6-Network Analysis

Summary and set-up

The analysis of ship activity and use of networks stems from the following aims to:

•   Reveal the extent of the ship network connecting Antarctica to the rest of the world, in light of assumptions that activity is higher in certain locations (Antarctic Peninsula) and that 'Antarctic Gateway' ports are the primary conduits through which ships travel to the Southern Ocean.
    ⁃   For example, are official gateway cities really the "main international points of departure to and from the Antarctic region"? (https://www.circlesofsustainability.org/projects/antarctic-cities/)
    ⁃   Are the numbers of ships and voyages from Temperate South America (much) greater than to/from other areas of Antarctica and other parts of the world? (what magnitude of difference?)
•   Quantify the intensity of ship activity in coastal Antarctic locations, to identify areas with higher pressure from human activity, including potential propagule pressure of non-native species. (AKA where do we need to start looking for invasive species?)
    ⁃   different spatial scales of maps showing number of visits to each place
    ⁃   table of most visited places/rank antarctic ports and ecoregions based on number of ships and also cumulative ship time spent in those places.
•   Compare the activity of fishing, tourism and research/national operations spatially and temporally (risk of introduction for different industries)
    ⁃   essentially do all the above, but for different activity types and compare them. E.g. do the Gateway ports reflect all activity types?
•   Identify key ports and ecological regions (Marine Ecoregions of the World as defined by [@Spalding2007]) around the world that are likely to contribute most to introductions, based on their connectivity to Antarctic locations

Packages and functions used in this script.

knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = TRUE, message = FALSE, warning = FALSE)
library(tidyverse)

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## ✓ readr   2.0.1     ✓ forcats 0.5.1

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library(sf)

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library(sp)
library(janitor)

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library(lubridate)

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library(here)

## here() starts at /Users/arlie/Documents/PhD_work/Chapters_thesis_papers/2_Ship_pathway_analysis/pathway_analysis

library(mapview)
library(igraph)

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library(tidygraph)

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library(ggmap)

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library(ggraph)

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library(mapdata)

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library(maps)
library(rnaturalearth)
library(kableExtra)

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library(ggsci)
library(cowplot)

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source(here("scripts", "functions", "make_networks.R"))
source(here("scripts", "functions", "make_world_plots.R"))
source(here("scripts", "functions", "make_eco_plots.R"))
source(here("scripts", "functions", "gateway_importance.R"))
source(here("scripts", "functions", "gateway_regions.R"))
source(here("scripts", "functions", "make_antarctic_maps.R"))

## Spherical geometry (s2) switched off

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source(here("scripts", "functions", "make_antarctic_eco_maps.R"))

## although coordinates are longitude/latitude, st_intersection assumes that they are planar

## Warning: attribute variables are assumed to be spatially constant throughout all
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source(here("scripts", "functions", "make_scotia_maps.R"))

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source(here("scripts", "functions", "antarctic_risk.R"))

Import master files for all ship networks

Files are imported as lists so that they can be easily used together. Most analyses are performed on networks for all ships and for each activity type so I wrote functions that allow me to do the analyses on all networks in a list.

#Port network edge lists
edge_lists <- list(
  edge_list_all = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "edge_list.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  ),
  edge_list_fishing = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "edge_list_fishing.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  ),
  edge_list_tourism = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "edge_list_tourism.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  ),
  edge_list_research = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "edge_list_research.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  ),
  edge_list_supply = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "edge_list_supply.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  ),
  edge_list_other = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "edge_list_other.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  )
)
nodes_lists <- list(
  nodes_list = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "nodes_list.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  ),
  nodes_list_fishing = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "nodes_list_fishing.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  ),
  nodes_list_tourism = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "nodes_list_tourism.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  ),
  nodes_list_research = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "nodes_list_research.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  ),
  nodes_list_supply = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "nodes_list_supply.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  ),
  nodes_list_other = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "nodes_list_other.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  )
)

#Ecoregion edge lists
edge_eco_lists <- list(
  edge_list_eco = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "edge_list_eco.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  ),
  edge_list_eco_fishing = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "edge_list_eco_fishing.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  ),
  edge_list_eco_tourism = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "edge_list_eco_tourism.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  ),
  edge_list_eco_research = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "edge_list_eco_research.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  ),
  edge_list_eco_supply = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "edge_list_eco_supply.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  ),
  edge_list_eco_other = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "edge_list_eco_other.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  )
)

#Ecoregion node lists
nodes_eco_lists <- list(
  nodes_list_ecoregion = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "nodes_list_ecoregion.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  ),
  nodes_list_eco_fishing = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "nodes_list_eco_fishing.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  ),
  nodes_list_eco_tourism = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "nodes_list_eco_tourism.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  ),
  nodes_list_eco_research = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "nodes_list_eco_research.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  ),
  nodes_list_eco_supply = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "nodes_list_eco_supply.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  ),
  nodes_list_eco_other = read_csv(here("cleaned_data", "nodes_list_eco_other.csv"),
    col_types = cols(
      mean_time = col_number(),
      median_time = col_number(),
      total_time = col_number()
    )
  )
)

#Marine ecoregions of the world
MEOW <- st_read(here::here("data", "MEOW", "meow_ecos.shp")) %>%
  clean_names()

## Reading layer `meow_ecos' from data source 
##   `/Users/arlie/Documents/PhD_work/Chapters_thesis_papers/2_Ship_pathway_analysis/pathway_analysis/data/MEOW/meow_ecos.shp' 
##   using driver `ESRI Shapefile'
## Simple feature collection with 232 features and 9 fields
## Geometry type: MULTIPOLYGON
## Dimension:     XY
## Bounding box:  xmin: -180 ymin: -89.9 xmax: 180 ymax: 86.9194
## Geodetic CRS:  WGS 84

Making the networks

I created a function (make_networks) that does the final preparation for and creates directed networks using tidygraph for both the port-to-port networks and ecoregion networks. The function also calculates the centrality measures that will be used later on.

port_networks <- make_networks(edge_lists, nodes_lists, nodes_are_ports = TRUE)
ecoregion_networks <- make_networks(edge_eco_lists, nodes_eco_lists, nodes_are_ports = FALSE)

First look at the port networks

port_networks$all

## # A tbl_graph: 1873 nodes and 12442 edges
## #
## # A directed multigraph with 2 components
## #
## # Node Data: 1,873 × 27 (active)
##   place country area  latitude longitude feature ecoregion province realm
##   <chr> <chr>   <chr>    <dbl>     <dbl> <chr>   <chr>     <chr>    <chr>
## 1 Poin… U.S.A.  West…     71.3     -157. Port    Chukchi … Arctic   Arct…
## 2 Pevek Russia  Chin…     69.7      170. Port    East Sib… Arctic   Arct…
## 3 Anad… Russia  Chin…     64.7      178. Port    Eastern … Arctic   Arct…
## 4 Beri… Russia  Chin…     63.1      180. Port    Eastern … Arctic   Arct…
## 5 Egve… Russia  Chin…     66.3     -179. Port    Eastern … Arctic   Arct…
## 6 Fals… U.S.A.  West…     54.8     -163. Port    Eastern … Arctic   Arct…
## # … with 1,867 more rows, and 18 more variables: from_province <chr>,
## #   to_province <chr>, n_voyages <dbl>, n_ships <dbl>, n_trips <dbl>,
## #   total_time <dbl>, median_time <dbl>, mean_time <dbl>, n_time <dbl>,
## #   betweenness_centrality <dbl>, closeness_centrality <dbl>,
## #   strength_out <dbl>, strength_in <dbl>, strength_total <dbl>,
## #   centrality_eigen <dbl>, centrality_hub <dbl>, centrality_pagerank <dbl>,
## #   clust_co <dbl>
## #
## # Edge Data: 12,442 × 19
##    from    to move  from_place to_place from_ecoregion to_ecoregion
##   <int> <int> <chr> <chr>      <chr>    <chr>          <chr>       
## 1   154   155 'Eua… 'Eua Is.   Haapai   Tonga Islands  Tonga Islan…
## 2  1196  1204 12 M… 12 Mile A… Chalmet… Northern Gulf… Northern Gu…
## 3  1196  1215 12 M… 12 Mile A… New Orl… Northern Gulf… Northern Gu…
## # … with 12,439 more rows, and 12 more variables: from_province <chr>,
## #   to_province <chr>, from_realm <chr>, to_realm <chr>, n_voyages <dbl>,
## #   n_ships <dbl>, n_trips <dbl>, total_time <dbl>, median_time <dbl>,
## #   mean_time <dbl>, n_time <dbl>, internal <chr>

port_networks$fishing

## # A tbl_graph: 161 nodes and 552 edges
## #
## # A directed simple graph with 1 component
## #
## # Node Data: 161 × 27 (active)
##   place country area  latitude longitude feature ecoregion province realm
##   <chr> <chr>   <chr>    <dbl>     <dbl> <chr>   <chr>     <chr>    <chr>
## 1 Anad… Russia  Chin…    64.7       178. Port    Eastern … Arctic   Arct…
## 2 Haik… China   Chin…    20.0       110. Port    Gulf of … South C… Cent…
## 3 Hong… China   Chin…    22.3       114. Port    Southern… South C… Cent…
## 4 Sing… Singap… Viet…     1.27      104. Port    Malacca … Sunda S… Cent…
## 5 Suva  Fiji    Aust…   -18.1       178. Port    Fiji Isl… Tropica… Cent…
## 6 Pape… French… Aust…   -17.5      -150. Port    Society … Southea… East…
## # … with 155 more rows, and 18 more variables: from_province <chr>,
## #   to_province <chr>, n_voyages <dbl>, n_ships <dbl>, n_trips <dbl>,
## #   total_time <dbl>, median_time <dbl>, mean_time <dbl>, n_time <dbl>,
## #   betweenness_centrality <dbl>, closeness_centrality <dbl>,
## #   strength_out <dbl>, strength_in <dbl>, strength_total <dbl>,
## #   centrality_eigen <dbl>, centrality_hub <dbl>, centrality_pagerank <dbl>,
## #   clust_co <dbl>
## #
## # Edge Data: 552 × 19
##    from    to move  from_place to_place from_ecoregion to_ecoregion
##   <int> <int> <chr> <chr>      <chr>    <chr>          <chr>       
## 1    13    58 Abov… Abovedada… Buen Ti… Antarctic Pen… South Shetl…
## 2    13    26 Abov… Abovedada… Delaite… Antarctic Pen… Antarctic P…
## 3    13    60 Abov… Abovedada… Dovizio… Antarctic Pen… South Shetl…
## # … with 549 more rows, and 12 more variables: from_province <chr>,
## #   to_province <chr>, from_realm <chr>, to_realm <chr>, n_voyages <dbl>,
## #   n_ships <dbl>, n_trips <dbl>, total_time <dbl>, median_time <dbl>,
## #   mean_time <dbl>, n_time <dbl>, internal <chr>

port_networks$tourism

## # A tbl_graph: 1284 nodes and 8206 edges
## #
## # A directed simple graph with 1 component
## #
## # Node Data: 1,284 × 27 (active)
##   place country area  latitude longitude feature ecoregion province realm
##   <chr> <chr>   <chr>    <dbl>     <dbl> <chr>   <chr>     <chr>    <chr>
## 1 Anad… Russia  Chin…     64.7     178.  Port    Eastern … Arctic   Arct…
## 2 Egve… Russia  Chin…     66.3    -179.  Port    Eastern … Arctic   Arct…
## 3 Fals… U.S.A.  West…     54.8    -163.  Port    Eastern … Arctic   Arct…
## 4 Nome  U.S.A.  West…     64.5    -165.  Port    Eastern … Arctic   Arct…
## 5 St. … U.S.A.  West…     57.1    -170.  Port    Eastern … Arctic   Arct…
## 6 Bare… Svalba… Scan…     78.1      14.2 Port    North an… Arctic   Arct…
## # … with 1,278 more rows, and 18 more variables: from_province <chr>,
## #   to_province <chr>, n_voyages <dbl>, n_ships <dbl>, n_trips <dbl>,
## #   total_time <dbl>, median_time <dbl>, mean_time <dbl>, n_time <dbl>,
## #   betweenness_centrality <dbl>, closeness_centrality <dbl>,
## #   strength_out <dbl>, strength_in <dbl>, strength_total <dbl>,
## #   centrality_eigen <dbl>, centrality_hub <dbl>, centrality_pagerank <dbl>,
## #   clust_co <dbl>
## #
## # Edge Data: 8,206 × 19
##    from    to move  from_place to_place from_ecoregion to_ecoregion
##   <int> <int> <chr> <chr>      <chr>    <chr>          <chr>       
## 1    88    89 'Eua… 'Eua Is.   Haapai   Tonga Islands  Tonga Islan…
## 2   726   646 Aalb… Aalborg    Copenha… North Sea      Baltic Sea  
## 3   726   873 Aalb… Aalborg    Rosendal North Sea      Southern No…
## # … with 8,203 more rows, and 12 more variables: from_province <chr>,
## #   to_province <chr>, from_realm <chr>, to_realm <chr>, n_voyages <dbl>,
## #   n_ships <dbl>, n_trips <dbl>, total_time <dbl>, median_time <dbl>,
## #   mean_time <dbl>, n_time <dbl>, internal <chr>

port_networks$research

## # A tbl_graph: 441 nodes and 1503 edges
## #
## # A directed multigraph with 2 components
## #
## # Node Data: 441 × 27 (active)
##   place country area  latitude longitude feature ecoregion province realm
##   <chr> <chr>   <chr>    <dbl>     <dbl> <chr>   <chr>     <chr>    <chr>
## 1 Poin… U.S.A.  West…     71.3    -157.  Port    Chukchi … Arctic   Arct…
## 2 Nome  U.S.A.  West…     64.5    -165.  Port    Eastern … Arctic   Arct…
## 3 Long… Svalba… Scan…     78.2      15.6 Port    North an… Arctic   Arct…
## 4 St. … Canada  N.E.…     47.6     -52.7 Port    Northern… Arctic   Arct…
## 5 Mani… Greenl… Scan…     65.4     -52.9 Port    West Gre… Arctic   Arct…
## 6 Nano… Greenl… Scan…     60.1     -45.2 Port    West Gre… Arctic   Arct…
## # … with 435 more rows, and 18 more variables: from_province <chr>,
## #   to_province <chr>, n_voyages <dbl>, n_ships <dbl>, n_trips <dbl>,
## #   total_time <dbl>, median_time <dbl>, mean_time <dbl>, n_time <dbl>,
## #   betweenness_centrality <dbl>, closeness_centrality <dbl>,
## #   strength_out <dbl>, strength_in <dbl>, strength_total <dbl>,
## #   centrality_eigen <dbl>, centrality_hub <dbl>, centrality_pagerank <dbl>,
## #   clust_co <dbl>
## #
## # Edge Data: 1,503 × 19
##    from    to move  from_place to_place from_ecoregion to_ecoregion
##   <int> <int> <chr> <chr>      <chr>    <chr>          <chr>       
## 1   286   288 Aalb… Aalborg    Dover S… North Sea      North Sea   
## 2   286   290 Aalb… Aalborg    Frederi… North Sea      North Sea   
## 3   286   300 Aalb… Aalborg    Lindo    North Sea      North Sea   
## # … with 1,500 more rows, and 12 more variables: from_province <chr>,
## #   to_province <chr>, from_realm <chr>, to_realm <chr>, n_voyages <dbl>,
## #   n_ships <dbl>, n_trips <dbl>, total_time <dbl>, median_time <dbl>,
## #   mean_time <dbl>, n_time <dbl>, internal <chr>

