea Society Islands Continental High Antarctic Southeast Polynesia Southern Ocean Eastern Indo-Pacific 1 1 1 1543860 1543860 1543860.00 1 To or from Antarctica
78 109 Ross Sea_Yellow Sea Ross Sea Yellow Sea Continental High Antarctic Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Pacific 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
86 17 South Georgia_Celtic Seas South Georgia Celtic Seas Scotia Sea Northern European Seas Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Atlantic 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
86 23 South Georgia_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile South Georgia Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Scotia Sea Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 266880 266880 266880.00 1 To or from Antarctica
86 58 South Georgia_Mascarene Islands South Georgia Mascarene Islands Scotia Sea Western Indian Ocean Southern Ocean Western Indo-Pacific 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
86 91 South Georgia_South Shetland Islands South Georgia South Shetland Islands Scotia Sea Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA Within Antarctica
89 8 South Orkney Islands_Azores Canaries Madeira South Orkney Islands Azores Canaries Madeira Scotia Sea Lusitanian Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Atlantic 1 1 1 2697720 2697720 2697720.00 1 To or from Antarctica
89 23 South Orkney Islands_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile South Orkney Islands Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Scotia Sea Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 1306140 1306140 1306140.00 1 To or from Antarctica
89 30 South Orkney Islands_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land South Orkney Islands East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Scotia Sea Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 282420 282420 282420.00 1 Within Antarctica
89 76 South Orkney Islands_Rio de la Plata South Orkney Islands Rio de la Plata Scotia Sea Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 696600 696600 696600.00 1 To or from Antarctica
89 103 South Orkney Islands_Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf South Orkney Islands Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf Scotia Sea Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 558660 558660 558660.00 1 To or from Antarctica
90 30 South Sandwich Islands_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land South Sandwich Islands East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Scotia Sea Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 304500 304500 304500.00 1 Within Antarctica
90 86 South Sandwich Islands_South Georgia South Sandwich Islands South Georgia Scotia Sea Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA Within Antarctica
91 34 South Shetland Islands_Eastern Brazil South Shetland Islands Eastern Brazil Scotia Sea Tropical Southwestern Atlantic Southern Ocean Tropical Atlantic 1 1 1 3048840 3048840 3048840.00 1 To or from Antarctica
91 113 South Shetland Islands_North Sea South Shetland Islands North Sea Scotia Sea Northern European Seas Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Atlantic 1 1 1 3101700 3101700 3101700.00 1 To or from Antarctica
91 94 South Shetland Islands_Southeastern Brazil South Shetland Islands Southeastern Brazil Scotia Sea Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 843780 843780 843780.00 1 To or from Antarctica
91 96 South Shetland Islands_Southern China South Shetland Islands Southern China Scotia Sea South China Sea Southern Ocean Central Indo-Pacific 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
91 103 South Shetland Islands_Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf South Shetland Islands Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf Scotia Sea Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 605820 605820 605820.00 1 To or from Antarctica
96 91 Southern China_South Shetland Islands Southern China South Shetland Islands South China Sea Scotia Sea Central Indo-Pacific Southern Ocean 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
114 104 Southern Norway_Weddell Sea Southern Norway Weddell Sea Northern European Seas Continental High Antarctic Temperate Northern Atlantic Southern Ocean 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
104 5 Weddell Sea_Antarctic Peninsula Weddell Sea Antarctic Peninsula Continental High Antarctic Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 261240 261240 261240.00 1 Within Antarctica
104 23 Weddell Sea_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Weddell Sea Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Continental High Antarctic Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 956940 956940 956940.00 1 To or from Antarctica
104 114 Weddell Sea_Southern Norway Weddell Sea Southern Norway Continental High Antarctic Northern European Seas Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Atlantic 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica

Supply ships, while also centered in the greater Antarctica Peninsula area and Scotia Arc are also a little more evenly spread than, e.g. tourism.

gateway_region_edge_results$supply
from to move from_ecoregion to_ecoregion from_province to_province from_realm to_realm n_voyages n_ships n_trips total_time median_time mean_time n_time internal
6 103 Antarctic Peninsula_South Shetland Islands Antarctic Peninsula South Shetland Islands Scotia Sea Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 63 16 19 1020660 11460 16200.95 63 Within Antarctica
103 6 South Shetland Islands_Antarctic Peninsula South Shetland Islands Antarctic Peninsula Scotia Sea Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 61 15 18 1361400 15240 22318.03 61 Within Antarctica
62 103 Malvinas/Falklands_South Shetland Islands Malvinas/Falklands South Shetland Islands Magellanic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 38 19 20 6337800 157920 253512.00 25 To or from Antarctica
103 62 South Shetland Islands_Malvinas/Falklands South Shetland Islands Malvinas/Falklands Scotia Sea Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 38 19 19 11460120 176010 358128.75 32 To or from Antarctica
23 103 Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_South Shetland Islands Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile South Shetland Islands Magellanic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 26 14 15 2685180 142320 157951.76 17 To or from Antarctica
103 23 South Shetland Islands_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile South Shetland Islands Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Scotia Sea Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 26 13 15 5302440 263820 252497.14 21 To or from Antarctica
87 103 Rio de la Plata_South Shetland Islands Rio de la Plata South Shetland Islands Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 17 8 9 13417680 675900 838605.00 16 To or from Antarctica
87 101 Rio de la Plata_South Orkney Islands Rio de la Plata South Orkney Islands Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 16 5 6 7314900 480120 522492.86 14 To or from Antarctica
103 87 South Shetland Islands_Rio de la Plata South Shetland Islands Rio de la Plata Scotia Sea Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 15 7 7 17000100 658620 1133340.00 15 To or from Antarctica
101 103 South Orkney Islands_South Shetland Islands South Orkney Islands South Shetland Islands Scotia Sea Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 12 5 7 1195860 48660 99655.00 12 Within Antarctica
103 66 South Shetland Islands_Mascarene Islands South Shetland Islands Mascarene Islands Scotia Sea Western Indian Ocean Southern Ocean Western Indo-Pacific 12 9 10 21534720 1623270 1794560.00 12 To or from Antarctica
101 87 South Orkney Islands_Rio de la Plata South Orkney Islands Rio de la Plata Scotia Sea Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 11 2 3 6232080 585210 623208.00 10 To or from Antarctica
62 101 Malvinas/Falklands_South Orkney Islands Malvinas/Falklands South Orkney Islands Magellanic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 10 3 3 1932660 198750 241582.50 8 To or from Antarctica
89 21 Ross Sea_Central New Zealand Ross Sea Central New Zealand Continental High Antarctic Southern New Zealand Southern Ocean Temperate Australasia 10 5 7 8286420 679950 828642.00 10 To or from Antarctica
101 62 South Orkney Islands_Malvinas/Falklands South Orkney Islands Malvinas/Falklands Scotia Sea Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 9 1 1 1299060 179490 216510.00 6 To or from Antarctica
21 89 Central New Zealand_Ross Sea Central New Zealand Ross Sea Southern New Zealand Continental High Antarctic Temperate Australasia Southern Ocean 7 3 4 3508920 363600 501274.29 7 To or from Antarctica
62 98 Malvinas/Falklands_South Georgia Malvinas/Falklands South Georgia Magellanic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 7 1 1 536400 268200 268200.00 2 To or from Antarctica
98 87 South Georgia_Rio de la Plata South Georgia Rio de la Plata Scotia Sea Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 7 2 2 1939620 741900 646540.00 3 To or from Antarctica
31 103 East China Sea_South Shetland Islands East China Sea South Shetland Islands Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific Scotia Sea Temperate Northern Pacific Southern Ocean 6 6 6 11352600 2288340 2270520.00 5 To or from Antarctica
103 101 South Shetland Islands_South Orkney Islands South Shetland Islands South Orkney Islands Scotia Sea Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 6 3 5 693240 64020 115540.00 6 Within Antarctica
103 118 South Shetland Islands_Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf South Shetland Islands Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf Scotia Sea Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 6 3 3 3160800 621960 632160.00 5 To or from Antarctica
30 68 East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_Namaqua East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Namaqua Continental High Antarctic Benguela Southern Ocean Temperate Southern Africa 5 1 2 2488620 621960 622155.00 4 To or from Antarctica
129 103 Sunda Shelf/Java Sea_South Shetland Islands Sunda Shelf/Java Sea South Shetland Islands Sunda Shelf Scotia Sea Central Indo-Pacific Southern Ocean 5 1 2 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
28 30 East Antarctic Enderby Land_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land East Antarctic Enderby Land East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Continental High Antarctic Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 4 1 1 164700 37230 41175.00 4 Within Antarctica
29 28 East Antarctic Wilkes Land_East Antarctic Enderby Land East Antarctic Wilkes Land East Antarctic Enderby Land Continental High Antarctic Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 4 1 1 111180 16500 27795.00 4 Within Antarctica
87 6 Rio de la Plata_Antarctic Peninsula Rio de la Plata Antarctic Peninsula Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 4 2 2 1744080 495720 436020.00 4 To or from Antarctica
87 98 Rio de la Plata_South Georgia Rio de la Plata South Georgia Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 4 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
103 129 South Shetland Islands_Sunda Shelf/Java Sea South Shetland Islands Sunda Shelf/Java Sea Scotia Sea Sunda Shelf Southern Ocean Central Indo-Pacific 4 1 1 11580 1470 2895.00 4 To or from Antarctica
23 101 Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_South Orkney Islands Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile South Orkney Islands Magellanic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 3 1 1 272520 272520 272520.00 1 To or from Antarctica
61 103 Malacca Strait_South Shetland Islands Malacca Strait South Shetland Islands Sunda Shelf Scotia Sea Central Indo-Pacific Southern Ocean 3 3 3 6474000 3237000 3237000.00 2 To or from Antarctica
68 29 Namaqua_East Antarctic Wilkes Land Namaqua East Antarctic Wilkes Land Benguela Continental High Antarctic Temperate Southern Africa Southern Ocean 3 1 2 1693920 560220 564640.00 3 To or from Antarctica
131 30 North Sea_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land North Sea East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Northern European Seas Continental High Antarctic Temperate Northern Atlantic Southern Ocean 3 3 3 2729100 19140 909700.00 3 To or from Antarctica
98 62 South Georgia_Malvinas/Falklands South Georgia Malvinas/Falklands Scotia Sea Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 3 1 1 296100 296100 296100.00 1 To or from Antarctica
118 103 Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf_South Shetland Islands Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf South Shetland Islands Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 3 3 3 1456440 728220 728220.00 2 To or from Antarctica
6 23 Antarctic Peninsula_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Antarctic Peninsula Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Scotia Sea Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 2 2 2 1076400 538200 538200.00 2 To or from Antarctica
23 6 Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_Antarctic Peninsula Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Antarctic Peninsula Magellanic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 2 2 2 758940 379470 379470.00 2 To or from Antarctica
28 29 East Antarctic Enderby Land_East Antarctic Wilkes Land East Antarctic Enderby Land East Antarctic Wilkes Land Continental High Antarctic Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 2 1 2 25020 12510 12510.00 2 Within Antarctica
68 28 Namaqua_East Antarctic Enderby Land Namaqua East Antarctic Enderby Land Benguela Continental High Antarctic Temperate Southern Africa Southern Ocean 2 1 2 1361700 680850 680850.00 2 To or from Antarctica
92 103 Sea of Japan/East Sea_South Shetland Islands Sea of Japan/East Sea South Shetland Islands Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific Scotia Sea Temperate Northern Pacific Southern Ocean 2 1 1 5030580 2515290 2515290.00 2 To or from Antarctica
98 118 South Georgia_Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf South Georgia Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf Scotia Sea Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 2 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
103 61 South Shetland Islands_Malacca Strait South Shetland Islands Malacca Strait Scotia Sea Sunda Shelf Southern Ocean Central Indo-Pacific 2 2 2 5835540 2917770 2917770.00 2 To or from Antarctica
4 23 Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Continental High Antarctic Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 1364400 1364400 1364400.00 1 To or from Antarctica
6 4 Antarctic Peninsula_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Antarctic Peninsula Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea Scotia Sea Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 16020 16020 16020.00 1 Within Antarctica
6 62 Antarctic Peninsula_Malvinas/Falklands Antarctic Peninsula Malvinas/Falklands Scotia Sea Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 189480 189480 189480.00 1 To or from Antarctica
6 87 Antarctic Peninsula_Rio de la Plata Antarctic Peninsula Rio de la Plata Scotia Sea Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 505920 505920 505920.00 1 To or from Antarctica
8 103 Araucanian_South Shetland Islands Araucanian South Shetland Islands Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 1 1 1 36240 36240 36240.00 1 To or from Antarctica
9 6 Azores Canaries Madeira_Antarctic Peninsula Azores Canaries Madeira Antarctic Peninsula Lusitanian Scotia Sea Temperate Northern Atlantic Southern Ocean 1 1 1 1503060 1503060 1503060.00 1 To or from Antarctica
11 30 Baltic Sea_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Baltic Sea East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Northern European Seas Continental High Antarctic Temperate Northern Atlantic Southern Ocean 1 1 1 -37030080 -37030080 -37030080.00 1 To or from Antarctica
19 103 Central Chile_South Shetland Islands Central Chile South Shetland Islands Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 1 1 1 577560 577560 577560.00 1 To or from Antarctica
21 29 Central New Zealand_East Antarctic Wilkes Land Central New Zealand East Antarctic Wilkes Land Southern New Zealand Continental High Antarctic Temperate Australasia Southern Ocean 1 1 1 532800 532800 532800.00 1 To or from Antarctica
30 131 East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_North Sea East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land North Sea Continental High Antarctic Northern European Seas Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Atlantic 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
30 133 East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_Northern Norway and Finnmark East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Northern Norway and Finnmark Continental High Antarctic Northern European Seas Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Atlantic 1 1 1 1277400 1277400 1277400.00 1 To or from Antarctica
30 121 East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_Weddell Sea East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Weddell Sea Continental High Antarctic Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 42300 42300 42300.00 1 Within Antarctica
29 30 East Antarctic Wilkes Land_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land East Antarctic Wilkes Land East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Continental High Antarctic Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 243720 243720 243720.00 1 Within Antarctica
29 56 East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Houtman East Antarctic Wilkes Land Houtman Continental High Antarctic West Central Australian Shelf Southern Ocean Temperate Australasia 1 1 1 852660 852660 852660.00 1 To or from Antarctica
29 68 East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Namaqua East Antarctic Wilkes Land Namaqua Continental High Antarctic Benguela Southern Ocean Temperate Southern Africa 1 1 1 1488780 1488780 1488780.00 1 To or from Antarctica
29 89 East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Ross Sea East Antarctic Wilkes Land Ross Sea Continental High Antarctic Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 113760 113760 113760.00 1 Within Antarctica
31 6 East China Sea_Antarctic Peninsula East China Sea Antarctic Peninsula Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific Scotia Sea Temperate Northern Pacific Southern Ocean 1 1 1 3373740 3373740 3373740.00 1 To or from Antarctica
37 29 Eastern India_East Antarctic Wilkes Land Eastern India East Antarctic Wilkes Land Bay of Bengal Continental High Antarctic Western Indo-Pacific Southern Ocean 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
37 103 Eastern India_South Shetland Islands Eastern India South Shetland Islands Bay of Bengal Scotia Sea Western Indo-Pacific Southern Ocean 1 1 1 -997320 -997320 -997320.00 1 To or from Antarctica
137 103 Gulf of Guinea South_South Shetland Islands Gulf of Guinea South South Shetland Islands Gulf of Guinea Scotia Sea Tropical Atlantic Southern Ocean 1 1 1 1932000 1932000 1932000.00 1 To or from Antarctica
68 98 Namaqua_South Georgia Namaqua South Georgia Benguela Scotia Sea Temperate Southern Africa Southern Ocean 1 1 1 522540 522540 522540.00 1 To or from Antarctica
131 101 North Sea_South Orkney Islands North Sea South Orkney Islands Northern European Seas Scotia Sea Temperate Northern Atlantic Southern Ocean 1 1 1 2049780 2049780 2049780.00 1 To or from Antarctica
87 102 Rio de la Plata_South Sandwich Islands Rio de la Plata South Sandwich Islands Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 1 1 1 561000 561000 561000.00 1 To or from Antarctica
98 101 South Georgia_South Orkney Islands South Georgia South Orkney Islands Scotia Sea Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA Within Antarctica
101 23 South Orkney Islands_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile South Orkney Islands Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Scotia Sea Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
101 66 South Orkney Islands_Mascarene Islands South Orkney Islands Mascarene Islands Scotia Sea Western Indian Ocean Southern Ocean Western Indo-Pacific 1 1 1 2410260 2410260 2410260.00 1 To or from Antarctica
101 98 South Orkney Islands_South Georgia South Orkney Islands South Georgia Scotia Sea Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 57360 57360 57360.00 1 Within Antarctica
101 118 South Orkney Islands_Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf South Orkney Islands Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf Scotia Sea Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 409860 409860 409860.00 1 To or from Antarctica
101 126 South Orkney Islands_Yellow Sea South Orkney Islands Yellow Sea Scotia Sea Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Pacific 1 1 1 6331620 6331620 6331620.00 1 To or from Antarctica
102 101 South Sandwich Islands_South Orkney Islands South Sandwich Islands South Orkney Islands Scotia Sea Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 130260 130260 130260.00 1 Within Antarctica
102 121 South Sandwich Islands_Weddell Sea South Sandwich Islands Weddell Sea Scotia Sea Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 236880 236880 236880.00 1 Within Antarctica
103 19 South Shetland Islands_Central Chile South Shetland Islands Central Chile Scotia Sea Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 1221420 1221420 1221420.00 1 To or from Antarctica
103 22 South Shetland Islands_Central Peru South Shetland Islands Central Peru Scotia Sea Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 2377320 2377320 2377320.00 1 To or from Antarctica
103 37 South Shetland Islands_Eastern India South Shetland Islands Eastern India Scotia Sea Bay of Bengal Southern Ocean Western Indo-Pacific 1 1 1 156840 156840 156840.00 1 To or from Antarctica
103 44 South Shetland Islands_Guayaquil South Shetland Islands Guayaquil Scotia Sea Tropical East Pacific Southern Ocean Tropical Eastern Pacific 1 1 1 2332020 2332020 2332020.00 1 To or from Antarctica
103 68 South Shetland Islands_Namaqua South Shetland Islands Namaqua Scotia Sea Benguela Southern Ocean Temperate Southern Africa 1 1 1 1696320 1696320 1696320.00 1 To or from Antarctica
103 70 South Shetland Islands_Natal South Shetland Islands Natal Scotia Sea Agulhas Southern Ocean Temperate Southern Africa 1 1 1 1228620 1228620 1228620.00 1 To or from Antarctica
103 88 South Shetland Islands_Rio Grande South Shetland Islands Rio Grande Scotia Sea Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
103 126 South Shetland Islands_Yellow Sea South Shetland Islands Yellow Sea Scotia Sea Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Pacific 1 1 1 4959780 4959780 4959780.00 1 To or from Antarctica
107 6 Southern China_Antarctic Peninsula Southern China Antarctic Peninsula South China Sea Scotia Sea Central Indo-Pacific Southern Ocean 1 1 1 5982420 5982420 5982420.00 1 To or from Antarctica
107 103 Southern China_South Shetland Islands Southern China South Shetland Islands South China Sea Scotia Sea Central Indo-Pacific Southern Ocean 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
121 30 Weddell Sea_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Weddell Sea East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Continental High Antarctic Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 898560 898560 898560.00 1 Within Antarctica
121 102 Weddell Sea_South Sandwich Islands Weddell Sea South Sandwich Islands Continental High Antarctic Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 1 1 1 164280 164280 164280.00 1 Within Antarctica