port_networks$supply

## # A tbl_graph: 827 nodes and 2923 edges
## #
## # A directed simple graph with 1 component
## #
## # Node Data: 827 × 27 (active)
##   place country area  latitude longitude feature ecoregion province realm
##   <chr> <chr>   <chr>    <dbl>     <dbl> <chr>   <chr>     <chr>    <chr>
## 1 Pevek Russia  Chin…     69.7     170.  Port    East Sib… Arctic   Arct…
## 2 Anad… Russia  Chin…     64.7     178.  Port    Eastern … Arctic   Arct…
## 3 Beri… Russia  Chin…     63.1     180.  Port    Eastern … Arctic   Arct…
## 4 Egve… Russia  Chin…     66.3    -179.  Port    Eastern … Arctic   Arct…
## 5 Sabe… Russia  Scan…     71.3      72.1 Port    Kara Sea  Arctic   Arct…
## 6 Bare… Svalba… Scan…     78.1      14.2 Port    North an… Arctic   Arct…
## # … with 821 more rows, and 18 more variables: from_province <chr>,
## #   to_province <chr>, n_voyages <dbl>, n_ships <dbl>, n_trips <dbl>,
## #   total_time <dbl>, median_time <dbl>, mean_time <dbl>, n_time <dbl>,
## #   betweenness_centrality <dbl>, closeness_centrality <dbl>,
## #   strength_out <dbl>, strength_in <dbl>, strength_total <dbl>,
## #   centrality_eigen <dbl>, centrality_hub <dbl>, centrality_pagerank <dbl>,
## #   clust_co <dbl>
## #
## # Edge Data: 2,923 × 19
##    from    to move  from_place to_place from_ecoregion to_ecoregion
##   <int> <int> <chr> <chr>      <chr>    <chr>          <chr>       
## 1   413   421 12 M… 12 Mile A… Chalmet… Northern Gulf… Northern Gu…
## 2   413   432 12 M… 12 Mile A… New Orl… Northern Gulf… Northern Gu…
## 3   414   432 9 Mi… 9 Mile An… New Orl… Northern Gulf… Northern Gu…
## # … with 2,920 more rows, and 12 more variables: from_province <chr>,
## #   to_province <chr>, from_realm <chr>, to_realm <chr>, n_voyages <dbl>,
## #   n_ships <dbl>, n_trips <dbl>, total_time <dbl>, median_time <dbl>,
## #   mean_time <dbl>, n_time <dbl>, internal <chr>

port_networks$other

## # A tbl_graph: 126 nodes and 196 edges
## #
## # A directed simple graph with 1 component
## #
## # Node Data: 126 × 27 (active)
##   place country area  latitude longitude feature ecoregion province realm
##   <chr> <chr>   <chr>    <dbl>     <dbl> <chr>   <chr>     <chr>    <chr>
## 1 Pevek Russia  Chin…     69.7     170.  Port    East Sib… Arctic   Arct…
## 2 Sabe… Russia  Scan…     71.3      72.1 Port    Kara Sea  Arctic   Arct…
## 3 Long… Svalba… Scan…     78.2      15.6 Port    North an… Arctic   Arct…
## 4 Vara… Russia  Scan…     68.8      58   Port    North an… Arctic   Arct…
## 5 St. … Canada  N.E.…     47.6     -52.7 Port    Northern… Arctic   Arct…
## 6 Nuuk  Greenl… Scan…     64.2     -51.7 Port    West Gre… Arctic   Arct…
## # … with 120 more rows, and 18 more variables: from_province <chr>,
## #   to_province <chr>, n_voyages <dbl>, n_ships <dbl>, n_trips <dbl>,
## #   total_time <dbl>, median_time <dbl>, mean_time <dbl>, n_time <dbl>,
## #   betweenness_centrality <dbl>, closeness_centrality <dbl>,
## #   strength_out <dbl>, strength_in <dbl>, strength_total <dbl>,
## #   centrality_eigen <dbl>, centrality_hub <dbl>, centrality_pagerank <dbl>,
## #   clust_co <dbl>
## #
## # Edge Data: 196 × 19
##    from    to move  from_place to_place from_ecoregion to_ecoregion
##   <int> <int> <chr> <chr>      <chr>    <chr>          <chr>       
## 1    58    63 Amst… Amsterdam  Delfzijl North Sea      North Sea   
## 2    58    64 Amst… Amsterdam  Den Hel… North Sea      North Sea   
## 3    58    65 Amst… Amsterdam  Dover S… North Sea      North Sea   
## # … with 193 more rows, and 12 more variables: from_province <chr>,
## #   to_province <chr>, from_realm <chr>, to_realm <chr>, n_voyages <dbl>,
## #   n_ships <dbl>, n_trips <dbl>, total_time <dbl>, median_time <dbl>,
## #   mean_time <dbl>, n_time <dbl>, internal <chr>

Port networks

Port network metrics

Average Degree

# Average degree
port_networks$all %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  summarise(mean(strength_total))

## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   `mean(strength_total)`
##                    <dbl>
## 1                   13.3

port_networks$fishing %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  summarise(mean(strength_total))

## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   `mean(strength_total)`
##                    <dbl>
## 1                   6.86

port_networks$tourism %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  summarise(mean(strength_total))

## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   `mean(strength_total)`
##                    <dbl>
## 1                   12.8

port_networks$research %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  summarise(mean(strength_total))

## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   `mean(strength_total)`
##                    <dbl>
## 1                   6.82

port_networks$supply %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  summarise(mean(strength_total))

## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   `mean(strength_total)`
##                    <dbl>
## 1                   7.07

port_networks$other %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  summarise(mean(strength_total))

## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   `mean(strength_total)`
##                    <dbl>
## 1                   3.11

Average betweenness centrality

# Average betweenness centrality
port_networks$all %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  summarise(mean(betweenness_centrality))

## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   `mean(betweenness_centrality)`
##                            <dbl>
## 1                        0.00181

port_networks$fishing %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  summarise(mean(betweenness_centrality))

## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   `mean(betweenness_centrality)`
##                            <dbl>
## 1                         0.0158

port_networks$tourism %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  summarise(mean(betweenness_centrality))

## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   `mean(betweenness_centrality)`
##                            <dbl>
## 1                        0.00320

port_networks$research %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  summarise(mean(betweenness_centrality))

## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   `mean(betweenness_centrality)`
##                            <dbl>
## 1                        0.00811

port_networks$supply %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  summarise(mean(betweenness_centrality))

## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   `mean(betweenness_centrality)`
##                            <dbl>
## 1                        0.00450

port_networks$other %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  summarise(mean(betweenness_centrality))

## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   `mean(betweenness_centrality)`
##                            <dbl>
## 1                         0.0462

Average clustering coefficient

port_networks$all %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  summarise(mean(clust_co, na.rm = TRUE))

## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   `mean(clust_co, na.rm = TRUE)`
##                            <dbl>
## 1                          0.294

port_networks$fishing %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  summarise(mean(clust_co, na.rm = TRUE))

## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   `mean(clust_co, na.rm = TRUE)`
##                            <dbl>
## 1                          0.276

port_networks$tourism %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  summarise(mean(clust_co, na.rm = TRUE))

## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   `mean(clust_co, na.rm = TRUE)`
##                            <dbl>
## 1                          0.330

port_networks$research %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  summarise(mean(clust_co, na.rm = TRUE))

## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   `mean(clust_co, na.rm = TRUE)`
##                            <dbl>
## 1                          0.270

port_networks$supply %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  summarise(mean(clust_co, na.rm = TRUE))

## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   `mean(clust_co, na.rm = TRUE)`
##                            <dbl>
## 1                          0.223

port_networks$other %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  summarise(mean(clust_co, na.rm = TRUE))

## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   `mean(clust_co, na.rm = TRUE)`
##                            <dbl>
## 1                          0.154

Average path length

average.path.length(port_networks$all, directed=TRUE)

## [1] 4.408047

average.path.length(port_networks$fishing, directed=TRUE)

## [1] 3.666708

average.path.length(port_networks$tourism, directed=TRUE)

## [1] 5.107062

average.path.length(port_networks$research, directed=TRUE)

## [1] 4.711562

average.path.length(port_networks$supply, directed=TRUE)

## [1] 4.766261

average.path.length(port_networks$other, directed=TRUE)

## [1] 9.446357

Edge density

edge_density(port_networks$all, loops = FALSE)

## [1] 0.003548514

edge_density(port_networks$fishing, loops = FALSE)

## [1] 0.02142857

edge_density(port_networks$tourism, loops = FALSE)

## [1] 0.004981267

edge_density(port_networks$research, loops = FALSE)

## [1] 0.007745826

edge_density(port_networks$supply, loops = FALSE)

## [1] 0.00427901

edge_density(port_networks$other, loops = FALSE)

## [1] 0.01244444

number of cliques (fully connected clusters)

count_components(port_networks$all, mode = "strong")

## [1] 10

count_components(port_networks$all, mode = "weak")

## [1] 2

count_components(port_networks$fishing, mode = "strong")

## [1] 10

count_components(port_networks$fishing, mode = "weak")

## [1] 1

count_components(port_networks$tourism, mode = "strong")

## [1] 3

count_components(port_networks$tourism, mode = "weak")

## [1] 1

count_components(port_networks$research, mode = "strong")

## [1] 13

count_components(port_networks$research, mode = "weak")

## [1] 2

count_components(port_networks$supply, mode = "strong")

## [1] 11

count_components(port_networks$supply, mode = "weak")

## [1] 1

count_components(port_networks$other, mode = "strong")

## [1] 15

count_components(port_networks$other, mode = "weak")

## [1] 1

Closer look at clusters and membership in those clusters, for each activity types.

port_networks$all <- port_networks$all %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  mutate(cluster = membership(cluster_infomap(port_networks$all)))

port_networks$all %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  dplyr::select(cluster) %>%
  distinct() %>%
  count()

## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##       n
##   <int>
## 1    79

port_networks$all %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  dplyr::select(cluster) %>%
  group_by(cluster) %>%
  count()

## # A tibble: 79 × 2
## # Groups:   cluster [79]
##    cluster        n
##    <membrshp> <int>
##  1  1           233
##  2  2           140
##  3  3           101
##  4  4            89
##  5  5            92
##  6  6            59
##  7  7            45
##  8  8            61
##  9  9            60
## 10 10            45
## # … with 69 more rows

port_networks$fishing <- port_networks$fishing %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  mutate(cluster = membership(cluster_infomap(port_networks$fishing)))
port_networks$fishing %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  dplyr::select(cluster) %>%
  distinct() %>%
  count()

## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##       n
##   <int>
## 1    15

port_networks$fishing %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  dplyr::select(cluster) %>%
  group_by(cluster) %>%
  count()

## # A tibble: 15 × 2
## # Groups:   cluster [15]
##    cluster        n
##    <membrshp> <int>
##  1  1            37
##  2  2            25
##  3  3            14
##  4  4            17
##  5  5            17
##  6  6            10
##  7  7             5
##  8  8             8
##  9  9             7
## 10 10             6
## 11 11             5
## 12 12             4
## 13 13             2
## 14 14             2
## 15 15             2

port_networks$tourism <- port_networks$tourism %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  mutate(cluster = membership(cluster_infomap(port_networks$tourism)))
port_networks$tourism %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  dplyr::select(cluster) %>%
  distinct() %>%
  count()

## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##       n
##   <int>
## 1    49

port_networks$tourism %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  dplyr::select(cluster) %>%
  group_by(cluster) %>%
  count()

## # A tibble: 49 × 2
## # Groups:   cluster [49]
##    cluster        n
##    <membrshp> <int>
##  1  1           162
##  2  2            98
##  3  3            86
##  4  4            77
##  5  5            64
##  6  6            61
##  7  7            42
##  8  8            35
##  9  9            33
## 10 10            39
## # … with 39 more rows

port_networks$research <- port_networks$research %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  mutate(cluster = port_networks$all <- membership(cluster_infomap(port_networks$research)))
port_networks$research %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  dplyr::select(cluster) %>%
  distinct() %>%
  count()

## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##       n
##   <int>
## 1    39

port_networks$research %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  dplyr::select(cluster) %>%
  group_by(cluster) %>%
  count()

## # A tibble: 39 × 2
## # Groups:   cluster [39]
##    cluster        n
##    <membrshp> <int>
##  1  1            56
##  2  2            50
##  3  3            30
##  4  4            25
##  5  5            20
##  6  6            23
##  7  7            17
##  8  8            17
##  9  9            13
## 10 10            14
## # … with 29 more rows

port_networks$supply <- port_networks$supply %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  mutate(cluster = membership(cluster_infomap(port_networks$supply)))
port_networks$supply %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  dplyr::select(cluster) %>%
  distinct() %>%
  count()

## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##       n
##   <int>
## 1    76

port_networks$supply %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  dplyr::select(cluster) %>%
  group_by(cluster) %>%
  count()

## # A tibble: 76 × 2
## # Groups:   cluster [76]
##    cluster        n
##    <membrshp> <int>
##  1  1            48
##  2  2            38
##  3  3            39
##  4  4            35
##  5  5            41
##  6  6            38
##  7  7            32
##  8  8            23
##  9  9            30
## 10 10            23
## # … with 66 more rows

port_networks$other <- port_networks$other %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  mutate(cluster = membership(cluster_infomap(port_networks$other)))
port_networks$other %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  dplyr::select(cluster) %>%
  distinct() %>%
  count()

## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##       n
##   <int>
## 1    21

port_networks$other %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  dplyr::select(cluster) %>%
  group_by(cluster) %>%
  count()

## # A tibble: 21 × 2
## # Groups:   cluster [21]
##    cluster        n
##    <membrshp> <int>
##  1  1            14
##  2  2            10
##  3  3             9
##  4  4             7
##  5  5             8
##  6  6             8
##  7  7             6
##  8  8             8
##  9  9             7
## 10 10             6
## # … with 11 more rows

Number of ports outside Antarctica.

port_networks$all %>%
  activate(nodes) %>% 
  as_tibble() %>% 
  filter(realm != "Southern Ocean") %>% 
  count()

## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##       n
##   <int>
## 1  1581

port_networks$all %>%
  activate(nodes) %>% 
  as_tibble() %>% 
  filter(realm == "Southern Ocean") %>% 
  count()

## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##       n
##   <int>
## 1   286

World maps of all the port networks

It is clear that Antarctic vessels really do travel the world and that activity types do differ a little. There also appears to be substantial traffic between Europe and South America through the Atlantic

world_port_maps <- make_plots(list_of_networks = port_networks)
plot(world_port_maps$all)

And for each activity type

plot(world_port_maps$fishing)

plot(world_port_maps$tourism)

plot(world_port_maps$research)

plot(world_port_maps$supply)

plot(world_port_maps$other)

Ecoregion graphs

First, I generate points to connect ecoregions, rather than plotting polygons. To do this I need to take the polygon geometry from the MEOW objects and find the central point of the polygon

eco_points <- st_point_on_surface(MEOW) %>% 
      st_transform(crs = "+proj=moll +lon_0=0 +x_0=0 +y_0=0 +ellps=WGS84 +datum=WGS84 +units=m no_defs")
eco_points_variables <- do.call(rbind, st_geometry(eco_points)) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  setNames(c("x_node", "y_node"))
eco_points_coords <- st_point_on_surface(MEOW) %>% 
      st_transform(crs = 4326)
eco_points_variables_coords <- do.call(rbind, st_geometry(eco_points_coords)) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  setNames(c("longitude", "latitude"))
eco_points <- eco_points %>%
  add_column(
    x_node = eco_points_variables$x_node,
    y_node = eco_points_variables$y_node,
    longitude = eco_points_variables_coords$longitude,
    latitude = eco_points_variables_coords$latitude
  )
eco_points$geometry <- NULL

Then I create the networks and plots for them. Just as I did for the port network. I am less interested in the density, centrality etc measure of these networks so I haven’t calculated them for the ecoregion networks.

world_eco_maps <- make_eco_plots(
  list_of_networks = ecoregion_networks,
  points_for_layout = eco_points
)
plot(world_eco_maps$all)

plot(world_eco_maps$fishing)

plot(world_eco_maps$tourism)

plot(world_eco_maps$research)

plot(world_eco_maps$supply)

plot(world_eco_maps$other)

Aim 1: testing assumptions on activity and importance of ports

Gateway Cities

First, are official Gateway cities the main ports of departure for ships going to Antarctica? To find this out I need to count the number of ships going to Antarctica from ANY ports with direct links to Antarctic locations.

I created a function to a subset the port_network graph so that it only has edges TO the Southern Ocean and used the subsetted graph re-calculate out-strength. Out-strength now reflects the number of voyages from that port to the Southern Ocean within my 5-year time period. This was repeated for each of the different activity types. The function then creates a table of the gateway ports ranked from highest to lowest by number of departures.

gateway_ports_results <- gateway_importance(port_networks)
gateway_ports_results$all

	place	country	ecoregion	province	realm	strength_out	area	latitude	longitude	feature	from_province	to_province	n_voyages	n_ships	n_trips	total_time	median_time	mean_time	n_time	betweenness_centrality	closeness_centrality	strength_in	strength_total	centrality_eigen	centrality_hub	centrality_pagerank	clust_co	cluster	.tidygraph_node_index
1	Ushuaia	Argentina	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Magellanic	Temperate South America	718	South America Atlantic coast	-54.801944	-68.3027778	Port	Magellanic	Magellanic	1132	61	72	92028900	61860	135137.89	681	0.0633296	0.1254608	120	243	1.0000000	1.0000000	0.0065769	0.0522396	1	1447
2	Stanley Harbour	Falkland Islands	Malvinas/Falklands	Magellanic	Temperate South America	212	South America Atlantic coast	-51.683333	-57.8333333	Port	Magellanic	Magellanic	461	66	74	93807060	37860	252849.22	371	0.0445123	0.1249416	79	175	0.7232937	0.8478881	0.0040189	0.0790148	1	1459
3	Punta Arenas	Chile	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Magellanic	Temperate South America	163	South America Pacific coast	-53.166667	-70.9000000	Port	Magellanic	Magellanic	483	78	104	1040288820	345330	2626991.97	396	0.0923236	0.1255870	110	200	0.6967879	0.6109293	0.0066130	0.0448241	1	1446
4	Puerto Williams	Chile	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Magellanic	Temperate South America	124	South America Pacific coast	-54.933333	-67.6166667	Port	Magellanic	Magellanic	226	46	53	20728620	50100	265751.54	78	0.0045090	0.1197850	35	90	0.4322165	0.6671451	0.0017021	0.1912609	1	1445
5	Cape Town	South Africa	Namaqua	Benguela	Temperate Southern Africa	41	South & East African coasts	-33.916667	18.4333333	Port	Benguela	Benguela	179	44	56	339895500	423930	2393630.28	142	0.0652400	0.1270876	52	119	0.2415621	0.2231377	0.0038608	0.0445805	11	1539
6	Port William	Falkland Islands	Malvinas/Falklands	Magellanic	Temperate South America	40	South America Atlantic coast	-51.666667	-57.7833333	Port	Magellanic	Magellanic	262	59	63	33725400	7200	188410.06	179	0.0159196	0.1249750	42	86	0.3805145	0.3473966	0.0022437	0.1170999	1	1458
7	Montevideo	Uruguay	Rio de la Plata	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	32	South America Atlantic coast	-34.900000	-56.2666667	Port	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	481	81	98	286114560	84270	650260.36	440	0.0421971	0.1260946	54	125	0.4361499	0.4522382	0.0030350	0.0814194	1	1498
8	Hobart	Australia	Bassian	Southeast Australian Shelf	Temperate Australasia	26	Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc	-42.880000	147.3347222	Port	Southeast Australian Shelf	Southeast Australian Shelf	54	14	20	173044800	531840	3845440.00	45	0.0239954	0.1183013	24	51	0.0344683	0.0325634	0.0024109	0.0478431	35	523
9	Lyttelton	New Zealand	Central New Zealand	Southern New Zealand	Temperate Australasia	17	Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc	-43.606389	172.7280556	Port	Southern New Zealand	Southern New Zealand	70	20	25	36260340	227940	824098.64	44	0.0453610	0.1227300	32	66	0.0285876	0.0569459	0.0029303	0.0503497	17	528
10	Berkeley Sound	Falkland Islands	Malvinas/Falklands	Magellanic	Temperate South America	16	South America Atlantic coast	-51.568500	-57.9350000	Port	Magellanic	Magellanic	217	40	47	56171160	180000	371994.44	151	0.0172043	0.1238013	37	69	0.2079869	0.1962151	0.0021764	0.1359761	1	1455
11	Bluff	New Zealand	South New Zealand	Southern New Zealand	Temperate Australasia	15	Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc	-46.616667	168.3666667	Port	Southern New Zealand	Southern New Zealand	30	8	10	20787240	126030	866135.00	24	0.0047416	0.1117545	18	31	0.0032323	0.0022358	0.0017689	0.1096774	17	535
12	Mare Harbour	Falkland Islands	Malvinas/Falklands	Magellanic	Temperate South America	15	South America Atlantic coast	-51.916667	-58.4666667	Port	Magellanic	Magellanic	36	5	5	2947080	213900	245590.00	12	0.0032631	0.1180924	11	29	0.1491757	0.1808846	0.0006459	0.2266010	1	1457
13	Montevideo Alpha Zone	Uruguay	Rio de la Plata	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	15	South America Atlantic coast	-35.044610	-56.0587700	Port	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	325	61	72	181217940	119190	604059.80	300	0.0569748	0.1265292	60	111	0.2875728	0.2414593	0.0037786	0.0694513	1	1499
14	Buenos Aires	Argentina	Rio de la Plata	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	11	South America Atlantic coast	-34.590278	-58.3775000	Port	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	147	31	39	97445220	141030	798731.31	122	0.0053304	0.1216058	25	58	0.2511624	0.2781807	0.0015365	0.1355112	1	1492
15	Cabo Negro	Chile	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Magellanic	Temperate South America	7	South America Pacific coast	-52.950000	-70.7833333	Port	Magellanic	Magellanic	21	6	6	299220	69510	74805.00	4	0.0008553	0.1133446	5	13	0.0535043	0.0756199	0.0003732	0.2307692	1	1441
16	Bintulu	Malaysia	Sunda Shelf/Java Sea	Sunda Shelf	Central Indo-Pacific	5	Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia	3.166667	113.0333333	Port	Sunda Shelf	Sunda Shelf	5	2	2	39660	39660	39660.00	1	0.0000773	0.1102084	2	5	0.0193285	0.0269509	0.0002661	0.1000000	24	125
17	Las Palmas	Canary Islands	Azores Canaries Madeira	Lusitanian	Temperate Northern Atlantic	5	Spain / Portugal inc Atlantic Islands	28.133056	-15.4319444	Port	Lusitanian	Lusitanian	202	54	61	143319180	118200	770533.23	186	0.0657576	0.1258826	81	149	0.2178712	0.1638702	0.0050938	0.0499728	18	649
18	Busan	South Korea	East China Sea	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	Temperate Northern Pacific	5	China, Korea and Russia	35.117222	129.0444444	Port	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	276	41	55	201356640	308700	864191.59	233	0.0433371	0.1217640	42	95	0.0563119	0.0710715	0.0034927	0.0526316	6	1408
19	Mar del Plata	Argentina	Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	5	South America Atlantic coast	-38.033056	-57.5447222	Port	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	20	8	10	1447200	94020	131563.64	11	0.0019870	0.1157342	19	30	0.2204177	0.0835426	0.0010527	0.1793103	1	1527
20	Talcahuano	Chile	Araucanian	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Temperate South America	4	South America Pacific coast	-36.693056	-73.0986111	Port	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	39	17	19	58672860	1037010	2444702.50	24	0.0026803	0.1169488	13	28	0.0617176	0.1345736	0.0009437	0.1719577	19	1468
21	Callao	Peru	Central Peru	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Temperate South America	4	South America Pacific coast	-12.048056	-77.1425000	Port	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	94	27	29	34151640	107400	443527.79	77	0.0049358	0.1196931	15	39	0.0232497	0.0716267	0.0011213	0.1025641	19	1477
22	Singapore	Singapore	Malacca Strait	Sunda Shelf	Central Indo-Pacific	3	Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia	1.268889	103.8330556	Port	Sunda Shelf	Sunda Shelf	176	42	49	25993500	52110	158496.95	164	0.1586519	0.1247085	82	171	0.1083365	0.1183744	0.0074888	0.0260750	15	117
23	Sydney	Australia	Manning-Hawkesbury	East Central Australian Shelf	Temperate Australasia	3	Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc	-33.857500	151.2063889	Port	East Central Australian Shelf	East Central Australian Shelf	23	11	15	7848900	176220	413100.00	19	0.0051545	0.1099689	15	25	0.0031308	0.0026404	0.0012889	0.1366667	21	511
24	Fremantle	Australia	Leeuwin	Southwest Australian Shelf	Temperate Australasia	3	Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc	-32.059167	115.7508333	Port	Southwest Australian Shelf	Southwest Australian Shelf	22	10	12	5321040	285060	295613.33	18	0.0127652	0.1190915	14	27	0.0071753	0.0345285	0.0014415	0.0655271	32	542
25	La Plata Anch.	Argentina	Rio de la Plata	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	3	South America Atlantic coast	-34.745000	-57.8311111	Port	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	31	12	16	2295840	44400	85031.11	27	0.0037545	0.1172492	15	28	0.0878967	0.0920901	0.0009020	0.1269841	25	1497
26	Timaru	New Zealand	Central New Zealand	Southern New Zealand	Temperate Australasia	2	Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc	-44.383333	171.2500000	Port	Southern New Zealand	Southern New Zealand	12	1	1	91295580	4660620	8299598.18	11	0.0007215	0.1099947	6	12	0.0023053	0.0024840	0.0006401	0.0757576	17	533
27	Dunedin	New Zealand	South New Zealand	Southern New Zealand	Temperate Australasia	2	Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc	-45.883333	170.5166667	Port	Southern New Zealand	Southern New Zealand	23	11	11	2277420	92130	103519.09	22	0.0013273	0.1120086	9	20	0.0025789	0.0030994	0.0008474	0.1315789	17	536
28	Dover Strait	U.K.	North Sea	Northern European Seas	Temperate Northern Atlantic	2	United Kingdom inc Eire	51.020920	1.3979300	Port	Northern European Seas	Northern European Seas	300	66	74	53940	26970	26970.00	2	0.1063554	0.1280613	90	195	0.1287739	0.2108743	0.0064365	0.0396511	2	1034
29	Nakhodka	Russia	Sea of Japan/East Sea	Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific	Temperate Northern Pacific	2	China, Korea and Russia	42.798611	132.8769444	Port	Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific	Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific	18	13	14	5085240	266400	462294.55	11	0.0015546	0.1160570	9	22	0.0068342	0.0387870	0.0008189	0.2164502	6	1302
30	Zhoushan	China	East China Sea	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	Temperate Northern Pacific	2	China, Korea and Russia	30.000000	122.1000000	Port	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	71	25	37	132916500	1630440	2712581.63	49	0.0083196	0.1167446	21	43	0.0323581	0.0401773	0.0020230	0.0819491	6	1438
31	San Antonio(CHL)	Chile	Araucanian	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Temperate South America	2	South America Pacific coast	-33.600000	-71.6166667	Port	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	23	10	10	3844800	50040	213600.00	18	0.0021536	0.1150372	11	24	0.0628266	0.0869422	0.0007813	0.1449275	19	1467
32	Rio Grande(BRA)	Brazil	Rio Grande	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	2	South America Atlantic coast	-32.166667	-52.0833333	Port	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	53	21	25	4447680	97680	103434.42	43	0.0024300	0.1187968	13	32	0.0791623	0.1386731	0.0014001	0.2318548	41	1505
33	Recalada Anch.	Argentina	Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	2	South America Atlantic coast	-39.000000	-61.2666667	Port	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	144	24	24	28050240	97380	252704.86	111	0.0016961	0.1167301	22	33	0.1956967	0.1008033	0.0014139	0.2140152	1	1529
34	Hong Kong	China	Southern China	South China Sea	Central Indo-Pacific	1	China, Korea and Russia	22.286111	114.1575000	Port	South China Sea	South China Sea	82	18	21	9694860	62280	122719.75	79	0.0226553	0.1202467	37	69	0.0147290	0.0464588	0.0033722	0.0647911	10	80
35	Huangpu	China	Southern China	South China Sea	Central Indo-Pacific	1	China, Korea and Russia	23.097500	113.4241667	Port	South China Sea	South China Sea	27	4	4	38059800	1371060	1654773.91	23	0.0042219	0.1134752	10	22	0.0297128	0.0135357	0.0009803	0.0952381	10	81
36	Xiamen	China	Southern China	South China Sea	Central Indo-Pacific	1	China, Korea and Russia	24.457500	118.0713889	Port	South China Sea	South China Sea	15	10	10	7158960	58680	650814.55	11	0.0031432	0.1136957	8	17	0.0010678	0.0102104	0.0009309	0.0661765	10	90
37	Delfzijl	Netherlands	North Sea	Northern European Seas	Temperate Northern Atlantic	1	North European Atlantic coast	53.333333	6.9333333	Port	Northern European Seas	Northern European Seas	13	5	6	5265780	684090	877630.00	6	0.0034653	0.1134821	9	21	0.0236109	0.0248191	0.0007415	0.0666667	2	1028
38	Rochester(GBR)	U.K.	North Sea	Northern European Seas	Temperate Northern Atlantic	1	United Kingdom inc Eire	51.387500	0.5097222	Port	Northern European Seas	Northern European Seas	3	1	1	93600	93600	93600.00	1	0.0001640	0.1104360	3	6	0.0264197	0.0234085	0.0002168	0.1333333	60	1097
39	Sheerness	U.K.	North Sea	Northern European Seas	Temperate Northern Atlantic	1	United Kingdom inc Eire	51.437778	0.7438889	Port	Northern European Seas	Northern European Seas	5	3	3	397500	198750	198750.00	2	0.0016633	0.1178916	4	8	0.0070646	0.0272848	0.0004125	0.0714286	60	1105
40	Thamesport	U.K.	North Sea	Northern European Seas	Temperate Northern Atlantic	1	United Kingdom inc Eire	51.434167	0.6863889	Port	Northern European Seas	Northern European Seas	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	0.0000919	0.1058105	1	2	0.0041600	0.0099785	0.0001325	1.0000000	1	1119
41	Busan Anch.	South Korea	East China Sea	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	Temperate Northern Pacific	1	China, Korea and Russia	35.038333	129.0538889	Port	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	199	34	50	129115980	103860	690459.79	187	0.0259333	0.1213929	37	73	0.0337546	0.0753713	0.0033894	0.0795282	6	1409
42	Puerto Natales	Chile	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Magellanic	Temperate South America	1	South America Pacific coast	-51.716667	-72.5166667	Port	Magellanic	Magellanic	35	15	15	1497600	108300	106971.43	14	0.0011227	0.1156341	10	21	0.1016801	0.0997736	0.0006475	0.1904762	19	1444
43	Falkland Islands	Falkland Islands	Malvinas/Falklands	Magellanic	Temperate South America	1	South America Atlantic coast	-51.683330	-57.8333300	Port	Magellanic	Magellanic	5	4	4	354420	177210	177210.00	2	0.0000060	0.1139033	4	7	0.0465468	0.0357669	0.0002488	0.5238095	1	1456
44	Comodoro Rivadavia	Argentina	North Patagonian Gulfs	Magellanic	Temperate South America	1	South America Atlantic coast	-45.856944	-67.4822222	Port	Magellanic	Magellanic	3	2	2	1383360	691680	691680.00	2	0.0000009	0.1120086	3	6	0.0535153	0.0639131	0.0002435	0.3333333	1	1460
45	Puerto Madryn	Argentina	North Patagonian Gulfs	Magellanic	Temperate South America	1	South America Atlantic coast	-42.738611	-65.0472222	Port	Magellanic	Magellanic	72	23	23	2803380	44040	116807.50	24	0.0003642	0.1179956	17	28	0.2025929	0.1431527	0.0008338	0.2301587	1	1461
46	Valparaiso	Chile	Central Chile	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Temperate South America	1	South America Pacific coast	-33.016667	-71.6333333	Port	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	141	37	38	118742400	121140	997835.29	119	0.0116789	0.1180924	35	63	0.0805636	0.0902217	0.0022891	0.0696365	19	1476
47	Callao Anch.	Peru	Central Peru	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Temperate South America	1	South America Pacific coast	-12.017778	-77.1872222	Port	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	38	12	14	44193720	419160	1339203.64	33	0.0015702	0.1183986	15	24	0.0632082	0.0815135	0.0010637	0.2608696	19	1478
48	Punta del Este	Uruguay	Rio de la Plata	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	1	South America Atlantic coast	-34.966667	-54.9500000	Port	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	6	6	6	394560	63840	98640.00	4	0.0000031	0.1150442	3	7	0.0314936	0.0428980	0.0002193	0.2857143	1	1501
49	Rio de Janeiro	Brazil	Southeastern Brazil	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	1	South America Atlantic coast	-22.916667	-43.2000000	Port	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	90	34	37	54419640	143430	777423.43	70	0.0181477	0.1217086	35	72	0.1453109	0.1416753	0.0022071	0.0813772	25	1516
50	Bahia Blanca	Argentina	Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	1	South America Atlantic coast	-38.776111	-62.2869444	Port	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	26	8	16	42699480	2081220	3881770.91	11	0.0028381	0.1156912	12	25	0.1226273	0.0954990	0.0008106	0.1533333	1	1525
51	Apapa-Lagos	Nigeria	Gulf of Guinea Central	Gulf of Guinea	Tropical Atlantic	1	Africa Atlantic coast	6.438333	3.3886111	Port	Gulf of Guinea	Gulf of Guinea	29	16	17	12280380	455610	511682.50	24	0.0042668	0.1168831	16	28	0.0588670	0.0365989	0.0011743	0.2248677	20	1550
52	Bonny	Nigeria	Gulf of Guinea Central	Gulf of Guinea	Tropical Atlantic	1	Africa Atlantic coast	4.421667	7.1502778	Port	Gulf of Guinea	Gulf of Guinea	11	7	7	347880	80100	69576.00	5	0.0011173	0.1080519	8	13	0.0051158	0.0078717	0.0007463	0.1794872	20	1554
53	Matadi	Congo	Gulf of Guinea South	Gulf of Guinea	Tropical Atlantic	1	Africa Atlantic coast	-5.816667	13.4500000	Port	Gulf of Guinea	Gulf of Guinea	19	10	11	10624080	578700	664005.00	16	0.0008298	0.1177655	11	20	0.0227315	0.0451822	0.0006504	0.2000000	11	1575
54	Isla de Providencia	Colombia	Southwestern Caribbean	Tropical Northwestern Atlantic	Tropical Atlantic	1	Central America inc Mexico to Panama	13.383333	-81.3666667	Port	Tropical Northwestern Atlantic	Tropical Northwestern Atlantic	9	6	6	201480	38640	33580.00	6	0.0002454	0.1098849	6	12	0.0014076	0.0073070	0.0004179	0.1666667	5	1690
55	San Andres	Colombia	Southwestern Caribbean	Tropical Northwestern Atlantic	Tropical Atlantic	1	Central America inc Mexico to Panama	12.550000	-81.6833333	Port	Tropical Northwestern Atlantic	Tropical Northwestern Atlantic	7	5	5	156420	41400	39105.00	4	0.0007270	0.1147973	5	11	0.0033883	0.0199736	0.0004138	0.1818182	5	1695
56	Dakar	Senegal	Sahelian Upwelling	West African Transition	Tropical Atlantic	1	Africa Atlantic coast	14.688056	-17.4347222	Port	West African Transition	West African Transition	22	16	16	1476900	49260	92306.25	16	0.0037294	0.1186312	11	28	0.0375337	0.0406981	0.0007127	0.1507937	18	1729
57	Kakinada	India	Eastern India	Bay of Bengal	Western Indo-Pacific	1	India, Pakistan and Burma	17.000000	82.2833333	Port	Bay of Bengal	Bay of Bengal	3	2	2	1044000	1044000	1044000.00	1	0.0006868	0.1070938	3	6	0.0102628	0.0102817	0.0003122	0.0666667	51	1763
58	Port Louis	Mauritius	Mascarene Islands	Western Indian Ocean	Western Indo-Pacific	1	South & East African coasts	-20.150000	57.4833333	Port	Western Indian Ocean	Western Indian Ocean	50	26	28	16627140	41460	369492.00	45	0.0107212	0.1202930	22	38	0.0991341	0.0268845	0.0014368	0.0953058	11	1858