The few ships that fell into the category of “other” were primarily not operating within the greater Antarctic Peninsula area, but in East Antarctica and the Weddell Sea.

gateway_region_edge_results$other
from to move from_ecoregion to_ecoregion from_province to_province from_realm to_realm n_voyages n_ships n_trips total_time median_time mean_time n_time internal
12 38 East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_Weddell Sea East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Weddell Sea Continental High Antarctic Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 7 2 2 740460 86040 105780.0 7 Within Antarctica
44 12 North Sea_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land North Sea East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Northern European Seas Continental High Antarctic Temperate Northern Atlantic Southern Ocean 7 2 3 -23896920 -3202080 -4779384.0 5 To or from Antarctica
38 12 Weddell Sea_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Weddell Sea East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land Continental High Antarctic Continental High Antarctic Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 7 2 2 1232640 148140 176091.4 7 Within Antarctica
2 32 Antarctic Peninsula_South Shetland Islands Antarctic Peninsula South Shetland Islands Scotia Sea Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 6 2 2 72660 9450 12110.0 6 Within Antarctica
12 44 East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_North Sea East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land North Sea Continental High Antarctic Northern European Seas Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Atlantic 6 1 2 1983780 991890 991890.0 2 To or from Antarctica
32 9 South Shetland Islands_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile South Shetland Islands Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Scotia Sea Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 5 2 2 1566660 243600 313332.0 5 To or from Antarctica
32 2 South Shetland Islands_Antarctic Peninsula South Shetland Islands Antarctic Peninsula Scotia Sea Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Southern Ocean 4 2 2 36000 8550 9000.0 4 Within Antarctica
9 2 Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_Antarctic Peninsula Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Antarctic Peninsula Magellanic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 3 2 2 155460 39960 51820.0 3 To or from Antarctica
9 32 Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_South Shetland Islands Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile South Shetland Islands Magellanic Scotia Sea Temperate South America Southern Ocean 3 2 2 354240 152880 118080.0 3 To or from Antarctica
15 32 Gulf of Guinea Central_South Shetland Islands Gulf of Guinea Central South Shetland Islands Gulf of Guinea Scotia Sea Tropical Atlantic Southern Ocean 2 1 2 NA NA NA NA To or from Antarctica
2 9 Antarctic Peninsula_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Antarctic Peninsula Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile Scotia Sea Magellanic Southern Ocean Temperate South America 1 1 1 1572660 1572660 1572660.0 1 To or from Antarctica
32 15 South Shetland Islands_Gulf of Guinea Central South Shetland Islands Gulf of Guinea Central Scotia Sea Gulf of Guinea Southern Ocean Tropical Atlantic 1 1 1 281700 281700 281700.0 1 To or from Antarctica
38 3 Weddell Sea_Azores Canaries Madeira Weddell Sea Azores Canaries Madeira Continental High Antarctic Lusitanian Southern Ocean Temperate Northern Atlantic 1 1 1 2229180 2229180 2229180.0 1 To or from Antarctica

Ploting gateway activity around Antarctica

For this section I map the activity in and around Antarctica and to/from places with direct links to the Southern Ocean, for both the port to port and ecoregion networks.

Mapping Antarctic locations and their connections.

port_maps_ant <- make_antarctic_maps(list_of_networks = port_networks)
plot(port_maps_ant$all)

plot(port_maps_ant$fishing)

plot(port_maps_ant$tourism)

plot(port_maps_ant$research)

plot(port_maps_ant$supply)

plot(port_maps_ant$other)

Save them as pdfs (and some as pngs for easy integration into word documents)

port_maps_ant_all <- plot_grid(port_maps_ant$all +
  theme(
    legend.text = element_text(size = 7),
    legend.title = element_text(size = 7),
    legend.position = c(0.25, 0.16),
    legend.box = "horizontal",
    legend.direction = "vertical"
  ))
ggsave(
  filename = "port_map_ant_all.pdf", plot = port_maps_ant_all,
  path = here("outputs"), width = 183, height = 183, units = "mm", device = "pdf"
)
ggsave(
  filename = "port_map_ant_fishing.pdf", plot = port_maps_ant$fishing,
  path = here("outputs"), width = 7.204, height = 8, device = "pdf"
)
ggsave(
  filename = "port_map_ant_tourism.pdf", plot = port_maps_ant$tourism,
  path = here("outputs"), width = 7.204, height = 8, device = "pdf"
)
ggsave(
  filename = "port_map_ant_research.pdf", plot = port_maps_ant$research,
  path = here("outputs"), width = 7.204, height = 8, device = "pdf"
)
ggsave(
  filename = "port_map_ant_supply.pdf", plot = port_maps_ant$supply,
  path = here("outputs"), width = 7.204, height = 8, device = "pdf"
)
ggsave(
  filename = "port_map_ant_other.pdf", plot = port_maps_ant$other,
  path = here("outputs"), width = 7.204, height = 8, device = "pdf"
)

Make Antarctic ecoregion maps for each activity type

eco_maps_ant <- make_antarctic_eco_maps(list_of_networks = ecoregion_networks, points_for_layout = eco_points)
eco_maps_ant$all

eco_maps_ant$fishing

eco_maps_ant$tourism

eco_maps_ant$research

eco_maps_ant$supply

eco_maps_ant$other

Save them as pdfs

ggsave(
  filename = "eco_map_ant_all.pdf", plot = eco_maps_ant$all,
  path = here("outputs"), width = 10, height = 8, device = "pdf"
)
ggsave(
  filename = "eco_map_ant_fishing.pdf", plot = eco_maps_ant$fishing,
  path = here("outputs"), width = 10, height = 8, device = "pdf"
)
ggsave(
  filename = "eco_map_ant_tourism.pdf", plot = eco_maps_ant$tourism,
  path = here("outputs"), width = 10, height = 8, device = "pdf"
)
ggsave(
  filename = "eco_map_ant_research.pdf", plot = eco_maps_ant$research,
  path = here("outputs"), width = 10, height = 8, device = "pdf"
)
ggsave(
  filename = "eco_map_ant_supply.pdf", plot = eco_maps_ant$supply,
  path = here("outputs"), width = 10, height = 8, device = "pdf"
)
ggsave(
  filename = "eco_map_ant_other.pdf", plot = eco_maps_ant$other,
  path = here("outputs"), width = 10, height = 8, device = "pdf"
)

Maps of the Scotia Sea

The Scotia Sea is the busiest area, as detected by the following tables that show the locations around Antarctica with the most activity and are, therefore at highest risk from introduced species.