In fact, 58 ports within the port-based network were the ‘last port of call’ for ships travelling to the Southern Ocean. 33 of those ports had more than one ship depart for the Southern Ocean during the 5-year period. The official gateway cities are 1st (Ushuaia), 3rd (Punta Arenas), 5th (Cape Town), 8th (Hobart) and 9th (Lyttleton/Christchurch) on the list of ‘last ports of call.’ Each gateway city is the highest rank city for its country and they are typically cultural and logistical hubs that arrange Antarctic travel. For example, a tourist itinerary may have passengers embark on their cruise in Ushuaia (Argentina), travel to Puerto Williams (Chile), on to the Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas where they make a number of stops before heading to Antarctica. In this scenario, the last port of call might be Stanley Harbour, but the point of departure for passengers was Ushuaia. Nonetheless, from an impact and biosecurity perspective, ensuring that measures are in place at all major ports of departure is essential.

75 ports have direct links to locations in Antarctica, 17 acting only as return ports and 15 acting only as departure ports. As shown in table produced below.

port_networks$all %>% 
  activate(edges) %>% 
  convert(to_subgraph, to_realm == "Southern Ocean" | from_realm == "Southern Ocean", subset_by = "edges") %>% 
  activate(nodes) %>% 
  mutate(isolated = node_is_isolated()) %>% 
  convert(to_subgraph, isolated == FALSE, subset_by = "nodes") %>% 
  mutate(strength_out = centrality_degree(mode='out', weights = n_voyages, normalized = T)) %>%
  mutate(strength_in = centrality_degree(mode='in', weights = n_voyages, normalized = T)) %>% 
  as_tibble() %>% 
  filter(realm != "Southern Ocean") %>% 
  kable(format = "html", row.names = TRUE) %>%
  kable_styling(bootstrap_options = c("striped", "hover", "condensed"),
                    full_width = F,
                    fixed_thead = TRUE,
                    font_size = 11,
                    row_label_position = "l") %>%
  scroll_box(height = "300px")

	place	country	area	latitude	longitude	feature	ecoregion	province	realm	from_province	to_province	n_voyages	n_ships	n_trips	total_time	median_time	mean_time	n_time	betweenness_centrality	closeness_centrality	strength_out	strength_in	strength_total	centrality_eigen	centrality_hub	centrality_pagerank	clust_co	cluster	.tidygraph_node_index	isolated
1	Hong Kong	China	China, Korea and Russia	22.286111	114.1575000	Port	Southern China	South China Sea	Central Indo-Pacific	South China Sea	South China Sea	82	18	21	9694860	62280	122719.75	79	0.0226553	0.1202467	1	0	69	0.0147290	0.0464588	0.0033722	0.0647911	10	80	FALSE
2	Huangpu	China	China, Korea and Russia	23.097500	113.4241667	Port	Southern China	South China Sea	Central Indo-Pacific	South China Sea	South China Sea	27	4	4	38059800	1371060	1654773.91	23	0.0042219	0.1134752	1	1	22	0.0297128	0.0135357	0.0009803	0.0952381	10	81	FALSE
3	Xiamen	China	China, Korea and Russia	24.457500	118.0713889	Port	Southern China	South China Sea	Central Indo-Pacific	South China Sea	South China Sea	15	10	10	7158960	58680	650814.55	11	0.0031432	0.1136957	1	0	17	0.0010678	0.0102104	0.0009309	0.0661765	10	90	FALSE
4	Singapore	Singapore	Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia	1.268889	103.8330556	Port	Malacca Strait	Sunda Shelf	Central Indo-Pacific	Sunda Shelf	Sunda Shelf	176	42	49	25993500	52110	158496.95	164	0.1586519	0.1247085	3	2	171	0.1083365	0.1183744	0.0074888	0.0260750	15	117	FALSE
5	Bintulu	Malaysia	Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia	3.166667	113.0333333	Port	Sunda Shelf/Java Sea	Sunda Shelf	Central Indo-Pacific	Sunda Shelf	Sunda Shelf	5	2	2	39660	39660	39660.00	1	0.0000773	0.1102084	5	4	5	0.0193285	0.0269509	0.0002661	0.1000000	24	125	FALSE
6	Papeete	French Polynesia	Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc	-17.533333	-149.5833333	Port	Society Islands	Southeast Polynesia	Eastern Indo-Pacific	Southeast Polynesia	Southeast Polynesia	106	22	24	52010340	271140	753773.04	69	0.0279027	0.1192965	0	2	53	0.0429945	0.0671618	0.0024621	0.0638607	29	215	FALSE
7	Sydney	Australia	Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc	-33.857500	151.2063889	Port	Manning-Hawkesbury	East Central Australian Shelf	Temperate Australasia	East Central Australian Shelf	East Central Australian Shelf	23	11	15	7848900	176220	413100.00	19	0.0051545	0.1099689	3	0	25	0.0031308	0.0026404	0.0012889	0.1366667	21	511	FALSE
8	Hobart	Australia	Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc	-42.880000	147.3347222	Port	Bassian	Southeast Australian Shelf	Temperate Australasia	Southeast Australian Shelf	Southeast Australian Shelf	54	14	20	173044800	531840	3845440.00	45	0.0239954	0.1183013	26	24	51	0.0344683	0.0325634	0.0024109	0.0478431	35	523	FALSE
9	Lyttelton	New Zealand	Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc	-43.606389	172.7280556	Port	Central New Zealand	Southern New Zealand	Temperate Australasia	Southern New Zealand	Southern New Zealand	70	20	25	36260340	227940	824098.64	44	0.0453610	0.1227300	17	24	66	0.0285876	0.0569459	0.0029303	0.0503497	17	528	FALSE
10	Timaru	New Zealand	Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc	-44.383333	171.2500000	Port	Central New Zealand	Southern New Zealand	Temperate Australasia	Southern New Zealand	Southern New Zealand	12	1	1	91295580	4660620	8299598.18	11	0.0007215	0.1099947	2	2	12	0.0023053	0.0024840	0.0006401	0.0757576	17	533	FALSE
11	Bluff	New Zealand	Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc	-46.616667	168.3666667	Port	South New Zealand	Southern New Zealand	Temperate Australasia	Southern New Zealand	Southern New Zealand	30	8	10	20787240	126030	866135.00	24	0.0047416	0.1117545	15	12	31	0.0032323	0.0022358	0.0017689	0.1096774	17	535	FALSE
12	Dunedin	New Zealand	Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc	-45.883333	170.5166667	Port	South New Zealand	Southern New Zealand	Temperate Australasia	Southern New Zealand	Southern New Zealand	23	11	11	2277420	92130	103519.09	22	0.0013273	0.1120086	2	3	20	0.0025789	0.0030994	0.0008474	0.1315789	17	536	FALSE
13	Fremantle	Australia	Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc	-32.059167	115.7508333	Port	Leeuwin	Southwest Australian Shelf	Temperate Australasia	Southwest Australian Shelf	Southwest Australian Shelf	22	10	12	5321040	285060	295613.33	18	0.0127652	0.1190915	3	2	27	0.0071753	0.0345285	0.0014415	0.0655271	32	542	FALSE
14	Fremantle Anch.	Australia	Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc	-32.035833	115.6955556	Port	Leeuwin	Southwest Australian Shelf	Temperate Australasia	Southwest Australian Shelf	Southwest Australian Shelf	9	3	4	1385820	103050	173227.50	8	0.0024659	0.1102084	0	2	11	0.0244535	0.0005621	0.0008744	0.0909091	32	543	FALSE
15	Las Palmas	Canary Islands	Spain / Portugal inc Atlantic Islands	28.133056	-15.4319444	Port	Azores Canaries Madeira	Lusitanian	Temperate Northern Atlantic	Lusitanian	Lusitanian	202	54	61	143319180	118200	770533.23	186	0.0657576	0.1258826	5	7	149	0.2178712	0.1638702	0.0050938	0.0499728	18	649	FALSE
16	Gdansk	Poland	Scandinavia inc Baltic, Greenland, Iceland etc	54.361111	18.6566667	Port	Baltic Sea	Northern European Seas	Temperate Northern Atlantic	Northern European Seas	Northern European Seas	69	19	20	45540480	39150	690007.27	66	0.0038011	0.1168758	0	1	31	0.0256666	0.0088746	0.0012671	0.2021505	14	910	FALSE
17	Delfzijl	Netherlands	North European Atlantic coast	53.333333	6.9333333	Port	North Sea	Northern European Seas	Temperate Northern Atlantic	Northern European Seas	Northern European Seas	13	5	6	5265780	684090	877630.00	6	0.0034653	0.1134821	1	1	21	0.0236109	0.0248191	0.0007415	0.0666667	2	1028	FALSE
18	Dover Strait	U.K.	United Kingdom inc Eire	51.020920	1.3979300	Port	North Sea	Northern European Seas	Temperate Northern Atlantic	Northern European Seas	Northern European Seas	300	66	74	53940	26970	26970.00	2	0.1063554	0.1280613	2	1	195	0.1287739	0.2108743	0.0064365	0.0396511	2	1034	FALSE
19	Hansweert	Netherlands	North European Atlantic coast	51.450000	4.0000000	Port	North Sea	Northern European Seas	Temperate Northern Atlantic	Northern European Seas	Northern European Seas	13	2	2	11762820	1119600	1306980.00	9	0.0010170	0.1178470	0	1	12	0.0641853	0.0366657	0.0005647	0.2575758	2	1058	FALSE
20	Immingham	U.K.	United Kingdom inc Eire	53.630556	-0.1902778	Port	North Sea	Northern European Seas	Temperate Northern Atlantic	Northern European Seas	Northern European Seas	25	5	5	12020580	435540	480823.20	25	0.0028392	0.1165556	0	1	23	0.0160842	0.0146820	0.0011140	0.1185771	2	1066	FALSE
21	Rochester(GBR)	U.K.	United Kingdom inc Eire	51.387500	0.5097222	Port	North Sea	Northern European Seas	Temperate Northern Atlantic	Northern European Seas	Northern European Seas	3	1	1	93600	93600	93600.00	1	0.0001640	0.1104360	1	1	6	0.0264197	0.0234085	0.0002168	0.1333333	60	1097	FALSE
22	Sheerness	U.K.	United Kingdom inc Eire	51.437778	0.7438889	Port	North Sea	Northern European Seas	Temperate Northern Atlantic	Northern European Seas	Northern European Seas	5	3	3	397500	198750	198750.00	2	0.0016633	0.1178916	1	1	8	0.0070646	0.0272848	0.0004125	0.0714286	60	1105	FALSE
23	Thamesport	U.K.	United Kingdom inc Eire	51.434167	0.6863889	Port	North Sea	Northern European Seas	Temperate Northern Atlantic	Northern European Seas	Northern European Seas	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	0.0000919	0.1058105	1	0	2	0.0041600	0.0099785	0.0001325	1.0000000	1	1119	FALSE
24	Seattle	U.S.A.	West coast North America inc USA, Canada & Alaska	47.633333	-122.3333333	Port	Puget Trough/Georgia Basin	Cold Temperate Northeast Pacific	Temperate Northern Pacific	Cold Temperate Northeast Pacific	Cold Temperate Northeast Pacific	46	10	15	50576460	49440	1123921.33	45	0.0111626	0.1078838	0	1	35	0.0023915	0.0005734	0.0021924	0.0655462	23	1273	FALSE
25	Nakhodka	Russia	China, Korea and Russia	42.798611	132.8769444	Port	Sea of Japan/East Sea	Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific	Temperate Northern Pacific	Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific	Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific	18	13	14	5085240	266400	462294.55	11	0.0015546	0.1160570	2	0	22	0.0068342	0.0387870	0.0008189	0.2164502	6	1302	FALSE
26	Shidao	China	China, Korea and Russia	36.879722	122.4288889	Port	Yellow Sea	Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific	Temperate Northern Pacific	Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific	Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific	36	16	24	15024300	356430	441891.18	34	0.0014049	0.1109531	0	1	22	0.0756169	0.0068480	0.0010576	0.2943723	6	1349	FALSE
27	Busan	South Korea	China, Korea and Russia	35.117222	129.0444444	Port	East China Sea	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	Temperate Northern Pacific	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	276	41	55	201356640	308700	864191.59	233	0.0433371	0.1217640	5	1	95	0.0563119	0.0710715	0.0034927	0.0526316	6	1408	FALSE
28	Busan Anch.	South Korea	China, Korea and Russia	35.038333	129.0538889	Port	East China Sea	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	Temperate Northern Pacific	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	199	34	50	129115980	103860	690459.79	187	0.0259333	0.1213929	1	0	73	0.0337546	0.0753713	0.0033894	0.0795282	6	1409	FALSE
29	Zhoushan	China	China, Korea and Russia	30.000000	122.1000000	Port	East China Sea	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	Temperate Northern Pacific	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	71	25	37	132916500	1630440	2712581.63	49	0.0083196	0.1167446	2	0	43	0.0323581	0.0401773	0.0020230	0.0819491	6	1438	FALSE
30	Cabo Negro	Chile	South America Pacific coast	-52.950000	-70.7833333	Port	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Magellanic	Temperate South America	Magellanic	Magellanic	21	6	6	299220	69510	74805.00	4	0.0008553	0.1133446	7	2	13	0.0535043	0.0756199	0.0003732	0.2307692	1	1441	FALSE
31	Puerto Natales	Chile	South America Pacific coast	-51.716667	-72.5166667	Port	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Magellanic	Temperate South America	Magellanic	Magellanic	35	15	15	1497600	108300	106971.43	14	0.0011227	0.1156341	1	1	21	0.1016801	0.0997736	0.0006475	0.1904762	19	1444	FALSE
32	Puerto Williams	Chile	South America Pacific coast	-54.933333	-67.6166667	Port	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Magellanic	Temperate South America	Magellanic	Magellanic	226	46	53	20728620	50100	265751.54	78	0.0045090	0.1197850	124	42	90	0.4322165	0.6671451	0.0017021	0.1912609	1	1445	FALSE
33	Punta Arenas	Chile	South America Pacific coast	-53.166667	-70.9000000	Port	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Magellanic	Temperate South America	Magellanic	Magellanic	483	78	104	1040288820	345330	2626991.97	396	0.0923236	0.1255870	163	180	200	0.6967879	0.6109293	0.0066130	0.0448241	1	1446	FALSE
34	Ushuaia	Argentina	South America Atlantic coast	-54.801944	-68.3027778	Port	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Magellanic	Temperate South America	Magellanic	Magellanic	1132	61	72	92028900	61860	135137.89	681	0.0633296	0.1254608	718	874	243	1.0000000	1.0000000	0.0065769	0.0522396	1	1447	FALSE
35	Berkeley Sound	Falkland Islands	South America Atlantic coast	-51.568500	-57.9350000	Port	Malvinas/Falklands	Magellanic	Temperate South America	Magellanic	Magellanic	217	40	47	56171160	180000	371994.44	151	0.0172043	0.1238013	16	32	69	0.2079869	0.1962151	0.0021764	0.1359761	1	1455	FALSE
36	Falkland Islands	Falkland Islands	South America Atlantic coast	-51.683330	-57.8333300	Port	Malvinas/Falklands	Magellanic	Temperate South America	Magellanic	Magellanic	5	4	4	354420	177210	177210.00	2	0.0000060	0.1139033	1	2	7	0.0465468	0.0357669	0.0002488	0.5238095	1	1456	FALSE
37	Mare Harbour	Falkland Islands	South America Atlantic coast	-51.916667	-58.4666667	Port	Malvinas/Falklands	Magellanic	Temperate South America	Magellanic	Magellanic	36	5	5	2947080	213900	245590.00	12	0.0032631	0.1180924	15	6	29	0.1491757	0.1808846	0.0006459	0.2266010	1	1457	FALSE
38	Port William	Falkland Islands	South America Atlantic coast	-51.666667	-57.7833333	Port	Malvinas/Falklands	Magellanic	Temperate South America	Magellanic	Magellanic	262	59	63	33725400	7200	188410.06	179	0.0159196	0.1249750	40	40	86	0.3805145	0.3473966	0.0022437	0.1170999	1	1458	FALSE
39	Stanley Harbour	Falkland Islands	South America Atlantic coast	-51.683333	-57.8333333	Port	Malvinas/Falklands	Magellanic	Temperate South America	Magellanic	Magellanic	461	66	74	93807060	37860	252849.22	371	0.0445123	0.1249416	212	103	175	0.7232937	0.8478881	0.0040189	0.0790148	1	1459	FALSE
40	Comodoro Rivadavia	Argentina	South America Atlantic coast	-45.856944	-67.4822222	Port	North Patagonian Gulfs	Magellanic	Temperate South America	Magellanic	Magellanic	3	2	2	1383360	691680	691680.00	2	0.0000009	0.1120086	1	0	6	0.0535153	0.0639131	0.0002435	0.3333333	1	1460	FALSE
41	Puerto Madryn	Argentina	South America Atlantic coast	-42.738611	-65.0472222	Port	North Patagonian Gulfs	Magellanic	Temperate South America	Magellanic	Magellanic	72	23	23	2803380	44040	116807.50	24	0.0003642	0.1179956	1	4	28	0.2025929	0.1431527	0.0008338	0.2301587	1	1461	FALSE
42	San Antonio(CHL)	Chile	South America Pacific coast	-33.600000	-71.6166667	Port	Araucanian	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Temperate South America	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	23	10	10	3844800	50040	213600.00	18	0.0021536	0.1150372	2	0	24	0.0628266	0.0869422	0.0007813	0.1449275	19	1467	FALSE
43	Talcahuano	Chile	South America Pacific coast	-36.693056	-73.0986111	Port	Araucanian	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Temperate South America	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	39	17	19	58672860	1037010	2444702.50	24	0.0026803	0.1169488	4	2	28	0.0617176	0.1345736	0.0009437	0.1719577	19	1468	FALSE
44	Valparaiso	Chile	South America Pacific coast	-33.016667	-71.6333333	Port	Central Chile	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Temperate South America	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	141	37	38	118742400	121140	997835.29	119	0.0116789	0.1180924	1	3	63	0.0805636	0.0902217	0.0022891	0.0696365	19	1476	FALSE
45	Callao	Peru	South America Pacific coast	-12.048056	-77.1425000	Port	Central Peru	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Temperate South America	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	94	27	29	34151640	107400	443527.79	77	0.0049358	0.1196931	4	0	39	0.0232497	0.0716267	0.0011213	0.1025641	19	1477	FALSE
46	Callao Anch.	Peru	South America Pacific coast	-12.017778	-77.1872222	Port	Central Peru	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Temperate South America	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	38	12	14	44193720	419160	1339203.64	33	0.0015702	0.1183986	1	2	24	0.0632082	0.0815135	0.0010637	0.2608696	19	1478	FALSE
47	Buenos Aires	Argentina	South America Atlantic coast	-34.590278	-58.3775000	Port	Rio de la Plata	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	147	31	39	97445220	141030	798731.31	122	0.0053304	0.1216058	11	6	58	0.2511624	0.2781807	0.0015365	0.1355112	1	1492	FALSE
48	La Plata Anch.	Argentina	South America Atlantic coast	-34.745000	-57.8311111	Port	Rio de la Plata	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	31	12	16	2295840	44400	85031.11	27	0.0037545	0.1172492	3	2	28	0.0878967	0.0920901	0.0009020	0.1269841	25	1497	FALSE
49	Montevideo	Uruguay	South America Atlantic coast	-34.900000	-56.2666667	Port	Rio de la Plata	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	481	81	98	286114560	84270	650260.36	440	0.0421971	0.1260946	32	28	125	0.4361499	0.4522382	0.0030350	0.0814194	1	1498	FALSE
50	Montevideo Alpha Zone	Uruguay	South America Atlantic coast	-35.044610	-56.0587700	Port	Rio de la Plata	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	325	61	72	181217940	119190	604059.80	300	0.0569748	0.1265292	15	23	111	0.2875728	0.2414593	0.0037786	0.0694513	1	1499	FALSE
51	Punta del Este	Uruguay	South America Atlantic coast	-34.966667	-54.9500000	Port	Rio de la Plata	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	6	6	6	394560	63840	98640.00	4	0.0000031	0.1150442	1	0	7	0.0314936	0.0428980	0.0002193	0.2857143	1	1501	FALSE
52	Rio Grande(BRA)	Brazil	South America Atlantic coast	-32.166667	-52.0833333	Port	Rio Grande	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	53	21	25	4447680	97680	103434.42	43	0.0024300	0.1187968	2	0	32	0.0791623	0.1386731	0.0014001	0.2318548	41	1505	FALSE
53	Rio Grande(BRA) Anch.	Brazil	South America Atlantic coast	-32.264444	-51.8447222	Port	Rio Grande	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	22	12	12	3220140	169860	230010.00	14	0.0000155	0.1062188	0	1	13	0.0856861	0.0024873	0.0008458	0.3205128	41	1506	FALSE
54	Niteroi	Brazil	South America Atlantic coast	-22.883333	-43.1166667	Port	Southeastern Brazil	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	23	11	14	25092900	82800	1194900.00	21	0.0018120	0.1185786	0	2	23	0.0859600	0.0243109	0.0008676	0.1501976	25	1513	FALSE
55	Rio de Janeiro	Brazil	South America Atlantic coast	-22.916667	-43.2000000	Port	Southeastern Brazil	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	90	34	37	54419640	143430	777423.43	70	0.0181477	0.1217086	1	2	72	0.1453109	0.1416753	0.0022071	0.0813772	25	1516	FALSE
56	Santos	Brazil	South America Atlantic coast	-23.933333	-46.3333333	Port	Southeastern Brazil	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	20	12	12	1793340	47940	99630.00	18	0.0048856	0.1149312	0	1	24	0.0762244	0.0387876	0.0009975	0.1304348	25	1518	FALSE
57	Bahia Blanca	Argentina	South America Atlantic coast	-38.776111	-62.2869444	Port	Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	26	8	16	42699480	2081220	3881770.91	11	0.0028381	0.1156912	1	3	25	0.1226273	0.0954990	0.0008106	0.1533333	1	1525	FALSE
58	Bahia Blanca Anch.	Argentina	South America Atlantic coast	-39.343889	-61.5036111	Port	Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	9	7	7	302700	151350	151350.00	2	0.0007294	0.1149312	0	4	12	0.1094162	0.0229492	0.0003355	0.3939394	1	1526	FALSE
59	Mar del Plata	Argentina	South America Atlantic coast	-38.033056	-57.5447222	Port	Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	20	8	10	1447200	94020	131563.64	11	0.0019870	0.1157342	5	9	30	0.2204177	0.0835426	0.0010527	0.1793103	1	1527	FALSE
60	Recalada Anch.	Argentina	South America Atlantic coast	-39.000000	-61.2666667	Port	Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	144	24	24	28050240	97380	252704.86	111	0.0016961	0.1167301	2	5	33	0.1956967	0.1008033	0.0014139	0.2140152	1	1529	FALSE
61	Durban	South Africa	South & East African coasts	-29.866667	31.0333333	Port	Natal	Agulhas	Temperate Southern Africa	Agulhas	Agulhas	58	25	25	9365160	58320	170275.64	55	0.0124810	0.1186914	0	1	41	0.0617869	0.0325299	0.0018225	0.1024390	11	1534	FALSE
62	Cape Town	South Africa	South & East African coasts	-33.916667	18.4333333	Port	Namaqua	Benguela	Temperate Southern Africa	Benguela	Benguela	179	44	56	339895500	423930	2393630.28	142	0.0652400	0.1270876	41	20	119	0.2415621	0.2231377	0.0038608	0.0445805	11	1539	FALSE
63	Cape Town Anch.	South Africa	South & East African coasts	-33.854444	18.4380556	Port	Namaqua	Benguela	Temperate Southern Africa	Benguela	Benguela	71	21	25	23566620	54360	380106.77	62	0.0057208	0.1148325	0	10	36	0.0900158	0.0180104	0.0018719	0.1253968	11	1540	FALSE
64	Apapa-Lagos	Nigeria	Africa Atlantic coast	6.438333	3.3886111	Port	Gulf of Guinea Central	Gulf of Guinea	Tropical Atlantic	Gulf of Guinea	Gulf of Guinea	29	16	17	12280380	455610	511682.50	24	0.0042668	0.1168831	1	1	28	0.0588670	0.0365989	0.0011743	0.2248677	20	1550	FALSE
65	Bonny	Nigeria	Africa Atlantic coast	4.421667	7.1502778	Port	Gulf of Guinea Central	Gulf of Guinea	Tropical Atlantic	Gulf of Guinea	Gulf of Guinea	11	7	7	347880	80100	69576.00	5	0.0011173	0.1080519	1	0	13	0.0051158	0.0078717	0.0007463	0.1794872	20	1554	FALSE
66	Matadi	Congo	Africa Atlantic coast	-5.816667	13.4500000	Port	Gulf of Guinea South	Gulf of Guinea	Tropical Atlantic	Gulf of Guinea	Gulf of Guinea	19	10	11	10624080	578700	664005.00	16	0.0008298	0.1177655	1	0	20	0.0227315	0.0451822	0.0006504	0.2000000	11	1575	FALSE
67	St. Helena	St. Helena	Africa Atlantic coast	-15.927410	-5.7170960	Port	St. Helena and Ascension Islands	St. Helena and Ascension Islands	Tropical Atlantic	St. Helena and Ascension Islands	St. Helena and Ascension Islands	9	5	5	1605600	190800	229371.43	7	0.0006632	0.1175510	0	1	14	0.0779246	0.0163551	0.0004018	0.2307692	18	1603	FALSE
68	Isla de Providencia	Colombia	Central America inc Mexico to Panama	13.383333	-81.3666667	Port	Southwestern Caribbean	Tropical Northwestern Atlantic	Tropical Atlantic	Tropical Northwestern Atlantic	Tropical Northwestern Atlantic	9	6	6	201480	38640	33580.00	6	0.0002454	0.1098849	1	1	12	0.0014076	0.0073070	0.0004179	0.1666667	5	1690	FALSE
69	San Andres	Colombia	Central America inc Mexico to Panama	12.550000	-81.6833333	Port	Southwestern Caribbean	Tropical Northwestern Atlantic	Tropical Atlantic	Tropical Northwestern Atlantic	Tropical Northwestern Atlantic	7	5	5	156420	41400	39105.00	4	0.0007270	0.1147973	1	1	11	0.0033883	0.0199736	0.0004138	0.1818182	5	1695	FALSE
70	Salvador Anch.	Brazil	South America Atlantic coast	-12.956389	-38.5444444	Port	Eastern Brazil	Tropical Southwestern Atlantic	Tropical Atlantic	Tropical Southwestern Atlantic	Tropical Southwestern Atlantic	2	2	2	160680	80340	80340.00	2	0.0000224	0.1125135	0	1	4	0.0131811	0.0083201	0.0001799	0.3333333	25	1711	FALSE
71	Praia(CPV)	Cape Verde	Africa Atlantic coast	14.900000	-23.5166667	Port	Cape Verde	West African Transition	Tropical Atlantic	West African Transition	West African Transition	36	17	17	1426140	40320	64824.55	22	0.0048626	0.1191067	0	1	45	0.1067331	0.0738775	0.0011964	0.1232323	18	1724	FALSE
72	Dakar	Senegal	Africa Atlantic coast	14.688056	-17.4347222	Port	Sahelian Upwelling	West African Transition	Tropical Atlantic	West African Transition	West African Transition	22	16	16	1476900	49260	92306.25	16	0.0037294	0.1186312	1	0	28	0.0375337	0.0406981	0.0007127	0.1507937	18	1729	FALSE
73	La Libertad(ECU)	Ecuador	South America Pacific coast	-2.216667	-80.9166667	Port	Guayaquil	Tropical East Pacific	Tropical Eastern Pacific	Tropical East Pacific	Tropical East Pacific	10	9	9	3084600	63450	385575.00	8	0.0019233	0.1162372	0	1	19	0.0155724	0.0161900	0.0005717	0.1345029	7	1739	FALSE
74	Kakinada	India	India, Pakistan and Burma	17.000000	82.2833333	Port	Eastern India	Bay of Bengal	Western Indo-Pacific	Bay of Bengal	Bay of Bengal	3	2	2	1044000	1044000	1044000.00	1	0.0006868	0.1070938	1	1	6	0.0102628	0.0102817	0.0003122	0.0666667	51	1763	FALSE
75	Port Louis	Mauritius	South & East African coasts	-20.150000	57.4833333	Port	Mascarene Islands	Western Indian Ocean	Western Indo-Pacific	Western Indian Ocean	Western Indian Ocean	50	26	28	16627140	41460	369492.00	45	0.0107212	0.1202930	1	15	38	0.0991341	0.0268845	0.0014368	0.0953058	11	1858	FALSE

Let’s take a closer look at the 58 Gateway ports (summary information in the paragraph above).