antarctic_risk_tables <- ant_risk(port_networks)
antarctic_risk_tables$all
rank place ecoregion n_voyages ave_time n_ships
1 Maxwell Bay South Shetland Islands 424 83580s (~23.22 hours) 64
2 Kerr Point Antarctic Peninsula 402 43920s (~12.2 hours) 43
3 Gloria, Punta Antarctic Peninsula 392 55860s (~15.52 hours) 47
4 Buen Tiempo, Rada South Shetland Islands 326 51450s (~14.29 hours) 58
5 Andvord Bay Antarctic Peninsula 311 33270s (~9.24 hours) 39
6 Coughtrey Peninsula Antarctic Peninsula 287 35940s (~9.98 hours) 38
7 Dovizio Rock South Shetland Islands 284 127380s (~1.47 days) 79
8 Girardi, islote South Shetland Islands 269 34740s (~9.65 hours) 44
9 Duthiers Point Antarctic Peninsula 161 23580s (~6.55 hours) 39
10 British Point South Shetland Islands 150 77190s (~21.44 hours) 16
11 Ice Horse Antarctic Peninsula 139 26760s (~7.43 hours) 35
12 Sögen Island Antarctic Peninsula 138 33330s (~9.26 hours) 33
13 Cramer Norte, paso Antarctic Peninsula 130 22260s (~6.18 hours) 35
14 Point Thomas South Shetland Islands 125 46170s (~12.82 hours) 22
15 Moot Point Antarctic Peninsula 117 33270s (~9.24 hours) 35
16 Kristie Cove Antarctic Peninsula 105 182460s (~2.11 days) 23
17 Cape Errera Antarctic Peninsula 94 23250s (~6.46 hours) 33
18 Primavera /Arg./ Antarctic Peninsula 90 35910s (~9.97 hours) 25
19 Gerlache Strait Antarctic Peninsula 87 29160s (~8.1 hours) 39
20 Hardy, punta South Shetland Islands 83 27600s (~7.67 hours) 45
21 Argentine Islands Antarctic Peninsula 82 44790s (~12.44 hours) 25
22 Bombay Island Antarctic Peninsula 82 45510s (~12.64 hours) 26
23 Anna Cove Antarctic Peninsula 81 28200s (~7.83 hours) 32
24 Abovedada, punta Antarctic Peninsula 76 35520s (~9.87 hours) 32
25 South Bay South Shetland Islands 72 74700s (~20.75 hours) 23
26 Potter Cove South Shetland Islands 68 75660s (~21.02 hours) 20
27 Contact Point Antarctic Peninsula 65 27660s (~7.68 hours) 25
28 Walker Bay South Shetland Islands 64 52380s (~14.55 hours) 30
29 Félicie Point Antarctic Peninsula 59 27540s (~7.65 hours) 30
30 Portal Point Antarctic Peninsula 57 39000s (~10.83 hours) 21
31 Pig Rock South Shetland Islands 55 31650s (~8.79 hours) 24
32 False Cape Renard Antarctic Peninsula 54 30570s (~8.49 hours) 29
33 Berry Head South Orkney Islands 48 129240s (~1.5 days) 14
34 Delaite Island Antarctic Peninsula 47 33420s (~9.28 hours) 28
35 The Gnomon South Shetland Islands 46 26820s (~7.45 hours) 21
36 Wyck Island Antarctic Peninsula 45 35520s (~9.87 hours) 21
37 Valdivia Point Antarctic Peninsula 44 76920s (~21.37 hours) 7
38 Robert Point South Shetland Islands 44 29430s (~8.18 hours) 27
39 Harper Rocks Antarctic Peninsula 42 35940s (~9.98 hours) 19
40 Cheshire Island Antarctic Peninsula 41 117900s (~1.36 days) 12
41 Swan Rock Antarctic Peninsula 41 15540s (~4.32 hours) 21
42 Theta Islands Antarctic Peninsula 41 70470s (~19.58 hours) 24
43 Croker Passage Antarctic Peninsula 36 29280s (~8.13 hours) 19
44 Buchan Bay South Orkney Islands 35 28230s (~7.84 hours) 15
45 Marr Point South Shetland Islands 34 39600s (~11 hours) 19
46 Copper Col Antarctic Peninsula 32 36720s (~10.2 hours) 19
47 Chabrier Rock South Shetland Islands 32 27600s (~7.67 hours) 9
48 Lehaie Point Antarctic Peninsula 29 27420s (~7.62 hours) 18
49 Martillo, cabo Antarctic Peninsula 27 31050s (~8.62 hours) 17
50 Cape Murray Antarctic Peninsula 26 56160s (~15.6 hours) 11
51 Paulet Island Antarctic Peninsula 25 36300s (~10.08 hours) 17
52 Smolensk Strait South Shetland Islands 25 27570s (~7.66 hours) 16
53 Arrival Heights Ross Sea 24 73080s (~20.3 hours) 8
54 Gourdin Island Antarctic Peninsula 24 34530s (~9.59 hours) 14
55 Mario Zucchelli Station Ross Sea 23 84600s (~23.5 hours) 11
56 Roget Rocks Antarctic Peninsula 23 107610s (~1.25 days) 4
57 Bell Island Antarctic Peninsula 22 30810s (~8.56 hours) 16
58 Antarctic Sound Antarctic Peninsula 20 46560s (~12.93 hours) 12
59 Bransfield Strait Antarctic Peninsula 20 45900s (~12.75 hours) 12
60 Doubtful Island Ross Sea 19 50130s (~13.93 hours) 5
61 Cape Scrymgeour Antarctic Peninsula 19 33360s (~9.27 hours) 13
62 The Minnows Antarctic Peninsula 19 33240s (~9.23 hours) 11
63 Chance Rock Antarctic Peninsula 17 33420s (~9.28 hours) 14
64 Home Lake Ross Sea 16 37260s (~10.35 hours) 8
65 Chaucheprat Point Antarctic Peninsula 16 40440s (~11.23 hours) 10
66 Devil Island Antarctic Peninsula 16 64140s (~17.82 hours) 10
67 Hughes Bay Antarctic Peninsula 16 83730s (~23.26 hours) 5
68 Neumayer, Cabo Antarctic Peninsula 16 76080s (~21.13 hours) 10
69 Parry Patch South Shetland Islands 16 68580s (~19.05 hours) 13
70 Sanavirón Island Antarctic Peninsula 15 39090s (~10.86 hours) 10
71 Karlsen Rock South Orkney Islands 15 98910s (~1.14 days) 4
72 Longyan Jiao East Antarctic Wilkes Land 14 492540s (~5.7 days) 4
73 North Bay Ross Sea 14 54180s (~15.05 hours) 8
74 Rowett, Fondeadero South Shetland Islands 14 28800s (~8 hours) 10
75 Wauters Point Antarctic Peninsula 13 13200s (~3.67 hours) 9
76 Jenny Island Antarctic Peninsula 12 27990s (~7.78 hours) 5
77 Knuckle Reef Antarctic Peninsula 12 39450s (~10.96 hours) 10
78 Pelusa, Punta Antarctic Peninsula 12 49380s (~13.72 hours) 3
79 Thompson Peninsula Antarctic Peninsula 12 43860s (~12.18 hours) 9
80 Trigonia Island Antarctic Peninsula 12 32490s (~9.03 hours) 10
81 Boyd Strait South Shetland Islands 12 31860s (~8.85 hours) 12
82 Elephant Point South Shetland Islands 12 51930s (~14.43 hours) 7
83 Polarbjørnbukta Weddell Sea 11 220920s (~2.56 days) 1
84 Castelli, punta Antarctic Peninsula 11 35400s (~9.83 hours) 10
85 Crouch Island Antarctic Peninsula 11 3120s (~52 minutes) 8
86 Dragons Teeth Antarctic Peninsula 11 33300s (~9.25 hours) 8
87 Orléans Strait Antarctic Peninsula 11 33240s (~9.23 hours) 11
88 Findlay Point South Orkney Islands 11 95040s (~1.1 days) 3
89 Melsom Rocks South Orkney Islands 11 128640s (~1.49 days) 7
90 Harmony Cove South Shetland Islands 11 29190s (~8.11 hours) 9
91 Orca Seamount South Shetland Islands 11 5820s (~1.62 hours) 9
92 Svip Rocks South Shetland Islands 11 152640s (~1.77 days) 8
93 Anchorage Island East Antarctic Wilkes Land 10 595350s (~6.89 days) 2
94 Danfeng Dao East Antarctic Wilkes Land 10 197160s (~2.28 days) 2
95 Cape Andreas Antarctic Peninsula 10 143790s (~1.66 days) 6
96 Palmer Basin Antarctic Peninsula 10 24240s (~6.73 hours) 4
97 Pod Rocks Antarctic Peninsula 10 690s (~11.5 minutes) 5
98 Trapecio Negro, roca Antarctic Peninsula 10 14100s (~3.92 hours) 9
99 Vietor Rock South Shetland Islands 10 137880s (~1.6 days) 4
100 McMurdo Sound Ross Sea 9 55440s (~15.4 hours) 3
101 López Nunatak Antarctic Peninsula 9 65220s (~18.12 hours) 9
102 Rahir Point Antarctic Peninsula 9 42720s (~11.87 hours) 4
103 Snag Rocks Antarctic Peninsula 9 41700s (~11.58 hours) 7
104 M’Kean Point South Shetland Islands 9 39780s (~11.05 hours) 9
105 McFarlane Strait South Shetland Islands 9 11520s (~3.2 hours) 6
106 Schulz Point East Antarctic Wilkes Land 8 280290s (~3.24 days) 2
107 Cape Russell Ross Sea 8 171120s (~1.98 days) 6
108 Otterbukta Weddell Sea 8 26010s (~7.22 hours) 1
109 Boyer Rocks Antarctic Peninsula 8 49680s (~13.8 hours) 5
110 Gómez, Islote Antarctic Peninsula 8 22020s (~6.12 hours) 4
111 Somerville Island Antarctic Peninsula 8 22680s (~6.3 hours) 5
112 Cappagli, ensenada South Shetland Islands 8 30930s (~8.59 hours) 6
113 Prince Charles Strait South Shetland Islands 8 21840s (~6.07 hours) 6
114 Serrucho, punta South Shetland Islands 8 75030s (~20.84 hours) 7
115 India Bay East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land 7 515940s (~5.97 days) 2
116 Cuvier Island East Antarctic Wilkes Land 7 311940s (~3.61 days) 2
117 Keys Point Ross Sea 7 50880s (~14.13 hours) 3
118 Ridley Camp Ross Sea 7 18240s (~5.07 hours) 4
119 Terra Nova Bay Ross Sea 7 59280s (~16.47 hours) 5
120 Biscoe Point Antarctic Peninsula 7 51660s (~14.35 hours) 3
121 Castillo, punta Antarctic Peninsula 7 51300s (~14.25 hours) 7
122 Isacke Passage Antarctic Peninsula 7 36540s (~10.15 hours) 6
123 Otter Rock Antarctic Peninsula 7 131130s (~1.52 days) 4
124 Terrada Point Antarctic Peninsula 7 51030s (~14.18 hours) 3
125 Ventana, Punta South Shetland Islands 7 32880s (~9.13 hours) 4
126 Leningradskiy Bay East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land 6 40440s (~11.23 hours) 1
127 Shear Cliff Ross Sea 6 87000s (~1.01 days) 5
128 Charlotte, Rocas Antarctic Peninsula 6 43380s (~12.05 hours) 6
129 Federici, Canal Antarctic Peninsula 6 44010s (~12.22 hours) 4
130 Herbert Sound Antarctic Peninsula 6 332460s (~3.85 days) 2
131 Whale Rock South Orkney Islands 6 15120s (~4.2 hours) 4
132 Twin Pinnacles South Shetland Islands 6 45810s (~12.72 hours) 3
133 Sledeneset East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land 5 495480s (~5.73 days) 1
134 Gorev Island East Antarctic Wilkes Land 5 416040s (~4.82 days) 1
135 Muskegbukta Weddell Sea 5 172830s (~2 days) 1
136 Biscoe Islands Antarctic Peninsula 5 44010s (~12.22 hours) 4
137 Laubeuf Fjord Antarctic Peninsula 5 540s (~9 minutes) 3
138 Levy Island Antarctic Peninsula 5 30300s (~8.42 hours) 5
139 Lord Bank Antarctic Peninsula 5 3480s (~58 minutes) 5
140 Lurker Rock Antarctic Peninsula 5 29520s (~8.2 hours) 3
141 Poduene Glacier Antarctic Peninsula 5 18000s (~5 hours) 2
142 Monk Islands South Orkney Islands 5 646800s (~1.07 weeks) 3
143 Nigg Rock South Orkney Islands 5 5910s (~1.64 hours) 4
144 Orwell Bight South Orkney Islands 5 34920s (~9.7 hours) 4
145 Endurance, cabo South Shetland Islands 5 33060s (~9.18 hours) 4
146 Kerry Island East Antarctic Wilkes Land 4 777000s (~1.28 weeks) 1
147 Anchor Peak Ross Sea 4 61440s (~17.07 hours) 3
148 Astrolabe Needle Antarctic Peninsula 4 19020s (~5.28 hours) 3
149 Cape Burd Antarctic Peninsula 4 36240s (~10.07 hours) 3
150 Cape Page Antarctic Peninsula 4 16380s (~4.55 hours) 4
151 Grandidier Channel Antarctic Peninsula 4 25140s (~6.98 hours) 4
152 Johnston Passage Antarctic Peninsula 4 55740s (~15.48 hours) 4
153 Matha Strait Antarctic Peninsula 4 69210s (~19.23 hours) 4
154 Pauling Islands Antarctic Peninsula 4 86160s (~23.93 hours) 4
155 Cruchley Ice Piedmont South Orkney Islands 4 316440s (~3.66 days) 4
156 Botev Peak South Shetland Islands 4 66960s (~18.6 hours) 2
157 Mirror Point South Shetland Islands 4 18570s (~5.16 hours) 4
158 Vay, roca South Shetland Islands 4 28740s (~7.98 hours) 3
159 Wordie Caldera South Shetland Islands 4 16860s (~4.68 hours) 3
160 Sinjaja, buhta East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land 3 29220s (~8.12 hours) 2
161 Haskell Strait Ross Sea 3 729540s (~1.21 weeks) 2
162 Iceberg Bank Ross Sea 3 660s (~11 minutes) 3
163 Atka Bank Weddell Sea 3 13050s (~3.62 hours) 2
164 Erebus and Terror Gulf Antarctic Peninsula 3 323160s (~3.74 days) 1
165 Esteverena, bahía Antarctic Peninsula 3 354420s (~4.1 days) 1
166 Gand Island Antarctic Peninsula 3 4320s (~1.2 hours) 3
167 Heroína Island Antarctic Peninsula 3 21840s (~6.07 hours) 3
168 Kater Rocks Antarctic Peninsula 3 175080s (~2.03 days) 2
169 Lavalle, punta Antarctic Peninsula 3 33060s (~9.18 hours) 3
170 Monflier Point Antarctic Peninsula 3 59760s (~16.6 hours) 3
171 Scend Rocks Antarctic Peninsula 3 840s (~14 minutes) 2
172 Taylor Bluff Antarctic Peninsula 3 75180s (~20.88 hours) 2
173 The Gullet Antarctic Peninsula 3 480s (~8 minutes) 3
174 Monroe Island South Orkney Islands 3 183420s (~2.12 days) 2
175 Bransfield Trough South Shetland Islands 3 14100s (~3.92 hours) 3
176 Burel Hill South Shetland Islands 3 27360s (~7.6 hours) 2
177 Fenghuang Jiao South Shetland Islands 3 166500s (~1.93 days) 1
178 Grauzaria, Vulcano di fango South Shetland Islands 3 26700s (~7.42 hours) 3
179 Mutto, cabo South Shetland Islands 3 23280s (~6.47 hours) 2
180 Pyramid Island South Shetland Islands 3 85410s (~23.73 hours) 1
181 Window Island South Shetland Islands 3 33480s (~9.3 hours) 2
182 Cape Felt Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea 2 95280s (~1.1 days) 1
183 Glade Bay Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea 2 1260s (~21 minutes) 2
184 Uragannyy Point East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land 2 844800s (~1.4 weeks) 1
185 Cape Mikhaylov East Antarctic Wilkes Land 2 55680s (~15.47 hours) 2
186 Arnold Cove Ross Sea 2 59190s (~16.44 hours) 1
187 Bird Peninsula Ross Sea 2 30870s (~8.57 hours) 2
188 Bowers Canyon Ross Sea 2 111480s (~1.29 days) 2
189 Franklin Shoals Ross Sea 2 NA 2
190 Kristensen Rocks Ross Sea 2 17580s (~4.88 hours) 2
191 Narrow Inlet Ross Sea 2 580710s (~6.72 days) 2
192 Norway Rocks Ross Sea 2 NA 2
193 Éstonija, podnjatie Weddell Sea 2 44820s (~12.45 hours) 1
194 Herzog-Ernst-Bucht Weddell Sea 2 394560s (~4.57 days) 2
195 Rinner Trough Weddell Sea 2 318420s (~3.69 days) 2
196 Amenábar, Fondeadero Antarctic Peninsula 2 18300s (~5.08 hours) 2
197 Babel Rock Antarctic Peninsula 2 41880s (~11.63 hours) 2
198 Beascochea Bay Antarctic Peninsula 2 96930s (~1.12 days) 1
199 Bongrain Point Antarctic Peninsula 2 51180s (~14.22 hours) 2
200 Cockburn Island Antarctic Peninsula 2 46500s (~12.92 hours) 2