#I filter the port network to only include ports that were the origin for had
#at least one voyage to the Southern Ocean
gateway_test <- port_networks$all %>%
  activate(edges) %>%
  filter(to_realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  mutate(strength_out = centrality_degree(mode = "out", weights = n_voyages)) %>%
  filter(strength_out > 0)
#I create a subgraph, converted to a tibble showing those ports and their attributes
gateway_nodes <- gateway_test %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  filter(realm != "Southern Ocean") %>%
  arrange(desc(strength_out)) %>%
  dplyr::select(place, country, ecoregion, province, realm, strength_out, everything()) %>%
  ungroup() %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  mutate(total_voyages_to = sum(strength_out)) %>%
  mutate(pcent = strength_out / total_voyages_to * 100)

gateway_nodes %>%
  dplyr::select(place, country, strength_out, total_voyages_to, pcent, ecoregion, province, realm) %>% 
  kable(format = "html", row.names = TRUE) %>%
  kable_styling(bootstrap_options = c("striped", "hover", "condensed"),
                    full_width = F,
                    fixed_thead = TRUE,
                    font_size = 11,
                    row_label_position = "l") %>%
  scroll_box(height = "500px")

	place	country	strength_out	total_voyages_to	pcent	ecoregion	province	realm
1	Ushuaia	Argentina	718	1533	46.8362688	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Magellanic	Temperate South America
2	Stanley Harbour	Falkland Islands	212	1533	13.8290933	Malvinas/Falklands	Magellanic	Temperate South America
3	Punta Arenas	Chile	163	1533	10.6327462	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Magellanic	Temperate South America
4	Puerto Williams	Chile	124	1533	8.0887149	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Magellanic	Temperate South America
5	Cape Town	South Africa	41	1533	2.6744945	Namaqua	Benguela	Temperate Southern Africa
6	Port William	Falkland Islands	40	1533	2.6092629	Malvinas/Falklands	Magellanic	Temperate South America
7	Montevideo	Uruguay	32	1533	2.0874103	Rio de la Plata	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America
8	Hobart	Australia	26	1533	1.6960209	Bassian	Southeast Australian Shelf	Temperate Australasia
9	Lyttelton	New Zealand	17	1533	1.1089367	Central New Zealand	Southern New Zealand	Temperate Australasia
10	Berkeley Sound	Falkland Islands	16	1533	1.0437052	Malvinas/Falklands	Magellanic	Temperate South America
11	Bluff	New Zealand	15	1533	0.9784736	South New Zealand	Southern New Zealand	Temperate Australasia
12	Mare Harbour	Falkland Islands	15	1533	0.9784736	Malvinas/Falklands	Magellanic	Temperate South America
13	Montevideo Alpha Zone	Uruguay	15	1533	0.9784736	Rio de la Plata	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America
14	Buenos Aires	Argentina	11	1533	0.7175473	Rio de la Plata	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America
15	Cabo Negro	Chile	7	1533	0.4566210	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Magellanic	Temperate South America
16	Bintulu	Malaysia	5	1533	0.3261579	Sunda Shelf/Java Sea	Sunda Shelf	Central Indo-Pacific
17	Las Palmas	Canary Islands	5	1533	0.3261579	Azores Canaries Madeira	Lusitanian	Temperate Northern Atlantic
18	Busan	South Korea	5	1533	0.3261579	East China Sea	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	Temperate Northern Pacific
19	Mar del Plata	Argentina	5	1533	0.3261579	Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America
20	Talcahuano	Chile	4	1533	0.2609263	Araucanian	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Temperate South America
21	Callao	Peru	4	1533	0.2609263	Central Peru	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Temperate South America
22	Singapore	Singapore	3	1533	0.1956947	Malacca Strait	Sunda Shelf	Central Indo-Pacific
23	Sydney	Australia	3	1533	0.1956947	Manning-Hawkesbury	East Central Australian Shelf	Temperate Australasia
24	Fremantle	Australia	3	1533	0.1956947	Leeuwin	Southwest Australian Shelf	Temperate Australasia
25	La Plata Anch.	Argentina	3	1533	0.1956947	Rio de la Plata	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America
26	Timaru	New Zealand	2	1533	0.1304631	Central New Zealand	Southern New Zealand	Temperate Australasia
27	Dunedin	New Zealand	2	1533	0.1304631	South New Zealand	Southern New Zealand	Temperate Australasia
28	Dover Strait	U.K.	2	1533	0.1304631	North Sea	Northern European Seas	Temperate Northern Atlantic
29	Nakhodka	Russia	2	1533	0.1304631	Sea of Japan/East Sea	Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific	Temperate Northern Pacific
30	Zhoushan	China	2	1533	0.1304631	East China Sea	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	Temperate Northern Pacific
31	San Antonio(CHL)	Chile	2	1533	0.1304631	Araucanian	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Temperate South America
32	Rio Grande(BRA)	Brazil	2	1533	0.1304631	Rio Grande	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America
33	Recalada Anch.	Argentina	2	1533	0.1304631	Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America
34	Hong Kong	China	1	1533	0.0652316	Southern China	South China Sea	Central Indo-Pacific
35	Huangpu	China	1	1533	0.0652316	Southern China	South China Sea	Central Indo-Pacific
36	Xiamen	China	1	1533	0.0652316	Southern China	South China Sea	Central Indo-Pacific
37	Delfzijl	Netherlands	1	1533	0.0652316	North Sea	Northern European Seas	Temperate Northern Atlantic
38	Rochester(GBR)	U.K.	1	1533	0.0652316	North Sea	Northern European Seas	Temperate Northern Atlantic
39	Sheerness	U.K.	1	1533	0.0652316	North Sea	Northern European Seas	Temperate Northern Atlantic
40	Thamesport	U.K.	1	1533	0.0652316	North Sea	Northern European Seas	Temperate Northern Atlantic
41	Busan Anch.	South Korea	1	1533	0.0652316	East China Sea	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	Temperate Northern Pacific
42	Puerto Natales	Chile	1	1533	0.0652316	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Magellanic	Temperate South America
43	Falkland Islands	Falkland Islands	1	1533	0.0652316	Malvinas/Falklands	Magellanic	Temperate South America
44	Comodoro Rivadavia	Argentina	1	1533	0.0652316	North Patagonian Gulfs	Magellanic	Temperate South America
45	Puerto Madryn	Argentina	1	1533	0.0652316	North Patagonian Gulfs	Magellanic	Temperate South America
46	Valparaiso	Chile	1	1533	0.0652316	Central Chile	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Temperate South America
47	Callao Anch.	Peru	1	1533	0.0652316	Central Peru	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Temperate South America
48	Punta del Este	Uruguay	1	1533	0.0652316	Rio de la Plata	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America
49	Rio de Janeiro	Brazil	1	1533	0.0652316	Southeastern Brazil	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America
50	Bahia Blanca	Argentina	1	1533	0.0652316	Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America
51	Apapa-Lagos	Nigeria	1	1533	0.0652316	Gulf of Guinea Central	Gulf of Guinea	Tropical Atlantic
52	Bonny	Nigeria	1	1533	0.0652316	Gulf of Guinea Central	Gulf of Guinea	Tropical Atlantic
53	Matadi	Congo	1	1533	0.0652316	Gulf of Guinea South	Gulf of Guinea	Tropical Atlantic
54	Isla de Providencia	Colombia	1	1533	0.0652316	Southwestern Caribbean	Tropical Northwestern Atlantic	Tropical Atlantic
55	San Andres	Colombia	1	1533	0.0652316	Southwestern Caribbean	Tropical Northwestern Atlantic	Tropical Atlantic
56	Dakar	Senegal	1	1533	0.0652316	Sahelian Upwelling	West African Transition	Tropical Atlantic
57	Kakinada	India	1	1533	0.0652316	Eastern India	Bay of Bengal	Western Indo-Pacific
58	Port Louis	Mauritius	1	1533	0.0652316	Mascarene Islands	Western Indian Ocean	Western Indo-Pacific

What about the recognised Gateway cities?

Here I just look at the 5 ‘official’ cities.

#percentage of activity through all official gateways
gateway_nodes %>%
  dplyr::select(place, country, strength_out, total_voyages_to, pcent, ecoregion, province, realm) %>%
  filter(place == "Ushuaia" |
           place == "Punta Arenas" |
           place == "Cape Town" |
           place == "Hobart" |
           place == "Lyttelton") %>%
  summarise(gateway_cities_pcent = sum(pcent))

## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   gateway_cities_pcent
##                  <dbl>
## 1                 62.9

#percentage of activity through official each gateway
gateway_nodes %>%
  dplyr::select(place, country, strength_out, total_voyages_to, pcent, ecoregion, province, realm) %>%
  filter(place == "Ushuaia" |
           place == "Punta Arenas" |
           place == "Cape Town" |
           place == "Hobart" |
           place == "Lyttelton")

## # A tibble: 5 × 8
##   place  country  strength_out total_voyages_to pcent ecoregion  province realm 
##   <chr>  <chr>           <dbl>            <dbl> <dbl> <chr>      <chr>    <chr> 
## 1 Ushua… Argenti…          718             1533 46.8  Channels … Magella… Tempe…
## 2 Punta… Chile             163             1533 10.6  Channels … Magella… Tempe…
## 3 Cape … South A…           41             1533  2.67 Namaqua    Benguela Tempe…
## 4 Hobart Austral…           26             1533  1.70 Bassian    Southea… Tempe…
## 5 Lytte… New Zea…           17             1533  1.11 Central N… Souther… Tempe…

#percentage of activity through Punta Arenas and Ushuaia
gateway_nodes %>%
  dplyr::select(place, country, strength_out, total_voyages_to, pcent, ecoregion, province, realm) %>%
  filter(place == "Ushuaia" | place == "Punta Arenas") %>%
  summarise(gateway_cities_pcent = sum(pcent))

## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   gateway_cities_pcent
##                  <dbl>
## 1                 57.5

Summary information about gateway ports by country.

Relevant to the consideration of where biosecurity measures could be implemented to effectively reduce transfer of non-native species.

#number of gateway ports per country
gateway_nodes %>%
  group_by(country) %>%
  count() %>% 
  arrange(desc(n))

## # A tibble: 23 × 2
## # Groups:   country [23]
##    country              n
##    <chr>            <int>
##  1 Argentina            8
##  2 Chile                7
##  3 Falkland Islands     5
##  4 China                4
##  5 New Zealand          4
##  6 U.K.                 4
##  7 Australia            3
##  8 Uruguay              3
##  9 Brazil               2
## 10 Colombia             2
## # … with 13 more rows

#Number of gateway ports per country with strength out greater than 1
gateway_nodes %>%
  filter(strength_out > 1) %>%
  group_by(country) %>%
  count() %>% 
  arrange(desc(n))

## # A tibble: 16 × 2
## # Groups:   country [16]
##    country              n
##    <chr>            <int>
##  1 Argentina            5
##  2 Chile                5
##  3 Falkland Islands     4
##  4 New Zealand          4
##  5 Australia            3
##  6 Uruguay              2
##  7 Brazil               1
##  8 Canary Islands       1
##  9 China                1
## 10 Malaysia             1
## 11 Peru                 1
## 12 Russia               1
## 13 Singapore            1
## 14 South Africa         1
## 15 South Korea          1
## 16 U.K.                 1

#Top 10 together
gateway_nodes %>%
  arrange(desc(pcent)) %>%
  dplyr::select(place, country, strength_out, total_voyages_to, pcent, ecoregion, province, realm) %>%
  slice(1:10) %>%
  summarise(gateway_cities_pcent = sum(pcent))

## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   gateway_cities_pcent
##                  <dbl>
## 1                 90.6

#Top 10 ports
gateway_nodes %>%
  arrange(desc(pcent)) %>%
  dplyr::select(place, country, strength_out, total_voyages_to, pcent, ecoregion, province, realm) %>%
  slice(1:10)

## # A tibble: 10 × 8
##    place  country  strength_out total_voyages_to pcent ecoregion  province realm
##    <chr>  <chr>           <dbl>            <dbl> <dbl> <chr>      <chr>    <chr>
##  1 Ushua… Argenti…          718             1533 46.8  Channels … Magella… Temp…
##  2 Stanl… Falklan…          212             1533 13.8  Malvinas/… Magella… Temp…
##  3 Punta… Chile             163             1533 10.6  Channels … Magella… Temp…
##  4 Puert… Chile             124             1533  8.09 Channels … Magella… Temp…
##  5 Cape … South A…           41             1533  2.67 Namaqua    Benguela Temp…
##  6 Port … Falklan…           40             1533  2.61 Malvinas/… Magella… Temp…
##  7 Monte… Uruguay            32             1533  2.09 Rio de la… Warm Te… Temp…
##  8 Hobart Austral…           26             1533  1.70 Bassian    Southea… Temp…
##  9 Lytte… New Zea…           17             1533  1.11 Central N… Souther… Temp…
## 10 Berke… Falklan…           16             1533  1.04 Malvinas/… Magella… Temp…

For what proportion of voyages do they act as ‘last ports of call’?

gateway_nodes %>%
  arrange(desc(pcent)) %>%
  dplyr::select(place, country, strength_out, total_voyages_to, pcent, ecoregion, province, realm) %>%
  filter(country == "Argentina" |
           country == "Chile" |
           country == "Falkland Islands" |
           country == "South Africa" |
           country == "Australia" |
           country == "New Zealand" |
           country == "Uruguay") %>%
  summarise(gateway_cities_pcent = sum(pcent))

## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   gateway_cities_pcent
##                  <dbl>
## 1                 96.9

gateway_nodes %>%
  dplyr::select(place, country, strength_out, pcent) %>%
  mutate(pcent = sprintf("%0.2f", pcent))

## # A tibble: 58 × 4
##    place           country          strength_out pcent
##    <chr>           <chr>                   <dbl> <chr>
##  1 Ushuaia         Argentina                 718 46.84
##  2 Stanley Harbour Falkland Islands          212 13.83
##  3 Punta Arenas    Chile                     163 10.63
##  4 Puerto Williams Chile                     124 8.09 
##  5 Cape Town       South Africa               41 2.67 
##  6 Port William    Falkland Islands           40 2.61 
##  7 Montevideo      Uruguay                    32 2.09 
##  8 Hobart          Australia                  26 1.70 
##  9 Lyttelton       New Zealand                17 1.11 
## 10 Berkeley Sound  Falkland Islands           16 1.04 
## # … with 48 more rows

Gateway Ports for different activities

Fishing

The two most important departure ports for fishing vessels that visit select coastal Antarctic locations are Punta Arenas in Chile and Cape Town in South Africa, both recognised as Gateway Cities. However, no other Gateway City was a departure point for fishing vessesl that visited the Antarctic nodes. Many fishing vessesl, and much fishing activity, occurrs offshore so the importance of ports that launch vessels to the Southern Ocean that did not visit the Antarctic ‘ports’ could be quite different.

gateway_ports_results$fishing

	place	country	ecoregion	province	realm	strength_out	area	latitude	longitude	feature	from_province	to_province	n_voyages	n_ships	n_trips	total_time	median_time	mean_time	n_time	betweenness_centrality	closeness_centrality	strength_in	strength_total	centrality_eigen	centrality_hub	centrality_pagerank	clust_co	cluster	.tidygraph_node_index
1	Punta Arenas	Chile	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Magellanic	Temperate South America	21	South America Pacific coast	-53.166667	-70.90000	Port	Magellanic	Magellanic	63	15	28	722117340	4958130	12894952.5	56	0.2826824	0.1390096	29	59	0.6269361	0.6342124	0.0528741	0.0409117	4	124
2	Cape Town	South Africa	Namaqua	Benguela	Temperate Southern Africa	13	South & East African coasts	-33.916667	18.43333	Port	Benguela	Benguela	21	10	13	101208660	7577040	7229190.0	14	0.0400364	0.1285141	7	18	0.1941207	0.2998742	0.0180839	0.1699346	7	145
3	Montevideo	Uruguay	Rio de la Plata	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	7	South America Atlantic coast	-34.900000	-56.26667	Port	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	38	13	17	106071120	1106490	3119738.8	34	0.1447931	0.1364024	10	30	0.3369112	0.5264605	0.0179155	0.0942529	12	140
4	Las Palmas	Canary Islands	Azores Canaries Madeira	Lusitanian	Temperate Northern Atlantic	4	Spain / Portugal inc Atlantic Islands	28.133056	-15.43194	Port	Lusitanian	Lusitanian	11	5	8	31886400	3490260	3188640.0	10	0.0364850	0.1236476	8	15	0.2105891	0.1210776	0.0100419	0.1523810	5	87
5	Port William	Falkland Islands	Malvinas/Falklands	Magellanic	Temperate South America	4	South America Atlantic coast	-51.666667	-57.78333	Port	Magellanic	Magellanic	35	14	18	11578620	7200	503418.3	23	0.0426637	0.1323408	12	23	0.4349254	0.4007132	0.0164768	0.1581028	1	130
6	Stanley Harbour	Falkland Islands	Malvinas/Falklands	Magellanic	Temperate South America	4	South America Atlantic coast	-51.683333	-57.83333	Port	Magellanic	Magellanic	19	7	12	22370940	250560	1491396.0	15	0.0155890	0.1298701	10	18	0.4115656	0.3040485	0.0165443	0.1437908	1	131
7	Callao	Peru	Central Peru	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Temperate South America	4	South America Pacific coast	-12.048056	-77.14250	Port	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	24	2	4	15153900	331980	797573.7	19	0.0026119	0.1291364	2	7	0.0744415	0.1999322	0.0049951	0.2857143	9	137
8	Montevideo Alpha Zone	Uruguay	Rio de la Plata	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	4	South America Atlantic coast	-35.044610	-56.05877	Port	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	36	10	14	22483980	174060	642399.4	35	0.0501846	0.1246106	13	20	0.3754771	0.1275074	0.0210257	0.1157895	3	141
9	Puerto Williams	Chile	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Magellanic	Temperate South America	3	South America Pacific coast	-54.933333	-67.61667	Port	Magellanic	Magellanic	5	4	5	61920	61920	61920.0	1	0.0007056	0.1246106	3	7	0.1493826	0.1327960	0.0053559	0.1904762	1	123
10	Berkeley Sound	Falkland Islands	Malvinas/Falklands	Magellanic	Temperate South America	3	South America Atlantic coast	-51.568500	-57.93500	Port	Magellanic	Magellanic	23	8	12	3093600	215880	206240.0	15	0.0228011	0.1296596	8	18	0.3184068	0.3109590	0.0114823	0.1699346	1	128
11	Talcahuano	Chile	Araucanian	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Temperate South America	3	South America Pacific coast	-36.693056	-73.09861	Port	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	9	6	7	22471080	3974280	4494216.0	5	0.0213624	0.1285141	6	12	0.1606554	0.2332094	0.0096382	0.1666667	9	134
12	Timaru	New Zealand	Central New Zealand	Southern New Zealand	Temperate Australasia	2	Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc	-44.383333	171.25000	Port	Southern New Zealand	Southern New Zealand	12	1	1	91295580	4660620	8299598.2	11	0.0604429	0.1133948	6	12	0.0116987	0.0127981	0.0147080	0.0151515	8	83
13	Cabo Negro	Chile	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Magellanic	Temperate South America	2	South America Pacific coast	-52.950000	-70.78333	Port	Magellanic	Magellanic	3	3	3	48960	48960	48960.0	1	0.0025732	0.1235521	3	6	0.1243398	0.0948173	0.0063883	0.3333333	3	122
14	Singapore	Singapore	Malacca Strait	Sunda Shelf	Central Indo-Pacific	1	Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia	1.268889	103.83306	Port	Sunda Shelf	Sunda Shelf	2	2	2	68280	68280	68280.0	1	0.0103263	0.1247077	2	4	0.0260644	0.1283872	0.0053464	0.5000000	2	4
15	Busan	South Korea	East China Sea	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	Temperate Northern Pacific	1	China, Korea and Russia	35.117222	129.04444	Port	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	46	9	19	96671640	763140	3118440.0	31	0.2550591	0.1323408	15	31	0.2062726	0.1687841	0.0238696	0.0430108	2	115
16	Busan Anch.	South Korea	East China Sea	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	Temperate Northern Pacific	1	China, Korea and Russia	35.038333	129.05389	Port	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	28	8	16	57861180	61500	2225430.0	26	0.0807204	0.1297648	8	16	0.0653662	0.1394829	0.0141316	0.0916667	2	116
17	Callao Anch.	Peru	Central Peru	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Temperate South America	1	South America Pacific coast	-12.017778	-77.18722	Port	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	24	2	4	37954860	689100	1650211.3	23	0.0175856	0.1278977	7	10	0.2613968	0.1710035	0.0097068	0.2666667	9	138
18	Punta del Este	Uruguay	Rio de la Plata	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	1	South America Atlantic coast	-34.966667	-54.95000	Port	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	1	1	1	72240	72240	72240.0	1	0.0001594	0.1114206	1	2	0.0360181	0.0249240	0.0017330	0.0000000	1	142
19	Recalada Anch.	Argentina	Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	1	South America Atlantic coast	-39.000000	-61.26667	Port	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	5	4	4	74580	74580	74580.0	1	0.0015779	0.1250977	4	6	0.2328555	0.1406662	0.0069490	0.4000000	3	144
20	Isla de Providencia	Colombia	Southwestern Caribbean	Tropical Northwestern Atlantic	Tropical Atlantic	1	Central America inc Mexico to Panama	13.383333	-81.36667	Port	Tropical Northwestern Atlantic	Tropical Northwestern Atlantic	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	0.0003491	0.1139601	1	2	0.0053229	0.0212270	0.0019872	0.0000000	3	153
21	San Andres	Colombia	Southwestern Caribbean	Tropical Northwestern Atlantic	Tropical Atlantic	1	Central America inc Mexico to Panama	12.550000	-81.68333	Port	Tropical Northwestern Atlantic	Tropical Northwestern Atlantic	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	0.0000000	0.1243201	1	2	0.0144606	0.1030789	0.0021133	1.0000000	1	154
22	Dakar	Senegal	Sahelian Upwelling	West African Transition	Tropical Atlantic	1	Africa Atlantic coast	14.688056	-17.43472	Port	West African Transition	West African Transition	3	2	2	245580	245580	245580.0	1	0.0069984	0.1170446	2	5	0.0690098	0.0482089	0.0034642	0.2000000	5	155

gateway_fishing <- port_networks$fishing %>%
  activate(edges) %>%
  filter(to_realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  mutate(strength_out = centrality_degree(mode = "out", weights = n_voyages)) %>%
  filter(strength_out > 0)
gateway_nodes_fishing <- gateway_fishing %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  filter(realm != "Southern Ocean") %>%
  arrange(desc(strength_out)) %>%
  dplyr::select(place, country, ecoregion, province, realm, strength_out, everything()) %>%
  ungroup() %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  mutate(total_voyages_to = sum(strength_out)) %>%
  mutate(pcent = strength_out / total_voyages_to * 100)

gateway_nodes_fishing %>%
  dplyr::select(place, country, strength_out, pcent) %>%
  mutate(pcent = sprintf("%0.2f", pcent))

## # A tibble: 22 × 4
##    place                 country          strength_out pcent
##    <chr>                 <chr>                   <dbl> <chr>
##  1 Punta Arenas          Chile                      21 25.30
##  2 Cape Town             South Africa               13 15.66
##  3 Montevideo            Uruguay                     7 8.43 
##  4 Las Palmas            Canary Islands              4 4.82 
##  5 Port William          Falkland Islands            4 4.82 
##  6 Stanley Harbour       Falkland Islands            4 4.82 
##  7 Callao                Peru                        4 4.82 
##  8 Montevideo Alpha Zone Uruguay                     4 4.82 
##  9 Puerto Williams       Chile                       3 3.61 
## 10 Berkeley Sound        Falkland Islands            3 3.61 
## # … with 12 more rows

Tourism

Tourism tends to visit islands and continents which are included as Antarctic nodes. Ushuaia, Argentina is a recognised Gateway City and had 691 voyages direct to Antarctic locations, 3.5 times more than the next most important port. Stanley Harbour in the Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas and Puerto Williams in Chile were the next most important ports, with almost an order of mangitude more departures than the the next ports; Bluff in New Zealand, Punta Arenas in Chile, Montevideo in Uruguay and Port William in the Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas. Tourist intineraries, in particlar, involve frequent stops at places of interest. So while the official Gateway Cities are relatively poorly represented in this list (with the exception of Ushuaia), tourists are still likely to embark or travel through Gatway Cities to reach Antarctica. For example, a cruise might stop briefly at Puerto Williams for sightseeing but the passengers may have joined the cruise in Punta Arenas.

gateway_ports_results$tourism

	place	country	ecoregion	province	realm	strength_out	area	latitude	longitude	feature	from_province	to_province	n_voyages	n_ships	n_trips	total_time	median_time	mean_time	n_time	betweenness_centrality	closeness_centrality	strength_in	strength_total	centrality_eigen	centrality_hub	centrality_pagerank	clust_co	cluster	.tidygraph_node_index
1	Ushuaia	Argentina	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Magellanic	Temperate South America	691	South America Atlantic coast	-54.80194	-68.302778	Port	Magellanic	Magellanic	1085	47	53	69901680	56040	106883.30	654	0.2209495	0.2275630	111	221	1.0000000	1.0000000	0.0096004	0.0465652	1	1007
2	Stanley Harbour	Falkland Islands	Malvinas/Falklands	Magellanic	Temperate South America	197	South America Atlantic coast	-51.68333	-57.833333	Port	Magellanic	Magellanic	323	41	44	30551220	32820	117958.38	259	0.0494739	0.2200309	59	135	0.6551418	0.8216825	0.0041284	0.0970702	1	1018
3	Puerto Williams	Chile	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Magellanic	Temperate South America	106	South America Pacific coast	-54.93333	-67.616667	Port	Magellanic	Magellanic	160	31	31	5567520	28920	118457.87	47	0.0065933	0.2105004	25	71	0.4281797	0.6793609	0.0016757	0.2241449	1	1005
4	Bluff	New Zealand	South New Zealand	Southern New Zealand	Temperate Australasia	15	Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc	-46.61667	168.366667	Port	Southern New Zealand	Southern New Zealand	27	7	9	20750940	146280	943224.55	22	0.0159975	0.1653137	17	29	0.0002139	0.0001151	0.0031447	0.1009852	20	335
5	Punta Arenas	Chile	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Magellanic	Temperate South America	14	South America Pacific coast	-53.16667	-70.900000	Port	Magellanic	Magellanic	164	31	31	13754040	45840	110032.32	125	0.0438585	0.2107078	40	64	0.4097125	0.3221660	0.0034471	0.1160714	1	1006
6	Montevideo	Uruguay	Rio de la Plata	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	13	South America Atlantic coast	-34.90000	-56.266667	Port	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	237	35	40	18665160	40620	85620.00	218	0.0468497	0.2191664	37	79	0.2822081	0.3009242	0.0031067	0.0944499	9	1043
7	Port William	Falkland Islands	Malvinas/Falklands	Magellanic	Temperate South America	9	South America Atlantic coast	-51.66667	-57.783333	Port	Magellanic	Magellanic	61	20	20	1026120	7200	25027.32	41	0.0072139	0.2109850	17	36	0.2560826	0.2209660	0.0013488	0.1888889	1	1017
8	Mar del Plata	Argentina	Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	5	South America Atlantic coast	-38.03306	-57.544722	Port	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	14	3	4	1163460	92550	116346.00	10	0.0050580	0.2006255	14	22	0.1787261	0.0537030	0.0011094	0.1774892	1	1061
9	Hobart	Australia	Bassian	Southeast Australian Shelf	Temperate Australasia	2	Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc	-42.88000	147.334722	Port	Southeast Australian Shelf	Southeast Australian Shelf	13	6	7	5245380	95100	476852.73	11	0.0100563	0.1590036	7	16	0.0000576	0.0001087	0.0014345	0.1083333	8	325
10	Dunedin	New Zealand	South New Zealand	Southern New Zealand	Temperate Australasia	2	Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc	-45.88333	170.516667	Port	Southern New Zealand	Southern New Zealand	22	10	10	2250240	95040	107154.29	21	0.0054986	0.1785665	8	18	0.0001144	0.0002650	0.0014809	0.1372549	20	336
11	Buenos Aires	Argentina	Rio de la Plata	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	2	South America Atlantic coast	-34.59028	-58.377500	Port	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	102	19	19	11151360	127020	122542.42	91	0.0032472	0.2036508	12	29	0.1018624	0.1738242	0.0010422	0.1921182	29	1040
12	Delfzijl	Netherlands	North Sea	Northern European Seas	Temperate Northern Atlantic	1	North European Atlantic coast	53.33333	6.933333	Port	Northern European Seas	Northern European Seas	8	3	3	151380	151380	151380.00	1	0.0033493	0.1895406	5	12	0.0171595	0.0198849	0.0006480	0.0151515	31	747
13	Puerto Natales	Chile	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Magellanic	Temperate South America	1	South America Pacific coast	-51.71667	-72.516667	Port	Magellanic	Magellanic	30	12	12	1236480	99240	95113.85	13	0.0031134	0.1934268	10	19	0.1023001	0.0990973	0.0011498	0.1929825	18	1004
14	Berkeley Sound	Falkland Islands	Malvinas/Falklands	Magellanic	Temperate South America	1	South America Atlantic coast	-51.56850	-57.935000	Port	Magellanic	Magellanic	6	5	5	21600	7200	7200.00	3	0.0008630	0.2004374	4	8	0.0687109	0.0756054	0.0003388	0.4642857	1	1015
15	Comodoro Rivadavia	Argentina	North Patagonian Gulfs	Magellanic	Temperate South America	1	South America Atlantic coast	-45.85694	-67.482222	Port	Magellanic	Magellanic	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	0.0000000	0.1654203	1	2	0.0103166	0.0279624	0.0001798	1.0000000	1	1019
16	Puerto Madryn	Argentina	North Patagonian Gulfs	Magellanic	Temperate South America	1	South America Atlantic coast	-42.73861	-65.047222	Port	Magellanic	Magellanic	63	18	18	2490780	42720	108294.78	23	0.0021021	0.2006255	14	22	0.1695074	0.1123615	0.0009795	0.2683983	1	1020
17	San Antonio(CHL)	Chile	Araucanian	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Temperate South America	1	South America Pacific coast	-33.60000	-71.616667	Port	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	19	7	7	2971020	47460	198068.00	15	0.0055657	0.1927005	8	17	0.0403163	0.0706162	0.0008837	0.2352941	18	1023
18	Rio de Janeiro	Brazil	Southeastern Brazil	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	1	South America Atlantic coast	-22.91667	-43.200000	Port	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	51	21	21	10575480	127500	240351.82	44	0.0124843	0.1975366	21	43	0.0875050	0.0921614	0.0021482	0.0786268	29	1055

gateway_tourism <- port_networks$tourism %>%
  activate(edges) %>%
  filter(to_realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  mutate(strength_out = centrality_degree(mode = "out", weights = n_voyages)) %>%
  filter(strength_out > 0)
gateway_nodes_tourism <- gateway_tourism %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  filter(realm != "Southern Ocean") %>%
  arrange(desc(strength_out)) %>%
  dplyr::select(place, country, ecoregion, province, realm, strength_out, everything()) %>%
  ungroup() %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  mutate(total_voyages_to = sum(strength_out)) %>%
  mutate(pcent = strength_out / total_voyages_to * 100)

gateway_nodes_tourism %>%
  dplyr::select(place, country, strength_out, pcent) %>%
  mutate(pcent = sprintf("%0.2f", pcent))

## # A tibble: 18 × 4
##    place              country          strength_out pcent
##    <chr>              <chr>                   <dbl> <chr>
##  1 Ushuaia            Argentina                 691 65.00
##  2 Stanley Harbour    Falkland Islands          197 18.53
##  3 Puerto Williams    Chile                     106 9.97 
##  4 Bluff              New Zealand                15 1.41 
##  5 Punta Arenas       Chile                      14 1.32 
##  6 Montevideo         Uruguay                    13 1.22 
##  7 Port William       Falkland Islands            9 0.85 
##  8 Mar del Plata      Argentina                   5 0.47 
##  9 Hobart             Australia                   2 0.19 
## 10 Dunedin            New Zealand                 2 0.19 
## 11 Buenos Aires       Argentina                   2 0.19 
## 12 Delfzijl           Netherlands                 1 0.09 
## 13 Puerto Natales     Chile                       1 0.09 
## 14 Berkeley Sound     Falkland Islands            1 0.09 
## 15 Comodoro Rivadavia Argentina                   1 0.09 
## 16 Puerto Madryn      Argentina                   1 0.09 
## 17 San Antonio(CHL)   Chile                       1 0.09 
## 18 Rio de Janeiro     Brazil                      1 0.09

Research

Official Gateway Cities quite accurately reflect the most important departure ports for research vessels and national operations. This is perhaps unsurprising, since it is the nations active in Antarctic reserach that have put forward their cities as suggested Gateways. Gateway Cities make up 5 of the top 6 ports for research activity, joined by Mare Harbour in the Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas.