201 Hardy Rocks Antarctic Peninsula 2 29520s (~8.2 hours) 1
202 Hoodwink Island Antarctic Peninsula 2 10710s (~2.98 hours) 2
203 Lindblad Cove Antarctic Peninsula 2 65940s (~18.32 hours) 2
204 Lumière Peak Antarctic Peninsula 2 15810s (~4.39 hours) 2
205 Novel Rock Antarctic Peninsula 2 109470s (~1.27 days) 2
206 Postillion Rock Antarctic Peninsula 2 19830s (~5.51 hours) 2
207 Reynolds, roca Antarctic Peninsula 2 5580s (~1.55 hours) 2
208 Ryge Rocks Antarctic Peninsula 2 27720s (~7.7 hours) 1
209 San Carlos Point Antarctic Peninsula 2 345300s (~4 days) 2
210 Vortex Island Antarctic Peninsula 2 58260s (~16.18 hours) 2
211 Zélée Rocks Antarctic Peninsula 2 216840s (~2.51 days) 2
212 Murray Islands South Orkney Islands 2 45660s (~12.68 hours) 2
213 Bransfield Rocks South Shetland Islands 2 13140s (~3.65 hours) 1
214 Sail Rock South Shetland Islands 2 221790s (~2.57 days) 2
215 The Spit South Shetland Islands 2 176760s (~2.05 days) 2
216 Edwards Islands Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea 1 134340s (~1.55 days) 1
217 Sterrett Islands Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea 1 78300s (~21.75 hours) 1
218 Avrora, Kupol East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land 1 166080s (~1.92 days) 1
219 Benten Island East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land 1 972240s (~1.61 weeks) 1
220 Neupokoyev Bight East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land 1 5880s (~1.63 hours) 1
221 Ongul Oki-no-sima East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land 1 156660s (~1.81 days) 1
222 Alasheyev Bight East Antarctic Enderby Land 1 36300s (~10.08 hours) 1
223 Opasnaja, buhta East Antarctic Enderby Land 1 30060s (~8.35 hours) 1
224 Barrier Bay East Antarctic Wilkes Land 1 24120s (~6.7 hours) 1
225 Cape Freeman East Antarctic Wilkes Land 1 32400s (~9 hours) 1
226 Charlton Island East Antarctic Wilkes Land 1 112440s (~1.3 days) 1
227 Dugdale Ice Tongue East Antarctic Wilkes Land 1 NA 1
228 Houle Island East Antarctic Wilkes Land 1 21960s (~6.1 hours) 1
229 Jenluise Bank East Antarctic Wilkes Land 1 58080s (~16.13 hours) 1
230 Lednikovaja, kotlovina East Antarctic Wilkes Land 1 516480s (~5.98 days) 1
231 Norsel, Rock East Antarctic Wilkes Land 1 457680s (~5.3 days) 1
232 Plateau Anthony-Mangel East Antarctic Wilkes Land 1 67440s (~18.73 hours) 1
233 Prydz Bay East Antarctic Wilkes Land 1 6420s (~1.78 hours) 1
234 Robert-Pommier, Baie East Antarctic Wilkes Land 1 19800s (~5.5 hours) 1
235 Sodruzhestva, more East Antarctic Wilkes Land 1 9360s (~2.6 hours) 1
236 Svenner Channel East Antarctic Wilkes Land 1 77040s (~21.4 hours) 1
237 Byrd Canyon Ross Sea 1 NA 1
238 Cadwalader Beach Ross Sea 1 47340s (~13.15 hours) 1
239 Cape Ross Ross Sea 1 55920s (~15.53 hours) 1
240 Crary Bank Ross Sea 1 48000s (~13.33 hours) 1
241 Drygalski Basin Ross Sea 1 47460s (~13.18 hours) 1
242 Ebon Pond Ross Sea 1 50880s (~14.13 hours) 1
243 Geikie Inlet Ross Sea 1 408780s (~4.73 days) 1
244 Inaccessible Coast Ross Sea 1 NA 1
245 Silverfish Bay Ross Sea 1 52440s (~14.57 hours) 1
246 Ver-Sur-Mer Inlet Ross Sea 1 73680s (~20.47 hours) 1
247 Warning Glacier Ross Sea 1 NA 1
248 Da Vinci Bank Weddell Sea 1 1020s (~17 minutes) 1
249 Anadon, punta Antarctic Peninsula 1 23700s (~6.58 hours) 1
250 Austin Rocks Antarctic Peninsula 1 27240s (~7.57 hours) 1
251 Bar Island Antarctic Peninsula 1 182400s (~2.11 days) 1
252 Boil Point Antarctic Peninsula 1 71100s (~19.75 hours) 1
253 Bouquet Bay Antarctic Peninsula 1 165480s (~1.92 days) 1
254 Bradley Rock Antarctic Peninsula 1 37200s (~10.33 hours) 1
255 Buchanan Passage Antarctic Peninsula 1 21780s (~6.05 hours) 1
256 Buff Island Antarctic Peninsula 1 10440s (~2.9 hours) 1
257 Campichuelo, punta Antarctic Peninsula 1 NA 1
258 Cape Gage Antarctic Peninsula 1 NA 1
259 Chertigrad Point Antarctic Peninsula 1 27900s (~7.75 hours) 1
260 Eden Rocks Antarctic Peninsula 1 420s (~7 minutes) 1
261 Holt Inlet Antarctic Peninsula 1 5520s (~1.53 hours) 1
262 Itatí, isla Antarctic Peninsula 1 25620s (~7.12 hours) 1
263 Lippmann Islands Antarctic Peninsula 1 89040s (~1.03 days) 1
264 Lumus Rock Antarctic Peninsula 1 26040s (~7.23 hours) 1
265 Matkah Point Antarctic Peninsula 1 66720s (~18.53 hours) 1
266 Megaw Island Antarctic Peninsula 1 32820s (~9.12 hours) 1
267 Obligado, cabo Antarctic Peninsula 1 33060s (~9.18 hours) 1
268 Physeter Rocks Antarctic Peninsula 1 53580s (~14.88 hours) 1
269 Rosenthal Islands Antarctic Peninsula 1 39060s (~10.85 hours) 1
270 Safety Col Antarctic Peninsula 1 253560s (~2.93 days) 1
271 San Nicolás, caleta Antarctic Peninsula 1 300360s (~3.48 days) 1
272 Scholander Island Antarctic Peninsula 1 74820s (~20.78 hours) 1
273 Sigrid, Islotes Antarctic Peninsula 1 38880s (~10.8 hours) 1
274 Station Nunatak Antarctic Peninsula 1 67800s (~18.83 hours) 1
275 Warden Rock Antarctic Peninsula 1 33000s (~9.17 hours) 1
276 Zarzuela, cabo Antarctic Peninsula 1 176460s (~2.04 days) 1
277 Sørlle Rocks South Orkney Islands 1 11760s (~3.27 hours) 1
278 South Cape South Orkney Islands 1 23700s (~6.58 hours) 1
279 South Scotia Ridge South Orkney Islands 1 16500s (~4.58 hours) 1
280 Bridgeman Island South Shetland Islands 1 NA 1
281 Hermosilla, Punta South Shetland Islands 1 10980s (~3.05 hours) 1
282 Perunika Glacier South Shetland Islands 1 33300s (~9.25 hours) 1
283 Stinker Point South Shetland Islands 1 51840s (~14.4 hours) 1
284 Tri Brata, ostrova South Shetland Islands 1 16920s (~4.7 hours) 1
285 Williams, Roca South Shetland Islands 1 126480s (~1.46 days) 1
286 Selskjera Peter the First Island 1 37980s (~10.55 hours) 1
antarctic_risk_tables$fishing
rank place ecoregion n_voyages ave_time n_ships
1 Dovizio Rock South Shetland Islands 92 195330s (~2.26 days) 17
2 Valdivia Point Antarctic Peninsula 40 78360s (~21.77 hours) 5
3 Roget Rocks Antarctic Peninsula 23 107610s (~1.25 days) 4
4 Cape Murray Antarctic Peninsula 17 73020s (~20.28 hours) 4
5 Bransfield Strait Antarctic Peninsula 16 50940s (~14.15 hours) 9
6 Hughes Bay Antarctic Peninsula 15 89400s (~1.03 days) 4
7 Karlsen Rock South Orkney Islands 15 98910s (~1.14 days) 4
8 Neumayer, Cabo Antarctic Peninsula 14 103080s (~1.19 days) 8
9 Maxwell Bay South Shetland Islands 14 105330s (~1.22 days) 5
10 Berry Head South Orkney Islands 13 153720s (~1.78 days) 3
11 Hardy, punta South Shetland Islands 12 27600s (~7.67 hours) 6
12 Melsom Rocks South Orkney Islands 11 128640s (~1.49 days) 7
13 South Bay South Shetland Islands 11 112920s (~1.31 days) 6
14 Svip Rocks South Shetland Islands 10 143580s (~1.66 days) 7
15 Boyer Rocks Antarctic Peninsula 8 49680s (~13.8 hours) 5
16 Cappagli, ensenada South Shetland Islands 8 30930s (~8.59 hours) 6
17 Walker Bay South Shetland Islands 8 112200s (~1.3 days) 4
18 Gómez, Islote Antarctic Peninsula 7 17640s (~4.9 hours) 3
19 Otter Rock Antarctic Peninsula 7 131130s (~1.52 days) 4
20 Findlay Point South Orkney Islands 7 71820s (~19.95 hours) 2
21 Cape Andreas Antarctic Peninsula 6 143790s (~1.66 days) 2
22 Robert Point South Shetland Islands 6 31320s (~8.7 hours) 5
23 Smolensk Strait South Shetland Islands 5 30900s (~8.58 hours) 3
24 Cape Page Antarctic Peninsula 4 16380s (~4.55 hours) 4
25 Delaite Island Antarctic Peninsula 4 89100s (~1.03 days) 3
26 Martillo, cabo Antarctic Peninsula 4 71880s (~19.97 hours) 3
27 Orléans Strait Antarctic Peninsula 4 33240s (~9.23 hours) 4
28 Cruchley Ice Piedmont South Orkney Islands 4 316440s (~3.66 days) 4
29 Whale Rock South Orkney Islands 4 5880s (~1.63 hours) 2
30 Ventana, Punta South Shetland Islands 4 271530s (~3.14 days) 3
31 Anchor Peak Ross Sea 3 49800s (~13.83 hours) 2
32 Abovedada, punta Antarctic Peninsula 3 46800s (~13 hours) 3
33 Castillo, punta Antarctic Peninsula 3 51300s (~14.25 hours) 3
34 Charlotte, Rocas Antarctic Peninsula 3 17700s (~4.92 hours) 3
35 Kater Rocks Antarctic Peninsula 3 175080s (~2.03 days) 2
36 López Nunatak Antarctic Peninsula 3 22170s (~6.16 hours) 3
37 M’Kean Point South Shetland Islands 3 51960s (~14.43 hours) 3
38 Vietor Rock South Shetland Islands 3 145980s (~1.69 days) 1
39 Window Island South Shetland Islands 3 33480s (~9.3 hours) 2
40 Cape Felt Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea 2 95280s (~1.1 days) 1
41 Glade Bay Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea 2 1260s (~21 minutes) 2
42 Bowers Canyon Ross Sea 2 111480s (~1.29 days) 2
43 Dragons Teeth Antarctic Peninsula 2 50670s (~14.07 hours) 2
44 Ryge Rocks Antarctic Peninsula 2 27720s (~7.7 hours) 1
45 Monk Islands South Orkney Islands 2 351210s (~4.06 days) 2
46 Boyd Strait South Shetland Islands 2 252510s (~2.92 days) 2
47 Bransfield Rocks South Shetland Islands 2 13140s (~3.65 hours) 1
48 Buen Tiempo, Rada South Shetland Islands 2 45720s (~12.7 hours) 2
49 Girardi, islote South Shetland Islands 2 611940s (~1.01 weeks) 1
50 Mutto, cabo South Shetland Islands 2 41730s (~11.59 hours) 1
51 Parry Patch South Shetland Islands 2 190980s (~2.21 days) 2
52 Pig Rock South Shetland Islands 2 133440s (~1.54 days) 1
53 Cadwalader Beach Ross Sea 1 47340s (~13.15 hours) 1
54 Home Lake Ross Sea 1 144960s (~1.68 days) 1
55 Anna Cove Antarctic Peninsula 1 85440s (~23.73 hours) 1
56 Argentine Islands Antarctic Peninsula 1 1072140s (~1.77 weeks) 1
57 Bouquet Bay Antarctic Peninsula 1 165480s (~1.92 days) 1
58 Castelli, punta Antarctic Peninsula 1 27480s (~7.63 hours) 1
59 Chance Rock Antarctic Peninsula 1 5220s (~1.45 hours) 1
60 Federici, Canal Antarctic Peninsula 1 14400s (~4 hours) 1
61 Gerlache Strait Antarctic Peninsula 1 29160s (~8.1 hours) 1
62 Physeter Rocks Antarctic Peninsula 1 53580s (~14.88 hours) 1
63 Portal Point Antarctic Peninsula 1 33300s (~9.25 hours) 1
64 Zélée Rocks Antarctic Peninsula 1 216840s (~2.51 days) 1
65 Buchan Bay South Orkney Islands 1 21900s (~6.08 hours) 1
66 Orwell Bight South Orkney Islands 1 2929020s (~4.84 weeks) 1
67 South Scotia Ridge South Orkney Islands 1 16500s (~4.58 hours) 1
68 Botev Peak South Shetland Islands 1 247620s (~2.87 days) 1
69 Bransfield Trough South Shetland Islands 1 NA 1
70 Grauzaria, Vulcano di fango South Shetland Islands 1 23400s (~6.5 hours) 1
71 Harmony Cove South Shetland Islands 1 33180s (~9.22 hours) 1
72 Hermosilla, Punta South Shetland Islands 1 10980s (~3.05 hours) 1
73 McFarlane Strait South Shetland Islands 1 82920s (~23.03 hours) 1
74 Orca Seamount South Shetland Islands 1 NA 1
antarctic_risk_tables$tourism
rank place ecoregion n_voyages ave_time n_ships
1 Kerr Point Antarctic Peninsula 400 44460s (~12.35 hours) 41
2 Gloria, Punta Antarctic Peninsula 375 55500s (~15.42 hours) 41
3 Andvord Bay Antarctic Peninsula 294 32070s (~8.91 hours) 36
4 Coughtrey Peninsula Antarctic Peninsula 280 35940s (~9.98 hours) 32
5 Girardi, islote South Shetland Islands 241 34650s (~9.62 hours) 33
6 Maxwell Bay South Shetland Islands 236 68340s (~18.98 hours) 32
7 Buen Tiempo, Rada South Shetland Islands 235 37680s (~10.47 hours) 41
8 Sögen Island Antarctic Peninsula 137 33360s (~9.27 hours) 32
9 Duthiers Point Antarctic Peninsula 136 22950s (~6.38 hours) 32
10 Ice Horse Antarctic Peninsula 124 23820s (~6.62 hours) 31
11 Moot Point Antarctic Peninsula 113 33420s (~9.28 hours) 32
12 Cramer Norte, paso Antarctic Peninsula 112 22200s (~6.17 hours) 28
13 Dovizio Rock South Shetland Islands 90 37500s (~10.42 hours) 26
14 Primavera /Arg./ Antarctic Peninsula 85 33720s (~9.37 hours) 21
15 Cape Errera Antarctic Peninsula 83 23250s (~6.46 hours) 27
16 Bombay Island Antarctic Peninsula 80 44430s (~12.34 hours) 24
17 Anna Cove Antarctic Peninsula 74 27360s (~7.6 hours) 27
18 Abovedada, punta Antarctic Peninsula 72 34860s (~9.68 hours) 28
19 Argentine Islands Antarctic Peninsula 70 44100s (~12.25 hours) 20
20 Gerlache Strait Antarctic Peninsula 69 31950s (~8.88 hours) 25
21 Portal Point Antarctic Peninsula 56 42630s (~11.84 hours) 20
22 Hardy, punta South Shetland Islands 56 31260s (~8.68 hours) 26
23 Félicie Point Antarctic Peninsula 52 27600s (~7.67 hours) 27
24 False Cape Renard Antarctic Peninsula 51 32400s (~9 hours) 26
25 The Gnomon South Shetland Islands 46 26820s (~7.45 hours) 21
26 Contact Point Antarctic Peninsula 44 28230s (~7.84 hours) 17
27 Wyck Island Antarctic Peninsula 43 32550s (~9.04 hours) 19
28 Walker Bay South Shetland Islands 42 36780s (~10.22 hours) 16
29 Harper Rocks Antarctic Peninsula 40 35460s (~9.85 hours) 18
30 Delaite Island Antarctic Peninsula 35 31020s (~8.62 hours) 21
31 Theta Islands Antarctic Peninsula 35 71610s (~19.89 hours) 19
32 Swan Rock Antarctic Peninsula 30 11790s (~3.28 hours) 15
33 Point Thomas South Shetland Islands 29 51540s (~14.32 hours) 12
34 Robert Point South Shetland Islands 29 38400s (~10.67 hours) 17
35 Croker Passage Antarctic Peninsula 27 22080s (~6.13 hours) 15
36 Kristie Cove Antarctic Peninsula 27 57180s (~15.88 hours) 16
37 Marr Point South Shetland Islands 26 40890s (~11.36 hours) 16
38 Lehaie Point Antarctic Peninsula 25 22560s (~6.27 hours) 17
39 Copper Col Antarctic Peninsula 24 34080s (~9.47 hours) 16
40 Paulet Island Antarctic Peninsula 24 36330s (~10.09 hours) 16
41 Gourdin Island Antarctic Peninsula 23 34440s (~9.57 hours) 13
42 Martillo, cabo Antarctic Peninsula 21 31050s (~8.62 hours) 12
43 Buchan Bay South Orkney Islands 21 16680s (~4.63 hours) 8
44 Pig Rock South Shetland Islands 19 37890s (~10.53 hours) 11
45 Chaucheprat Point Antarctic Peninsula 16 40440s (~11.23 hours) 10
46 Devil Island Antarctic Peninsula 16 64140s (~17.82 hours) 10
47 The Minnows Antarctic Peninsula 15 33060s (~9.18 hours) 10
48 Cape Scrymgeour Antarctic Peninsula 14 36660s (~10.18 hours) 11
49 Potter Cove South Shetland Islands 14 63300s (~17.58 hours) 7
50 Rowett, Fondeadero South Shetland Islands 14 28800s (~8 hours) 10
51 Bell Island Antarctic Peninsula 13 32520s (~9.03 hours) 10
52 Chance Rock Antarctic Peninsula 13 44220s (~12.28 hours) 11
53 Elephant Point South Shetland Islands 12 51930s (~14.43 hours) 7
54 Thompson Peninsula Antarctic Peninsula 11 35040s (~9.73 hours) 8
55 Trigonia Island Antarctic Peninsula 11 31620s (~8.78 hours) 9
56 Parry Patch South Shetland Islands 11 34500s (~9.58 hours) 8
57 North Bay Ross Sea 10 66780s (~18.55 hours) 6
58 Wauters Point Antarctic Peninsula 10 11190s (~3.11 hours) 7
59 Cape Murray Antarctic Peninsula 9 15810s (~4.39 hours) 7
60 Trapecio Negro, roca Antarctic Peninsula 9 23610s (~6.56 hours) 8
61 Antarctic Sound Antarctic Peninsula 8 59430s (~16.51 hours) 7
62 Dragons Teeth Antarctic Peninsula 8 30660s (~8.52 hours) 5
63 Somerville Island Antarctic Peninsula 8 22680s (~6.3 hours) 5
64 Chabrier Rock South Shetland Islands 8 27510s (~7.64 hours) 3
65 Prince Charles Strait South Shetland Islands 8 21840s (~6.07 hours) 6
66 Arrival Heights Ross Sea 7 67320s (~18.7 hours) 4
67 Home Lake Ross Sea 7 50400s (~14 hours) 5
68 Keys Point Ross Sea 7 50880s (~14.13 hours) 3
69 Ridley Camp Ross Sea 7 18240s (~5.07 hours) 4
70 Castelli, punta Antarctic Peninsula 7 35400s (~9.83 hours) 7
71 Isacke Passage Antarctic Peninsula 7 36540s (~10.15 hours) 6
72 Snag Rocks Antarctic Peninsula 7 44340s (~12.32 hours) 6
73 British Point South Shetland Islands 7 96330s (~1.11 days) 5
74 Orléans Strait Antarctic Peninsula 6 28380s (~7.88 hours) 6
75 Berry Head South Orkney Islands 6 125100s (~1.45 days) 5
76 Mario Zucchelli Station Ross Sea 5 27870s (~7.74 hours) 5
77 Knuckle Reef Antarctic Peninsula 5 39000s (~10.83 hours) 5
78 Poduene Glacier Antarctic Peninsula 5 18000s (~5 hours) 2
79 Shear Cliff Ross Sea 4 57000s (~15.83 hours) 3
80 Cape Andreas Antarctic Peninsula 4 117210s (~1.36 days) 4
81 Cape Burd Antarctic Peninsula 4 36240s (~10.07 hours) 3
82 Cheshire Island Antarctic Peninsula 4 44580s (~12.38 hours) 4
83 Jenny Island Antarctic Peninsula 4 36150s (~10.04 hours) 2
84 Levy Island Antarctic Peninsula 4 20610s (~5.72 hours) 4
85 Matha Strait Antarctic Peninsula 4 69210s (~19.23 hours) 4
86 Rahir Point Antarctic Peninsula 4 156930s (~1.82 days) 2
87 Boyd Strait South Shetland Islands 4 33120s (~9.2 hours) 4
88 Harmony Cove South Shetland Islands 4 27300s (~7.58 hours) 4
89 M’Kean Point South Shetland Islands 4 27600s (~7.67 hours) 4
90 McFarlane Strait South Shetland Islands 4 16920s (~4.7 hours) 4
91 Biscoe Islands Antarctic Peninsula 3 102990s (~1.19 days) 3
92 Castillo, punta Antarctic Peninsula 3 53340s (~14.82 hours) 3
93 Crouch Island Antarctic Peninsula 3 30090s (~8.36 hours) 3
94 Gand Island Antarctic Peninsula 3 4320s (~1.2 hours) 3
95 Grandidier Channel Antarctic Peninsula 3 42840s (~11.9 hours) 3
96 Heroína Island Antarctic Peninsula 3 21840s (~6.07 hours) 3
97 Johnston Passage Antarctic Peninsula 3 313020s (~3.62 days) 3
98 López Nunatak Antarctic Peninsula 3 72480s (~20.13 hours) 3
99 Monflier Point Antarctic Peninsula 3 59760s (~16.6 hours) 3
100 Pauling Islands Antarctic Peninsula 3 52380s (~14.55 hours) 3
101 Sanavirón Island Antarctic Peninsula 3 37560s (~10.43 hours) 3
102 Monroe Island South Orkney Islands 3 183420s (~2.12 days) 2
103 Nigg Rock South Orkney Islands 3 2040s (~34 minutes) 2
104 Botev Peak South Shetland Islands 3 49500s (~13.75 hours) 1
105 Burel Hill South Shetland Islands 3 27360s (~7.6 hours) 2
106 Orca Seamount South Shetland Islands 3 33510s (~9.31 hours) 3
107 Pyramid Island South Shetland Islands 3 85410s (~23.73 hours) 1
108 Serrucho, punta South Shetland Islands 3 62700s (~17.42 hours) 3
109 Smolensk Strait South Shetland Islands 3 10950s (~3.04 hours) 3
110 Twin Pinnacles South Shetland Islands 3 37620s (~10.45 hours) 1
111 Wordie Caldera South Shetland Islands 3 16860s (~4.68 hours) 2
112 Cape Russell Ross Sea 2 282540s (~3.27 days) 1
113 Doubtful Island Ross Sea 2 26550s (~7.38 hours) 1
114 Kristensen Rocks Ross Sea 2 17580s (~4.88 hours) 2
115 McMurdo Sound Ross Sea 2 11160s (~3.1 hours) 2
116 Norway Rocks Ross Sea 2 NA 2
117 Amenábar, Fondeadero Antarctic Peninsula 2 18300s (~5.08 hours) 2
118 Babel Rock Antarctic Peninsula 2 41880s (~11.63 hours) 2
119 Biscoe Point Antarctic Peninsula 2 78840s (~21.9 hours) 2
120 Bransfield Strait Antarctic Peninsula 2 32910s (~9.14 hours) 2
121 Hoodwink Island Antarctic Peninsula 2 10710s (~2.98 hours) 2
122 Lavalle, punta Antarctic Peninsula 2 23250s (~6.46 hours) 2
123 Lindblad Cove Antarctic Peninsula 2 65940s (~18.32 hours) 2
124 Neumayer, Cabo Antarctic Peninsula 2 43290s (~12.03 hours) 2
125 Postillion Rock Antarctic Peninsula 2 19830s (~5.51 hours) 2
126 Terrada Point Antarctic Peninsula 2 9900s (~2.75 hours) 1
127 Valdivia Point Antarctic Peninsula 2 5580s (~1.55 hours) 1
128 Endurance, cabo South Shetland Islands 2 25140s (~6.98 hours) 1
129 Mirror Point South Shetland Islands 2 40920s (~11.37 hours) 2
130 The Spit South Shetland Islands 2 176760s (~2.05 days) 2
131 Vay, roca South Shetland Islands 2 5580s (~1.55 hours) 2
132 Cape Freeman East Antarctic Wilkes Land 1 32400s (~9 hours) 1
133 Cuvier Island East Antarctic Wilkes Land 1 53640s (~14.9 hours) 1
134 Houle Island East Antarctic Wilkes Land 1 21960s (~6.1 hours) 1
135 Robert-Pommier, Baie East Antarctic Wilkes Land 1 19800s (~5.5 hours) 1
136 Bird Peninsula Ross Sea 1 5820s (~1.62 hours) 1
137 Byrd Canyon Ross Sea 1 NA 1
138 Crary Bank Ross Sea 1 48000s (~13.33 hours) 1
139 Haskell Strait Ross Sea 1 5760s (~1.6 hours) 1
140 Ver-Sur-Mer Inlet Ross Sea 1 73680s (~20.47 hours) 1
141 Austin Rocks Antarctic Peninsula 1 27240s (~7.57 hours) 1
142 Bar Island Antarctic Peninsula 1 182400s (~2.11 days) 1
143 Boil Point Antarctic Peninsula 1 71100s (~19.75 hours) 1
144 Bongrain Point Antarctic Peninsula 1 38640s (~10.73 hours) 1
145 Bradley Rock Antarctic Peninsula 1 37200s (~10.33 hours) 1
146 Buchanan Passage Antarctic Peninsula 1 21780s (~6.05 hours) 1
147 Buff Island Antarctic Peninsula 1 10440s (~2.9 hours) 1
148 Cape Gage Antarctic Peninsula 1 NA 1
149 Cockburn Island Antarctic Peninsula 1 22140s (~6.15 hours) 1
150 Itatí, isla Antarctic Peninsula 1 25620s (~7.12 hours) 1
151 Lippmann Islands Antarctic Peninsula 1 89040s (~1.03 days) 1
152 Lumière Peak Antarctic Peninsula 1 12300s (~3.42 hours) 1
153 Lumus Rock Antarctic Peninsula 1 26040s (~7.23 hours) 1
154 Megaw Island Antarctic Peninsula 1 32820s (~9.12 hours) 1
155 Novel Rock Antarctic Peninsula 1 7080s (~1.97 hours) 1
156 Palmer Basin Antarctic Peninsula 1 33660s (~9.35 hours) 1
157 Reynolds, roca Antarctic Peninsula 1 NA 1
158 Safety Col Antarctic Peninsula 1 253560s (~2.93 days) 1
159 San Nicolás, caleta Antarctic Peninsula 1 300360s (~3.48 days) 1
160 Scholander Island Antarctic Peninsula 1 74820s (~20.78 hours) 1
161 Station Nunatak Antarctic Peninsula 1 67800s (~18.83 hours) 1
162 Vortex Island Antarctic Peninsula 1 52440s (~14.57 hours) 1
163 Murray Islands South Orkney Islands 1 45660s (~12.68 hours) 1
164 South Cape South Orkney Islands 1 23700s (~6.58 hours) 1
165 Grauzaria, Vulcano di fango South Shetland Islands 1 83280s (~23.13 hours) 1
166 South Bay South Shetland Islands 1 31980s (~8.88 hours) 1
167 Tri Brata, ostrova South Shetland Islands 1 16920s (~4.7 hours) 1
168 Williams, Roca South Shetland Islands 1 126480s (~1.46 days) 1
169 Selskjera Peter the First Island 1 37980s (~10.55 hours) 1
antarctic_risk_tables$research
rank place ecoregion n_voyages ave_time n_ships
1 Maxwell Bay South Shetland Islands 147 131520s (~1.52 days) 15
2 British Point South Shetland Islands 131 72750s (~20.21 hours) 8
3 Point Thomas South Shetland Islands 94 43860s (~12.18 hours) 8
4 Kristie Cove Antarctic Peninsula 78 297300s (~3.44 days) 7
5 Buen Tiempo, Rada South Shetland Islands 67 95040s (~1.1 days) 10
6 South Bay South Shetland Islands 44 57330s (~15.93 hours) 5
7 Cheshire Island Antarctic Peninsula 36 207180s (~2.4 days) 7
8 Pig Rock South Shetland Islands 27 18000s (~5 hours) 8
9 Dovizio Rock South Shetland Islands 26 60780s (~16.88 hours) 7
10 Duthiers Point Antarctic Peninsula 24 50820s (~14.12 hours) 6
11 Chabrier Rock South Shetland Islands 23 31920s (~8.87 hours) 5
12 Potter Cove South Shetland Islands 22 46560s (~12.93 hours) 7
13 Cramer Norte, paso Antarctic Peninsula 18 36810s (~10.22 hours) 7
14 Arrival Heights Ross Sea 17 125220s (~1.45 days) 4
15 Doubtful Island Ross Sea 16 50580s (~14.05 hours) 3
16 Andvord Bay Antarctic Peninsula 16 138180s (~1.6 days) 2
17 Gloria, Punta Antarctic Peninsula 16 63330s (~17.59 hours) 5
18 Berry Head South Orkney Islands 16 129240s (~1.5 days) 5
19 Ice Horse Antarctic Peninsula 15 37830s (~10.51 hours) 4
20 Girardi, islote South Shetland Islands 15 31500s (~8.75 hours) 5
21 Gerlache Strait Antarctic Peninsula 14 23220s (~6.45 hours) 10
22 Contact Point Antarctic Peninsula 12 8220s (~2.28 hours) 5
23 Pelusa, Punta Antarctic Peninsula 12 49380s (~13.72 hours) 3
24 Polarbjørnbukta Weddell Sea 11 220920s (~2.56 days) 1
25 Argentine Islands Antarctic Peninsula 11 48810s (~13.56 hours) 4
26 Cape Errera Antarctic Peninsula 11 25740s (~7.15 hours) 6
27 Anchorage Island East Antarctic Wilkes Land 10 595350s (~6.89 days) 2
28 Danfeng Dao East Antarctic Wilkes Land 10 197160s (~2.28 days) 2
29 Longyan Jiao East Antarctic Wilkes Land 9 274440s (~3.18 days) 3
30 Bell Island Antarctic Peninsula 9 29100s (~8.08 hours) 6
31 Croker Passage Antarctic Peninsula 9 31080s (~8.63 hours) 4
32 Palmer Basin Antarctic Peninsula 9 18930s (~5.26 hours) 3
33 Pod Rocks Antarctic Peninsula 9 660s (~11 minutes) 4
34 Swan Rock Antarctic Peninsula 9 23100s (~6.42 hours) 5
35 Schulz Point East Antarctic Wilkes Land 8 280290s (~3.24 days) 2
36 Home Lake Ross Sea 8 15060s (~4.18 hours) 2
37 Otterbukta Weddell Sea 8 26010s (~7.22 hours) 1
38 Copper Col Antarctic Peninsula 8 120540s (~1.4 days) 3
39 Crouch Island Antarctic Peninsula 8 660s (~11 minutes) 5
40 Jenny Island Antarctic Peninsula 8 3060s (~51 minutes) 3
41 Sanavirón Island Antarctic Peninsula 8 18090s (~5.03 hours) 5
42 Marr Point South Shetland Islands 8 34890s (~9.69 hours) 3
43 Smolensk Strait South Shetland Islands 8 25440s (~7.07 hours) 4
44 McMurdo Sound Ross Sea 7 63960s (~17.77 hours) 1
45 Antarctic Sound Antarctic Peninsula 7 570s (~9.5 minutes) 2
46 Félicie Point Antarctic Peninsula 7 21030s (~5.84 hours) 3
47 Hardy, punta South Shetland Islands 7 11280s (~3.13 hours) 7
48 Cuvier Island East Antarctic Wilkes Land 6 435390s (~5.04 days) 1
49 Mario Zucchelli Station Ross Sea 6 206100s (~2.39 days) 3
50 Coughtrey Peninsula Antarctic Peninsula 6 20340s (~5.65 hours) 5
51 Delaite Island Antarctic Peninsula 6 82530s (~22.92 hours) 3
52 Herbert Sound Antarctic Peninsula 6 332460s (~3.85 days) 2
53 Knuckle Reef Antarctic Peninsula 6 38130s (~10.59 hours) 4
54 Harmony Cove South Shetland Islands 6 27210s (~7.56 hours) 4
55 Sledeneset East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land 5 495480s (~5.73 days) 1
56 Gorev Island East Antarctic Wilkes Land 5 416040s (~4.82 days) 1
57 Muskegbukta Weddell Sea 5 172830s (~2 days) 1
58 Anna Cove Antarctic Peninsula 5 57060s (~15.85 hours) 3
59 Biscoe Point Antarctic Peninsula 5 33060s (~9.18 hours) 1
60 Cape Scrymgeour Antarctic Peninsula 5 420s (~7 minutes) 2
61 Laubeuf Fjord Antarctic Peninsula 5 540s (~9 minutes) 3
62 Lord Bank Antarctic Peninsula 5 3480s (~58 minutes) 5
63 Lurker Rock Antarctic Peninsula 5 29520s (~8.2 hours) 3
64 Rahir Point Antarctic Peninsula 5 42600s (~11.83 hours) 2
65 Terrada Point Antarctic Peninsula 5 233460s (~2.7 days) 2
66 Buchan Bay South Orkney Islands 5 48960s (~13.6 hours) 3
67 Orca Seamount South Shetland Islands 5 480s (~8 minutes) 3
68 Vietor Rock South Shetland Islands 5 101790s (~1.18 days) 2
69 Kerry Island East Antarctic Wilkes Land 4 777000s (~1.28 weeks) 1
70 Cape Russell Ross Sea 4 239850s (~2.78 days) 3
71 North Bay Ross Sea 4 52140s (~14.48 hours) 2
72 Astrolabe Needle Antarctic Peninsula 4 19020s (~5.28 hours) 3
73 Federici, Canal Antarctic Peninsula 4 335010s (~3.88 days) 2
74 Lehaie Point Antarctic Peninsula 4 66840s (~18.57 hours) 1
75 Moot Point Antarctic Peninsula 4 16110s (~4.47 hours) 3
76 The Minnows Antarctic Peninsula 4 38940s (~10.82 hours) 1
77 Theta Islands Antarctic Peninsula 4 68280s (~18.97 hours) 3
78 McFarlane Strait South Shetland Islands 4 540s (~9 minutes) 1
79 Walker Bay South Shetland Islands 4 30390s (~8.44 hours) 2
80 Terra Nova Bay Ross Sea 3 600s (~10 minutes) 3
81 Atka Bank Weddell Sea 3 13050s (~3.62 hours) 2
82 Castelli, punta Antarctic Peninsula 3 154620s (~1.79 days) 2
83 Chance Rock Antarctic Peninsula 3 300s (~5 minutes) 2
84 Charlotte, Rocas Antarctic Peninsula 3 61800s (~17.17 hours) 3
85 Erebus and Terror Gulf Antarctic Peninsula 3 323160s (~3.74 days) 1
86 Esteverena, bahía Antarctic Peninsula 3 354420s (~4.1 days) 1
87 Primavera /Arg./ Antarctic Peninsula 3 57480s (~15.97 hours) 2
88 Scend Rocks Antarctic Peninsula 3 840s (~14 minutes) 2
89 Taylor Bluff Antarctic Peninsula 3 75180s (~20.88 hours) 2
90 The Gullet Antarctic Peninsula 3 480s (~8 minutes) 3
91 Wauters Point Antarctic Peninsula 3 182940s (~2.12 days) 2
92 Orwell Bight South Orkney Islands 3 29160s (~8.1 hours) 2
93 Boyd Strait South Shetland Islands 3 31860s (~8.85 hours) 3
94 Endurance, cabo South Shetland Islands 3 42120s (~11.7 hours) 3
95 Fenghuang Jiao South Shetland Islands 3 166500s (~1.93 days) 1
96 Twin Pinnacles South Shetland Islands 3 46680s (~12.97 hours) 2
97 Ventana, Punta South Shetland Islands 3 21330s (~5.92 hours) 1
98 Cape Mikhaylov East Antarctic Wilkes Land 2 55680s (~15.47 hours) 2
99 Arnold Cove Ross Sea 2 59190s (~16.44 hours) 1
100 Franklin Shoals Ross Sea 2 NA 2
101 Haskell Strait Ross Sea 2 1453320s (~2.4 weeks) 1
102 Iceberg Bank Ross Sea 2 660s (~11 minutes) 2
103 Narrow Inlet Ross Sea 2 580710s (~6.72 days) 2
104 Éstonija, podnjatie Weddell Sea 2 44820s (~12.45 hours) 1
105 Rinner Trough Weddell Sea 2 318420s (~3.69 days) 2
106 Beascochea Bay Antarctic Peninsula 2 96930s (~1.12 days) 1
107 Biscoe Islands Antarctic Peninsula 2 32910s (~9.14 hours) 1
108 Bransfield Strait Antarctic Peninsula 2 900s (~15 minutes) 1
109 False Cape Renard Antarctic Peninsula 2 28680s (~7.97 hours) 2
110 Hardy Rocks Antarctic Peninsula 2 29520s (~8.2 hours) 1
111 Harper Rocks Antarctic Peninsula 2 287610s (~3.33 days) 1
112 Kerr Point Antarctic Peninsula 2 32730s (~9.09 hours) 2
113 San Carlos Point Antarctic Peninsula 2 345300s (~4 days) 2
114 Snag Rocks Antarctic Peninsula 2 180s (~3 minutes) 1
115 Wyck Island Antarctic Peninsula 2 38880s (~10.8 hours) 2
116 Bransfield Trough South Shetland Islands 2 14100s (~3.92 hours) 2
117 Mirror Point South Shetland Islands 2 300s (~5 minutes) 2
118 Parry Patch South Shetland Islands 2 60540s (~16.82 hours) 2
119 Robert Point South Shetland Islands 2 32670s (~9.07 hours) 1
120 Serrucho, punta South Shetland Islands 2 58440s (~16.23 hours) 1
121 Vay, roca South Shetland Islands 2 30870s (~8.57 hours) 1
122 Edwards Islands Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea 1 134340s (~1.55 days) 1
123 Sterrett Islands Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea 1 78300s (~21.75 hours) 1
124 Avrora, Kupol East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land 1 166080s (~1.92 days) 1
125 Benten Island East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land 1 972240s (~1.61 weeks) 1
126 India Bay East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land 1 633240s (~1.05 weeks) 1
127 Neupokoyev Bight East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land 1 5880s (~1.63 hours) 1
128 Ongul Oki-no-sima East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land 1 156660s (~1.81 days) 1
129 Sinjaja, buhta East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land 1 29220s (~8.12 hours) 1
130 Alasheyev Bight East Antarctic Enderby Land 1 36300s (~10.08 hours) 1
131 Opasnaja, buhta East Antarctic Enderby Land 1 30060s (~8.35 hours) 1
132 Barrier Bay East Antarctic Wilkes Land 1 24120s (~6.7 hours) 1
133 Charlton Island East Antarctic Wilkes Land 1 112440s (~1.3 days) 1
134 Dugdale Ice Tongue East Antarctic Wilkes Land 1 NA 1
135 Jenluise Bank East Antarctic Wilkes Land 1 58080s (~16.13 hours) 1
136 Lednikovaja, kotlovina East Antarctic Wilkes Land 1 516480s (~5.98 days) 1
137 Norsel, Rock East Antarctic Wilkes Land 1 457680s (~5.3 days) 1
138 Plateau Anthony-Mangel East Antarctic Wilkes Land 1 67440s (~18.73 hours) 1
139 Prydz Bay East Antarctic Wilkes Land 1 6420s (~1.78 hours) 1
140 Sodruzhestva, more East Antarctic Wilkes Land 1 9360s (~2.6 hours) 1
141 Svenner Channel East Antarctic Wilkes Land 1 77040s (~21.4 hours) 1
142 Anchor Peak Ross Sea 1 73080s (~20.3 hours) 1
143 Cape Ross Ross Sea 1 55920s (~15.53 hours) 1
144 Drygalski Basin Ross Sea 1 47460s (~13.18 hours) 1
145 Ebon Pond Ross Sea 1 50880s (~14.13 hours) 1
146 Geikie Inlet Ross Sea 1 408780s (~4.73 days) 1
147 Inaccessible Coast Ross Sea 1 NA 1
148 Shear Cliff Ross Sea 1 537060s (~6.22 days) 1
149 Warning Glacier Ross Sea 1 NA 1
150 Da Vinci Bank Weddell Sea 1 1020s (~17 minutes) 1
151 Anadon, punta Antarctic Peninsula 1 23700s (~6.58 hours) 1
152 Bongrain Point Antarctic Peninsula 1 63720s (~17.7 hours) 1
153 Campichuelo, punta Antarctic Peninsula 1 NA 1
154 Castillo, punta Antarctic Peninsula 1 11340s (~3.15 hours) 1
155 Chertigrad Point Antarctic Peninsula 1 27900s (~7.75 hours) 1
156 Cockburn Island Antarctic Peninsula 1 70860s (~19.68 hours) 1
157 Eden Rocks Antarctic Peninsula 1 420s (~7 minutes) 1
158 Gómez, Islote Antarctic Peninsula 1 57660s (~16.02 hours) 1
159 Holt Inlet Antarctic Peninsula 1 5520s (~1.53 hours) 1
160 Hughes Bay Antarctic Peninsula 1 17160s (~4.77 hours) 1
161 Johnston Passage Antarctic Peninsula 1 55740s (~15.48 hours) 1
162 Lavalle, punta Antarctic Peninsula 1 33060s (~9.18 hours) 1
163 Levy Island Antarctic Peninsula 1 49920s (~13.87 hours) 1
164 López Nunatak Antarctic Peninsula 1 73140s (~20.32 hours) 1
165 Lumière Peak Antarctic Peninsula 1 19320s (~5.37 hours) 1
166 Martillo, cabo Antarctic Peninsula 1 NA 1
167 Matkah Point Antarctic Peninsula 1 66720s (~18.53 hours) 1
168 Novel Rock Antarctic Peninsula 1 211860s (~2.45 days) 1
169 Obligado, cabo Antarctic Peninsula 1 33060s (~9.18 hours) 1
170 Orléans Strait Antarctic Peninsula 1 35220s (~9.78 hours) 1
171 Paulet Island Antarctic Peninsula 1 23340s (~6.48 hours) 1
172 Pauling Islands Antarctic Peninsula 1 119940s (~1.39 days) 1
173 Reynolds, roca Antarctic Peninsula 1 5580s (~1.55 hours) 1
174 Rosenthal Islands Antarctic Peninsula 1 39060s (~10.85 hours) 1
175 Sigrid, Islotes Antarctic Peninsula 1 38880s (~10.8 hours) 1
176 Sögen Island Antarctic Peninsula 1 33300s (~9.25 hours) 1
177 Trapecio Negro, roca Antarctic Peninsula 1 1620s (~27 minutes) 1
178 Trigonia Island Antarctic Peninsula 1 40080s (~11.13 hours) 1
179 Vortex Island Antarctic Peninsula 1 64080s (~17.8 hours) 1
180 Warden Rock Antarctic Peninsula 1 33000s (~9.17 hours) 1
181 Zarzuela, cabo Antarctic Peninsula 1 176460s (~2.04 days) 1
182 Zélée Rocks Antarctic Peninsula 1 NA 1
183 Whale Rock South Orkney Islands 1 15120s (~4.2 hours) 1
184 Bridgeman Island South Shetland Islands 1 NA 1
185 M’Kean Point South Shetland Islands 1 9360s (~2.6 hours) 1
186 Mutto, cabo South Shetland Islands 1 23280s (~6.47 hours) 1
187 Perunika Glacier South Shetland Islands 1 33300s (~9.25 hours) 1
188 Sail Rock South Shetland Islands 1 120600s (~1.4 days) 1
189 Stinker Point South Shetland Islands 1 51840s (~14.4 hours) 1
190 Svip Rocks South Shetland Islands 1 355980s (~4.12 days) 1
191 Wordie Caldera South Shetland Islands 1 NA 1
antarctic_risk_tables$supply
rank place ecoregion n_voyages ave_time n_ships
1 Dovizio Rock South Shetland Islands 72 326970s (~3.78 days) 27
2 Potter Cove South Shetland Islands 32 89820s (~1.04 days) 6
3 Maxwell Bay South Shetland Islands 27 123630s (~1.43 days) 12
4 Buen Tiempo, Rada South Shetland Islands 21 155700s (~1.8 days) 4
5 South Bay South Shetland Islands 14 342120s (~3.96 days) 10
6 Berry Head South Orkney Islands 13 111600s (~1.29 days) 1
7 Mario Zucchelli Station Ross Sea 12 248400s (~2.88 days) 3
8 British Point South Shetland Islands 12 1248030s (~2.06 weeks) 3
9 Girardi, islote South Shetland Islands 10 68070s (~18.91 hours) 4
10 Walker Bay South Shetland Islands 9 216720s (~2.51 days) 7
11 Contact Point Antarctic Peninsula 8 118500s (~1.37 days) 2
12 Buchan Bay South Orkney Islands 8 196620s (~2.28 days) 3
13 Pig Rock South Shetland Islands 7 35760s (~9.93 hours) 4
14 India Bay East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land 6 352920s (~4.08 days) 1
15 Leningradskiy Bay East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land 6 40440s (~11.23 hours) 1
16 Smolensk Strait South Shetland Islands 6 28590s (~7.94 hours) 5
17 Longyan Jiao East Antarctic Wilkes Land 5 2309880s (~3.82 weeks) 1
18 Hardy, punta South Shetland Islands 5 32880s (~9.13 hours) 4
19 Robert Point South Shetland Islands 5 600s (~10 minutes) 3
20 Terra Nova Bay Ross Sea 4 609360s (~1.01 weeks) 2
21 Antarctic Sound Antarctic Peninsula 4 10290s (~2.86 hours) 2
22 Sanavirón Island Antarctic Peninsula 4 73590s (~20.44 hours) 2
23 Findlay Point South Orkney Islands 4 333930s (~3.86 days) 1
24 Gerlache Strait Antarctic Peninsula 3 5880s (~1.63 hours) 3
25 Monk Islands South Orkney Islands 3 646800s (~1.07 weeks) 1
26 Sinjaja, buhta East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land 2 44310s (~12.31 hours) 1
27 Uragannyy Point East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land 2 844800s (~1.4 weeks) 1
28 Cape Russell Ross Sea 2 5820s (~1.62 hours) 2
29 Bombay Island Antarctic Peninsula 2 223530s (~2.59 days) 2
30 López Nunatak Antarctic Peninsula 2 66270s (~18.41 hours) 2
31 Primavera /Arg./ Antarctic Peninsula 2 60180s (~16.72 hours) 2
32 Swan Rock Antarctic Peninsula 2 34530s (~9.59 hours) 1
33 Theta Islands Antarctic Peninsula 2 53640s (~14.9 hours) 2
34 Valdivia Point Antarctic Peninsula 2 112110s (~1.3 days) 1
35 Nigg Rock South Orkney Islands 2 9900s (~2.75 hours) 2
36 Boyd Strait South Shetland Islands 2 16650s (~4.62 hours) 2
37 Orca Seamount South Shetland Islands 2 52200s (~14.5 hours) 2
38 Serrucho, punta South Shetland Islands 2 122970s (~1.42 days) 2
39 Vietor Rock South Shetland Islands 2 102960s (~1.19 days) 1
40 Bird Peninsula Ross Sea 1 55920s (~15.53 hours) 1
41 Doubtful Island Ross Sea 1 49920s (~13.87 hours) 1
42 Iceberg Bank Ross Sea 1 50100s (~13.92 hours) 1
43 Shear Cliff Ross Sea 1 87000s (~1.01 days) 1
44 Silverfish Bay Ross Sea 1 52440s (~14.57 hours) 1
45 Herzog-Ernst-Bucht Weddell Sea 1 394260s (~4.56 days) 1
46 Abovedada, punta Antarctic Peninsula 1 130860s (~1.51 days) 1
47 Anna Cove Antarctic Peninsula 1 7140s (~1.98 hours) 1
48 Cheshire Island Antarctic Peninsula 1 505080s (~5.85 days) 1
49 Coughtrey Peninsula Antarctic Peninsula 1 52620s (~14.62 hours) 1
50 Duthiers Point Antarctic Peninsula 1 NA 1
51 False Cape Renard Antarctic Peninsula 1 18120s (~5.03 hours) 1
52 Federici, Canal Antarctic Peninsula 1 14400s (~4 hours) 1
53 Grandidier Channel Antarctic Peninsula 1 8160s (~2.27 hours) 1
54 Knuckle Reef Antarctic Peninsula 1 542460s (~6.28 days) 1
55 Martillo, cabo Antarctic Peninsula 1 5340s (~1.48 hours) 1
56 Pod Rocks Antarctic Peninsula 1 59160s (~16.43 hours) 1
57 Murray Islands South Orkney Islands 1 NA 1
58 Orwell Bight South Orkney Islands 1 34920s (~9.7 hours) 1
59 Sørlle Rocks South Orkney Islands 1 11760s (~3.27 hours) 1
60 Whale Rock South Orkney Islands 1 22260s (~6.18 hours) 1
61 Chabrier Rock South Shetland Islands 1 21600s (~6 hours) 1
62 Grauzaria, Vulcano di fango South Shetland Islands 1 26700s (~7.42 hours) 1
63 M’Kean Point South Shetland Islands 1 68700s (~19.08 hours) 1
64 Parry Patch South Shetland Islands 1 213660s (~2.47 days) 1
65 Point Thomas South Shetland Islands 1 47160s (~13.1 hours) 1
antarctic_risk_tables$other
rank place ecoregion n_voyages ave_time n_ships
1 Dovizio Rock South Shetland Islands 4 117420s (~1.36 days) 2
2 Hardy, punta South Shetland Islands 3 780s (~13 minutes) 2
3 Smolensk Strait South Shetland Islands 3 138180s (~1.6 days) 1
4 Delaite Island Antarctic Peninsula 2 76470s (~21.24 hours) 1
5 Robert Point South Shetland Islands 2 2640s (~44 minutes) 1
6 South Bay South Shetland Islands 2 183870s (~2.13 days) 1
7 Herzog-Ernst-Bucht Weddell Sea 1 394860s (~4.57 days) 1
8 Andvord Bay Antarctic Peninsula 1 466860s (~5.4 days) 1
9 Antarctic Sound Antarctic Peninsula 1 368760s (~4.27 days) 1
10 Contact Point Antarctic Peninsula 1 367620s (~4.25 days) 1
11 Dragons Teeth Antarctic Peninsula 1 349920s (~4.05 days) 1
12 Gloria, Punta Antarctic Peninsula 1 22200s (~6.17 hours) 1
13 Gourdin Island Antarctic Peninsula 1 305280s (~3.53 days) 1
14 Thompson Peninsula Antarctic Peninsula 1 71220s (~19.78 hours) 1
15 Boyd Strait South Shetland Islands 1 660s (~11 minutes) 1
16 Buen Tiempo, Rada South Shetland Islands 1 70140s (~19.48 hours) 1
17 Girardi, islote South Shetland Islands 1 371880s (~4.3 days) 1
18 Point Thomas South Shetland Islands 1 33240s (~9.23 hours) 1
19 Sail Rock South Shetland Islands 1 322980s (~3.74 days) 1
20 Serrucho, punta South Shetland Islands 1 375240s (~4.34 days) 1
21 Walker Bay South Shetland Islands 1 287100s (~3.32 days) 1

Duration of stay in Antarctic locations

We are interested in how long ships stop at Antarctic locations, especially comparing between activity types.

All activitiy types

antarctic_stopping_time_all <- port_networks$all %>% 
      activate(nodes) %>% 
      filter(realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
      as_tibble() %>% 
      summarise(ave_time = mean(mean_time, na.rm = TRUE),
                sd_time = sd(mean_time, na.rm = TRUE),
             ave_ships = mean(n_ships),
             sd_ships = sd(n_ships)) %>% 
      mutate(ave_time = duration(ave_time, "seconds"),
             sd_time = duration(sd_time, "seconds"),
             activity_type = "All vessels")

Fishing

antarctic_stopping_time_fishing <- port_networks$fishing %>% 
      activate(nodes) %>% 
      filter(realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
      as_tibble() %>% 
      summarise(ave_time = mean(mean_time, na.rm = TRUE),
                sd_time = sd(mean_time, na.rm = TRUE),
             ave_ships = mean(n_ships),
             sd_ships = sd(n_ships)) %>% 
      mutate(ave_time = duration(ave_time, "seconds"),
             sd_time = duration(sd_time, "seconds"),
             activity_type = "Fishing vessels")

Tourism

antarctic_stopping_time_tourism <- port_networks$tourism %>% 
      activate(nodes) %>% 
      filter(realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
      as_tibble() %>% 
      summarise(ave_time = mean(mean_time, na.rm = TRUE),
                sd_time = sd(mean_time, na.rm = TRUE),
             ave_ships = mean(n_ships),
             sd_ships = sd(n_ships)) %>% 
      mutate(ave_time = duration(ave_time, "seconds"),
             sd_time = duration(sd_time, "seconds"),
             activity_type = "Tourism vessels")

Research

antarctic_stopping_time_research <- port_networks$research %>% 
      activate(nodes) %>% 
      filter(realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
      as_tibble() %>% 
      summarise(ave_time = mean(mean_time, na.rm = TRUE),
                sd_time = sd(mean_time, na.rm = TRUE),
             ave_ships = mean(n_ships),
             sd_ships = sd(n_ships)) %>% 
      mutate(ave_time = duration(ave_time, "seconds"),
             sd_time = duration(sd_time, "seconds"),
             activity_type = "Research vessels")

Supply

antarctic_stopping_time_supply <- port_networks$supply %>% 
      activate(nodes) %>% 
      filter(realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
      as_tibble() %>% 
      summarise(ave_time = mean(mean_time, na.rm = TRUE),
                sd_time = sd(mean_time, na.rm = TRUE),
             ave_ships = mean(n_ships),
             sd_ships = sd(n_ships)) %>% 
      mutate(ave_time = duration(ave_time, "seconds"),
             sd_time = duration(sd_time, "seconds"),
             activity_type = "Supply vessels")

Other

antarctic_stopping_time_other <- port_networks$other %>% 
      activate(nodes) %>% 
      filter(realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
      as_tibble() %>% 
      summarise(ave_time = mean(mean_time, na.rm = TRUE),
                sd_time = sd(mean_time, na.rm = TRUE),
             ave_ships = mean(n_ships),
             sd_ships = sd(n_ships)) %>% 
      mutate(ave_time = duration(ave_time, "seconds"),
             sd_time = duration(sd_time, "seconds"),
             activity_type = "Other vessels")

Join them all to make it easier to look at and compare.

antarctic_stopping_time <- antarctic_stopping_time_all %>% 
  bind_rows(antarctic_stopping_time_fishing,
                                     antarctic_stopping_time_tourism,
                                     antarctic_stopping_time_research,
                                     antarctic_stopping_time_supply,
                                     antarctic_stopping_time_other)
antarctic_stopping_time
## # A tibble: 6 × 5
##   ave_time                        sd_time                          ave_ships
##   <Duration>                      <Duration>                           <dbl>
## 1 132710.682200644s (~1.54 days)  183526.065334329s (~2.12 days)        7.90
## 2 210490.959246636s (~2.44 days)  384667.62950458s (~4.45 days)         2.84
## 3 61913.8824634499s (~17.2 hours) 51959.4052975835s (~14.43 hours)      8.40
## 4 139151.604825098s (~1.61 days)  217984.718623016s (~2.52 days)        2.34
## 5 225172.657916158s (~2.61 days)  388950.962167328s (~4.5 days)         2.48
## 6 220657.142857143s (~2.55 days)  165066.936851171s (~1.91 days)        1.10
## # … with 2 more variables: sd_ships <dbl>, activity_type <chr>

Maps of the Scotia Arc might tell us something about the activity, but it is still very busy and difficult to clearly identify locations.

scotia_maps_ports <- make_scotia_maps(list_of_networks = port_networks)
scotia_maps_ports$all

scotia_maps_ports$fishing

scotia_maps_ports$tourism

scotia_maps_ports$research

scotia_maps_ports$supply

scotia_maps_ports$other

Alternative Visualisations

Circle diagrams and heatmaps of ecoregion networks.

This is a bit of a proof of concept to see whether it would be easier to visualise connectivity with a circle diagram rather than with maps. Likewise, the heatmap doesn’t really offer more than the maps do so I don’t take this line of analysis any further.

ecoregion_network_circle <- ggraph(ecoregion_networks$all %>% arrange(realm), layout = "linear", circular = TRUE) +
  geom_edge_arc(aes(edge_alpha = n_voyages, color = internal)) +
  geom_node_point(aes(color = realm),
    size = 1
  ) +
  scale_color_brewer(palette = "Paired", name = "Realm") +
  scale_edge_color_viridis(
    discrete = TRUE, name = NULL, option = "magma",
    begin = 0.1, end = 0.9, direction = -1
  ) +
  scale_edge_alpha_continuous(name = "Number of voyages") +
  theme_void()
plot(ecoregion_network_circle)

ecoregion_network_heatmap <- ggraph(ecoregion_networks$all %>% arrange(realm), layout = "matrix") +
  geom_edge_point(aes(
    alpha = n_voyages,
    color = to_realm
  )) +
  scale_color_brewer(palette = "Paired", name = "Realm") +
  labs(x = ecoregion_networks$all %>% activate(edges) %>% dplyr::select(from_ecoregion), y = ecoregion_networks$all %>% activate(edges) %>% dplyr::select(to_ecoregion)) +
  theme_void()

ecoregion_network_heatmap

Which Antarctic locations are most heavily visited?

They are in the South Shetland Islands and Antarctic Peninsula. These tables will be used to identify the places most likely at risk, and will be used in conjunction with a map of the area. The resulting list has additional information added in the next script.

port_networks$all %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  filter(realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
  arrange(desc(n_voyages)) %>% 
  as_tibble() %>% 
  view()

port_networks$all %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  filter(realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
  dplyr::summarise(total_voyages = sum(n_voyages, na.rm = TRUE))
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   total_voyages
##           <dbl>
## 1          6915

Are the top locations the same for all activity types?

Fishing

port_networks$fishing %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  filter(realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
  arrange(desc(n_voyages)) %>%
  as_tibble()
## # A tibble: 74 × 28
##    place   country  area    latitude longitude feature ecoregion  province realm
##    <chr>   <chr>    <chr>      <dbl>     <dbl> <chr>   <chr>      <chr>    <chr>
##  1 Dovizi… Souther… Antarc…    -62.4     -59.7 Rock    South She… Scotia … Sout…
##  2 Valdiv… Souther… Antarc…    -64.4     -61.4 Point   Antarctic… Scotia … Sout…
##  3 Roget … Souther… Antarc…    -64.3     -61.2 Rock    Antarctic… Scotia … Sout…
##  4 Cape M… Souther… Antarc…    -64.4     -61.6 Cape    Antarctic… Scotia … Sout…
##  5 Bransf… Souther… Antarc…    -63       -59   Strait  Antarctic… Scotia … Sout…
##  6 Hughes… Souther… Antarc…    -64.2     -61.2 Bay     Antarctic… Scotia … Sout…
##  7 Karlse… Souther… Antarc…    -60.4     -46   Rock    South Ork… Scotia … Sout…
##  8 Neumay… Souther… Antarc…    -63.8     -60.4 Cape    Antarctic… Scotia … Sout…
##  9 Maxwel… Souther… Antarc…    -62.2     -58.9 Bay     South She… Scotia … Sout…
## 10 Berry … Souther… Antarc…    -60.7     -45.6 Head    South Ork… Scotia … Sout…
## # … with 64 more rows, and 19 more variables: from_province <chr>,
## #   to_province <chr>, n_voyages <dbl>, n_ships <dbl>, n_trips <dbl>,
## #   total_time <dbl>, median_time <dbl>, mean_time <dbl>, n_time <dbl>,
## #   betweenness_centrality <dbl>, closeness_centrality <dbl>,
## #   strength_out <dbl>, strength_in <dbl>, strength_total <dbl>,
## #   centrality_eigen <dbl>, centrality_hub <dbl>, centrality_pagerank <dbl>,
## #   clust_co <dbl>, cluster <dbl>
port_networks$fishing %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  filter(realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
  dplyr::summarise(total_voyages = sum(n_voyages, na.rm = TRUE))
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   total_voyages
##           <dbl>
## 1           468

Tourism

port_networks$tourism %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  filter(realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
  arrange(desc(n_voyages)) %>%
  as_tibble()
## # A tibble: 169 × 28
##    place   country  area    latitude longitude feature ecoregion  province realm
##    <chr>   <chr>    <chr>      <dbl>     <dbl> <chr>   <chr>      <chr>    <chr>
##  1 Kerr P… Souther… Antarc…    -64.7     -62.6 Point   Antarctic… Scotia … Sout…
##  2 Gloria… Souther… Antarc…    -64.8     -63.5 Head    Antarctic… Scotia … Sout…
##  3 Andvor… Souther… Antarc…    -64.8     -62.6 Bay     Antarctic… Scotia … Sout…
##  4 Cought… Souther… Antarc…    -64.9     -62.9 Penins… Antarctic… Scotia … Sout…
##  5 Girard… Souther… Antarc…    -62.6     -59.9 Island  South She… Scotia … Sout…
##  6 Maxwel… Souther… Antarc…    -62.2     -58.9 Bay     South She… Scotia … Sout…
##  7 Buen T… Souther… Antarc…    -63.0     -60.6 Waterc… South She… Scotia … Sout…
##  8 Sögen … Souther… Antarc…    -65.1     -64.0 Island  Antarctic… Scotia … Sout…
##  9 Duthie… Souther… Antarc…    -64.8     -62.8 Point   Antarctic… Scotia … Sout…
## 10 Ice Ho… Souther… Antarc…    -64.7     -63.0 Headla… Antarctic… Scotia … Sout…
## # … with 159 more rows, and 19 more variables: from_province <chr>,
## #   to_province <chr>, n_voyages <dbl>, n_ships <dbl>, n_trips <dbl>,
## #   total_time <dbl>, median_time <dbl>, mean_time <dbl>, n_time <dbl>,
## #   betweenness_centrality <dbl>, closeness_centrality <dbl>,
## #   strength_out <dbl>, strength_in <dbl>, strength_total <dbl>,
## #   centrality_eigen <dbl>, centrality_hub <dbl>, centrality_pagerank <dbl>,
## #   clust_co <dbl>, cluster <dbl>
port_networks$tourism %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  filter(realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
  dplyr::summarise(total_voyages = sum(n_voyages, na.rm = TRUE))
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   total_voyages
##           <dbl>
## 1          4641

Research

port_networks$research %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  filter(realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
  arrange(desc(n_voyages)) %>%
  as_tibble()
## # A tibble: 191 × 28
##    place  country  area     latitude longitude feature ecoregion  province realm
##    <chr>  <chr>    <chr>       <dbl>     <dbl> <chr>   <chr>      <chr>    <chr>
##  1 Maxwe… Souther… Antarct…    -62.2     -58.9 Bay     South She… Scotia … Sout…
##  2 Briti… Souther… Antarct…    -62.1     -58.4 Point   South She… Scotia … Sout…
##  3 Point… Souther… Antarct…    -62.2     -58.5 Point   South She… Scotia … Sout…
##  4 Krist… Souther… Antarct…    -64.8     -64.1 Cove    Antarctic… Scotia … Sout…
##  5 Buen … Souther… Antarct…    -63.0     -60.6 Waterc… South She… Scotia … Sout…
##  6 South… Souther… Antarct…    -62.7     -60.5 Bay     South She… Scotia … Sout…
##  7 Chesh… Souther… Antarct…    -67.6     -68.1 Island  Antarctic… Scotia … Sout…
##  8 Pig R… Souther… Antarct…    -62.3     -58.8 Rock    South She… Scotia … Sout…
##  9 Doviz… Souther… Antarct…    -62.4     -59.7 Rock    South She… Scotia … Sout…
## 10 Duthi… Souther… Antarct…    -64.8     -62.8 Point   Antarctic… Scotia … Sout…
## # … with 181 more rows, and 19 more variables: from_province <chr>,
## #   to_province <chr>, n_voyages <dbl>, n_ships <dbl>, n_trips <dbl>,
## #   total_time <dbl>, median_time <dbl>, mean_time <dbl>, n_time <dbl>,
## #   betweenness_centrality <dbl>, closeness_centrality <dbl>,
## #   strength_out <dbl>, strength_in <dbl>, strength_total <dbl>,
## #   centrality_eigen <dbl>, centrality_hub <dbl>, centrality_pagerank <dbl>,
## #   clust_co <dbl>, cluster <dbl>
port_networks$research %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  filter(realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
  dplyr::summarise(total_voyages = sum(n_voyages, na.rm = TRUE))
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   total_voyages
##           <dbl>
## 1          1421

Supply

port_networks$supply %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  filter(realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
  arrange(desc(n_voyages)) %>%
  as_tibble()
## # A tibble: 65 × 28
##    place   country  area    latitude longitude feature ecoregion province  realm
##    <chr>   <chr>    <chr>      <dbl>     <dbl> <chr>   <chr>     <chr>     <chr>
##  1 Dovizi… Souther… Antarc…    -62.4     -59.7 Rock    South Sh… Scotia S… Sout…
##  2 Potter… Souther… Antarc…    -62.2     -58.7 Cove    South Sh… Scotia S… Sout…
##  3 Maxwel… Souther… Antarc…    -62.2     -58.9 Bay     South Sh… Scotia S… Sout…
##  4 Buen T… Souther… Antarc…    -63.0     -60.6 Waterc… South Sh… Scotia S… Sout…
##  5 South … Souther… Antarc…    -62.7     -60.5 Bay     South Sh… Scotia S… Sout…
##  6 Berry … Souther… Antarc…    -60.7     -45.6 Head    South Or… Scotia S… Sout…
##  7 Mario … Souther… Antarc…    -74.7     164.  Station Ross Sea  Continen… Sout…
##  8 Britis… Souther… Antarc…    -62.1     -58.4 Point   South Sh… Scotia S… Sout…
##  9 Girard… Souther… Antarc…    -62.6     -59.9 Island  South Sh… Scotia S… Sout…
## 10 Walker… Souther… Antarc…    -62.6     -60.7 Bay     South Sh… Scotia S… Sout…
## # … with 55 more rows, and 19 more variables: from_province <chr>,
## #   to_province <chr>, n_voyages <dbl>, n_ships <dbl>, n_trips <dbl>,
## #   total_time <dbl>, median_time <dbl>, mean_time <dbl>, n_time <dbl>,
## #   betweenness_centrality <dbl>, closeness_centrality <dbl>,
## #   strength_out <dbl>, strength_in <dbl>, strength_total <dbl>,
## #   centrality_eigen <dbl>, centrality_hub <dbl>, centrality_pagerank <dbl>,
## #   clust_co <dbl>, cluster <dbl>
port_networks$supply %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  filter(realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
  dplyr::summarise(total_voyages = sum(n_voyages, na.rm = TRUE))
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   total_voyages
##           <dbl>
## 1           354

Other

port_networks$other %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  filter(realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
  arrange(desc(n_voyages)) %>%
  as_tibble()
## # A tibble: 21 × 28
##    place  country  area    latitude longitude feature ecoregion  province  realm
##    <chr>  <chr>    <chr>      <dbl>     <dbl> <chr>   <chr>      <chr>     <chr>
##  1 Doviz… Souther… Antarc…    -62.4     -59.7 Rock    South She… Scotia S… Sout…
##  2 Hardy… Souther… Antarc…    -62.6     -59.6 Head    South She… Scotia S… Sout…
##  3 Smole… Souther… Antarc…    -62.8     -60.4 <NA>    South She… Scotia S… Sout…
##  4 Delai… Souther… Antarc…    -64.6     -62.2 Island  Antarctic… Scotia S… Sout…
##  5 Rober… Souther… Antarc…    -62.4     -59.4 Point   South She… Scotia S… Sout…
##  6 South… Souther… Antarc…    -62.7     -60.5 Bay     South She… Scotia S… Sout…
##  7 Herzo… Souther… Antarc…    -77.8     -35.2 Bay     Weddell S… Continen… Sout…
##  8 Andvo… Souther… Antarc…    -64.8     -62.6 Bay     Antarctic… Scotia S… Sout…
##  9 Antar… Souther… Antarc…    -63.4     -56.6 Sound   Antarctic… Scotia S… Sout…
## 10 Conta… Souther… Antarc…    -63.4     -57.0 Point   Antarctic… Scotia S… Sout…
## # … with 11 more rows, and 19 more variables: from_province <chr>,
## #   to_province <chr>, n_voyages <dbl>, n_ships <dbl>, n_trips <dbl>,
## #   total_time <dbl>, median_time <dbl>, mean_time <dbl>, n_time <dbl>,
## #   betweenness_centrality <dbl>, closeness_centrality <dbl>,
## #   strength_out <dbl>, strength_in <dbl>, strength_total <dbl>,
## #   centrality_eigen <dbl>, centrality_hub <dbl>, centrality_pagerank <dbl>,
## #   clust_co <dbl>, cluster <dbl>
port_networks$other %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  filter(realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
  dplyr::summarise(total_voyages = sum(n_voyages, na.rm = TRUE))
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   total_voyages
##           <dbl>
## 1            31