gateway_ports_results$research

	place	country	ecoregion	province	realm	strength_out	area	latitude	longitude	feature	from_province	to_province	n_voyages	n_ships	n_trips	total_time	median_time	mean_time	n_time	betweenness_centrality	closeness_centrality	strength_in	strength_total	centrality_eigen	centrality_hub	centrality_pagerank	clust_co	cluster	.tidygraph_node_index
1	Punta Arenas	Chile	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Magellanic	Temperate South America	111	South America Pacific coast	-53.16667	-70.9000000	Port	Magellanic	Magellanic	184	18	27	147883680	411660	954088.3	155	0.4280655	0.1044634	63	113	1.0000000	1.0000000	0.0308209	0.0341340	1	361
2	Hobart	Australia	Bassian	Southeast Australian Shelf	Temperate Australasia	24	Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc	-42.88000	147.3347222	Port	Southeast Australian Shelf	Southeast Australian Shelf	41	8	13	167799420	693150	4935277.1	34	0.1524685	0.0980392	18	37	0.1459639	0.1684131	0.0126288	0.0480480	10	235
3	Cape Town	South Africa	Namaqua	Benguela	Temperate Southern Africa	23	South & East African coasts	-33.91667	18.4333333	Port	Benguela	Benguela	76	9	13	179675520	526680	3327324.4	54	0.2396748	0.1021593	31	71	0.2978264	0.3787997	0.0175210	0.0277666	3	404
4	Ushuaia	Argentina	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Magellanic	Temperate South America	17	South America Atlantic coast	-54.80194	-68.3027778	Port	Magellanic	Magellanic	25	8	9	5720340	196890	408595.7	14	0.0272186	0.0985222	15	34	0.3843061	0.5532232	0.0076592	0.1105169	2	362
5	Mare Harbour	Falkland Islands	Malvinas/Falklands	Magellanic	Temperate South America	15	South America Atlantic coast	-51.91667	-58.4666667	Port	Magellanic	Magellanic	34	3	3	2532480	173040	230225.5	11	0.0362364	0.0994575	10	28	0.2370361	0.4964796	0.0053282	0.1190476	12	367
6	Lyttelton	New Zealand	Central New Zealand	Southern New Zealand	Temperate Australasia	11	Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc	-43.60639	172.7280556	Port	Southern New Zealand	Southern New Zealand	23	5	7	13817160	504510	1381716.0	10	0.1059206	0.0988320	15	31	0.1170236	0.2409546	0.0111478	0.0559140	11	237
7	Puerto Williams	Chile	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Magellanic	Temperate South America	9	South America Pacific coast	-54.93333	-67.6166667	Port	Magellanic	Magellanic	19	5	8	1764480	110760	220560.0	8	0.0038924	0.0969377	5	13	0.1925112	0.3648550	0.0024122	0.2564103	2	360
8	Stanley Harbour	Falkland Islands	Malvinas/Falklands	Magellanic	Temperate South America	9	South America Atlantic coast	-51.68333	-57.8333333	Port	Magellanic	Magellanic	39	3	3	25283280	371730	902974.3	28	0.0325410	0.0975177	13	27	0.2022560	0.2408295	0.0077180	0.0626781	12	369
9	Sydney	Australia	Manning-Hawkesbury	East Central Australian Shelf	Temperate Australasia	3	Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc	-33.85750	151.2063889	Port	East Central Australian Shelf	East Central Australian Shelf	7	3	7	1906320	319110	317720.0	6	0.0100316	0.0907591	3	7	0.0136155	0.0257493	0.0023492	0.3809524	9	233
10	Fremantle	Australia	Leeuwin	Southwest Australian Shelf	Temperate Australasia	3	Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc	-32.05917	115.7508333	Port	Southwest Australian Shelf	Southwest Australian Shelf	17	5	7	4606320	352740	329022.9	14	0.0724214	0.0955068	9	17	0.0218564	0.1126278	0.0075032	0.0514706	9	238
11	Cabo Negro	Chile	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Magellanic	Temperate South America	3	South America Pacific coast	-52.95000	-70.7833333	Port	Magellanic	Magellanic	16	2	2	250260	90060	83420.0	3	0.0030590	0.0952175	2	6	0.0910324	0.1445782	0.0013317	0.2000000	1	359
12	Rio Grande(BRA)	Brazil	Rio Grande	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	2	South America Atlantic coast	-32.16667	-52.0833333	Port	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	19	4	8	2104980	153720	150355.7	14	0.0057851	0.0963644	6	13	0.0598570	0.2401649	0.0035508	0.2051282	19	385
13	Huangpu	China	Southern China	South China Sea	Central Indo-Pacific	1	China, Korea and Russia	23.09750	113.4241667	Port	South China Sea	South China Sea	22	1	1	37630620	2165970	2090590.0	18	0.0405746	0.0888171	8	15	0.0681315	0.0126834	0.0057916	0.0952381	8	25
14	Dover Strait	U.K.	North Sea	Northern European Seas	Temperate Northern Atlantic	1	United Kingdom inc Eire	51.02092	1.3979300	Port	Northern European Seas	Northern European Seas	41	7	9	NA	NA	NA	NA	0.0831312	0.0971302	15	32	0.0858716	0.1348892	0.0097551	0.0846774	4	288
15	Rochester(GBR)	U.K.	North Sea	Northern European Seas	Temperate Northern Atlantic	1	United Kingdom inc Eire	51.38750	0.5097222	Port	Northern European Seas	Northern European Seas	3	1	1	93600	93600	93600.0	1	0.0080017	0.0911162	3	6	0.0692031	0.0339041	0.0022316	0.1333333	20	303
16	Sheerness	U.K.	North Sea	Northern European Seas	Temperate Northern Atlantic	1	United Kingdom inc Eire	51.43778	0.7438889	Port	Northern European Seas	Northern European Seas	3	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	0.0079569	0.0920695	2	5	0.0274553	0.0315746	0.0014667	0.2000000	20	304
17	Thamesport	U.K.	North Sea	Northern European Seas	Temperate Northern Atlantic	1	United Kingdom inc Eire	51.43417	0.6863889	Port	Northern European Seas	Northern European Seas	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	0.0003210	0.0837776	1	2	0.0074338	0.0021470	0.0008325	1.0000000	4	308
18	Port William	Falkland Islands	Malvinas/Falklands	Magellanic	Temperate South America	1	South America Atlantic coast	-51.66667	-57.7833333	Port	Magellanic	Magellanic	7	1	1	216720	15120	43344.0	5	0.0025999	0.0915332	4	7	0.0617076	0.0474450	0.0024051	0.1428571	12	368
19	Talcahuano	Chile	Araucanian	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Temperate South America	1	South America Pacific coast	-36.69306	-73.0986111	Port	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	22	5	6	33251520	1036320	2216768.0	15	0.0090424	0.0961328	7	12	0.1332907	0.2111741	0.0037171	0.1666667	14	370
20	Buenos Aires	Argentina	Rio de la Plata	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	1	South America Atlantic coast	-34.59028	-58.3775000	Port	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	11	5	6	12548280	460650	1568535.0	8	0.0120086	0.0972591	8	18	0.2071763	0.2059785	0.0039538	0.1437908	21	381
21	La Plata Anch.	Argentina	Rio de la Plata	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	1	South America Atlantic coast	-34.74500	-57.8311111	Port	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	6	2	3	583800	48180	116760.0	5	0.0004412	0.0915332	4	7	0.0640002	0.0853131	0.0019024	0.1904762	21	382
22	Port Louis	Mauritius	Mascarene Islands	Western Indian Ocean	Western Indo-Pacific	1	South & East African coasts	-20.15000	57.4833333	Port	Western Indian Ocean	Western Indian Ocean	5	2	2	11625720	5630760	3875240.0	3	0.0022906	0.0929839	3	8	0.0317265	0.0367904	0.0016519	0.2500000	3	436

gateway_research <- port_networks$research %>%
  activate(edges) %>%
  filter(to_realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  mutate(strength_out = centrality_degree(mode = "out", weights = n_voyages)) %>%
  filter(strength_out > 0)
gateway_nodes_research <- gateway_research %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  filter(realm != "Southern Ocean") %>%
  arrange(desc(strength_out)) %>%
  dplyr::select(place, country, ecoregion, province, realm, strength_out, everything()) %>%
  ungroup() %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  mutate(total_voyages_to = sum(strength_out)) %>%
  mutate(pcent = strength_out / total_voyages_to * 100)

gateway_nodes_research %>%
  dplyr::select(place, country, strength_out, pcent) %>%
  mutate(pcent = sprintf("%0.2f", pcent))

## # A tibble: 22 × 4
##    place           country          strength_out pcent
##    <chr>           <chr>                   <dbl> <chr>
##  1 Punta Arenas    Chile                     111 46.25
##  2 Hobart          Australia                  24 10.00
##  3 Cape Town       South Africa               23 9.58 
##  4 Ushuaia         Argentina                  17 7.08 
##  5 Mare Harbour    Falkland Islands           15 6.25 
##  6 Lyttelton       New Zealand                11 4.58 
##  7 Puerto Williams Chile                       9 3.75 
##  8 Stanley Harbour Falkland Islands            9 3.75 
##  9 Sydney          Australia                   3 1.25 
## 10 Fremantle       Australia                   3 1.25 
## # … with 12 more rows

Supply

Supply ships going to coastal Antarctic locations depart from a wide range of ports, primarily in Temperate South America. Of the Gateway Cities, Punta Arenas had the most departures.

gateway_ports_results$supply

	place	country	ecoregion	province	realm	strength_out	area	latitude	longitude	feature	from_province	to_province	n_voyages	n_ships	n_trips	total_time	median_time	mean_time	n_time	betweenness_centrality	closeness_centrality	strength_in	strength_total	centrality_eigen	centrality_hub	centrality_pagerank	clust_co	cluster	.tidygraph_node_index
1	Port William	Falkland Islands	Malvinas/Falklands	Magellanic	Temperate South America	26	South America Atlantic coast	-51.666667	-57.78333	Port	Magellanic	Magellanic	159	24	24	20903940	7200	190035.82	110	0.0234783	0.1212210	20	45	0.6491172	0.5747149	0.0051455	0.0939394	2	577
2	Punta Arenas	Chile	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Magellanic	Temperate South America	14	South America Pacific coast	-53.166667	-70.90000	Port	Magellanic	Magellanic	68	13	17	153489660	491340	2692801.05	57	0.0380555	0.1153792	17	37	0.3021219	0.2624165	0.0056777	0.0615616	19	568
3	Berkeley Sound	Falkland Islands	Malvinas/Falklands	Magellanic	Temperate South America	12	South America Atlantic coast	-51.568500	-57.93500	Port	Magellanic	Magellanic	186	26	29	53048760	180000	401884.55	132	0.0407497	0.1220449	31	54	0.8753560	0.6362415	0.0069549	0.1229909	2	574
4	Montevideo	Uruguay	Rio de la Plata	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	12	South America Atlantic coast	-34.900000	-56.26667	Port	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	187	23	28	150261300	145260	873612.21	172	0.0512162	0.1210079	20	47	0.6783402	0.4943933	0.0053589	0.0832562	2	608
5	Montevideo Alpha Zone	Uruguay	Rio de la Plata	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	11	South America Atlantic coast	-35.044610	-56.05877	Port	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	236	28	31	154427820	149340	714943.61	216	0.1344066	0.1256083	39	77	0.9886809	0.7531212	0.0100939	0.0618592	2	609
6	Buenos Aires	Argentina	Rio de la Plata	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	8	South America Atlantic coast	-34.590278	-58.37750	Port	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	34	7	14	73745580	600300	3206329.57	23	0.0176420	0.1140254	13	29	0.2912576	0.1384257	0.0034694	0.1009852	6	602
7	Ushuaia	Argentina	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Magellanic	Temperate South America	7	South America Atlantic coast	-54.801944	-68.30278	Port	Magellanic	Magellanic	18	5	9	14072640	487740	1563626.67	9	0.0060646	0.1069117	10	22	0.1020648	0.0646544	0.0028155	0.1168831	6	569
8	Lyttelton	New Zealand	Central New Zealand	Southern New Zealand	Temperate Australasia	6	Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea etc	-43.606389	172.72806	Port	Southern New Zealand	Southern New Zealand	28	7	9	12960180	67200	480006.67	27	0.0351279	0.1146744	10	24	0.0639106	0.0525025	0.0033007	0.0471014	23	183
9	Puerto Williams	Chile	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Magellanic	Temperate South America	6	South America Pacific coast	-54.933333	-67.61667	Port	Magellanic	Magellanic	42	6	9	13334700	479760	606122.73	22	0.0046431	0.1095491	10	16	0.2440789	0.0874728	0.0027439	0.1833333	19	567
10	Bintulu	Malaysia	Sunda Shelf/Java Sea	Sunda Shelf	Central Indo-Pacific	5	Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia	3.166667	113.03333	Port	Sunda Shelf	Sunda Shelf	4	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	0.0000000	0.1081718	1	3	0.0499351	0.0395266	0.0003798	0.3333333	2	73
11	Cape Town	South Africa	Namaqua	Benguela	Temperate Southern Africa	5	South & East African coasts	-33.916667	18.43333	Port	Benguela	Benguela	40	12	14	23883420	379320	645497.84	37	0.0359887	0.1212210	15	30	0.4126917	0.3038665	0.0040349	0.1172414	13	640
12	Busan	South Korea	East China Sea	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	Temperate Northern Pacific	4	China, Korea and Russia	35.117222	129.04444	Port	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	201	24	28	101990580	374400	589540.92	173	0.0396552	0.1192263	20	54	0.4430996	0.5865072	0.0054059	0.0796646	4	538
13	Singapore	Singapore	Malacca Strait	Sunda Shelf	Central Indo-Pacific	2	Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia	1.268889	103.83306	Port	Sunda Shelf	Sunda Shelf	134	29	36	17006220	52500	134970.00	126	0.2930267	0.1260491	67	138	1.0000000	1.0000000	0.0191928	0.0282450	7	66
14	Nakhodka	Russia	Sea of Japan/East Sea	Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific	Temperate Northern Pacific	2	China, Korea and Russia	42.798611	132.87694	Port	Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific	Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific	17	12	13	3671640	258720	367164.00	10	0.0041628	0.1143094	8	20	0.2261052	0.2641093	0.0020300	0.1736842	4	467
15	Zhoushan	China	East China Sea	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	Temperate Northern Pacific	2	China, Korea and Russia	30.000000	122.10000	Port	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	58	20	26	85180200	1523520	2241584.21	38	0.0211316	0.1151540	18	38	0.4660982	0.3457197	0.0050043	0.0853485	4	562
16	Cabo Negro	Chile	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Magellanic	Temperate South America	2	South America Pacific coast	-52.950000	-70.78333	Port	Magellanic	Magellanic	2	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	0.0000824	0.1081860	2	4	0.0753727	0.0431097	0.0006211	0.1666667	2	563
17	Stanley Harbour	Falkland Islands	Malvinas/Falklands	Magellanic	Temperate South America	2	South America Atlantic coast	-51.683333	-57.83333	Port	Magellanic	Magellanic	80	15	15	15601620	84720	226110.43	69	0.0159026	0.1177309	13	27	0.5253284	0.3312047	0.0033907	0.1538462	2	578
18	La Plata Anch.	Argentina	Rio de la Plata	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	2	South America Atlantic coast	-34.745000	-57.83111	Port	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	22	7	10	1668780	38610	83439.00	20	0.0162214	0.1109618	11	20	0.2018308	0.0716725	0.0028896	0.0631579	6	607
19	Hong Kong	China	Southern China	South China Sea	Central Indo-Pacific	1	China, Korea and Russia	22.286111	114.15750	Port	South China Sea	South China Sea	44	8	11	3780180	51900	87911.16	43	0.0348051	0.1197970	21	45	0.3433939	0.3561686	0.0056876	0.0939394	8	34
20	Xiamen	China	Southern China	South China Sea	Central Indo-Pacific	1	China, Korea and Russia	24.457500	118.07139	Port	South China Sea	South China Sea	5	3	3	627780	108360	156945.00	4	0.0059485	0.1121064	5	11	0.0473698	0.0644053	0.0017029	0.0727273	54	42
21	Las Palmas	Canary Islands	Azores Canaries Madeira	Lusitanian	Temperate Northern Atlantic	1	Spain / Portugal inc Atlantic Islands	28.133056	-15.43194	Port	Lusitanian	Lusitanian	89	19	22	41731380	85200	485248.60	86	0.0795245	0.1212032	39	71	0.6544253	0.4487979	0.0114698	0.0631791	1	236
22	Dover Strait	U.K.	North Sea	Northern European Seas	Temperate Northern Atlantic	1	United Kingdom inc Eire	51.020920	1.39793	Port	Northern European Seas	Northern European Seas	80	18	21	NA	NA	NA	NA	0.1212673	0.1226065	27	67	0.2397359	0.3669946	0.0126980	0.0492990	3	360
23	Falkland Islands	Falkland Islands	Malvinas/Falklands	Magellanic	Temperate South America	1	South America Atlantic coast	-51.683330	-57.83333	Port	Magellanic	Magellanic	2	2	2	NA	NA	NA	NA	0.0000029	0.1089566	2	4	0.0708035	0.0727969	0.0006546	0.8333333	2	575
24	San Antonio(CHL)	Chile	Araucanian	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Temperate South America	1	South America Pacific coast	-33.600000	-71.61667	Port	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	4	3	3	873780	250920	291260.00	3	0.0038902	0.1021645	4	8	0.0547299	0.0058752	0.0011404	0.1428571	43	585
25	Valparaiso	Chile	Central Chile	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Temperate South America	1	South America Pacific coast	-33.016667	-71.63333	Port	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	30	6	6	65041860	729510	2501610.00	26	0.0185514	0.1099720	10	20	0.0659107	0.0777293	0.0031844	0.0631579	27	591
26	Bahia Blanca	Argentina	Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	1	South America Atlantic coast	-38.776111	-62.28694	Port	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	25	7	15	42699480	2081220	3881770.91	11	0.0164388	0.1152505	12	25	0.1573916	0.1847428	0.0033717	0.0900000	6	630
27	Recalada Anch.	Argentina	Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	1	South America Atlantic coast	-39.000000	-61.26667	Port	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	131	13	13	27869880	106380	267979.62	104	0.0081020	0.1159461	14	24	0.5165876	0.3331113	0.0035720	0.1884058	2	634
28	Matadi	Congo	Gulf of Guinea South	Gulf of Guinea	Tropical Atlantic	1	Africa Atlantic coast	-5.816667	13.45000	Port	Gulf of Guinea	Gulf of Guinea	19	10	11	10624080	578700	664005.00	16	0.0040592	0.1155891	11	20	0.2009993	0.2422948	0.0024096	0.1789474	13	669
29	Kakinada	India	Eastern India	Bay of Bengal	Western Indo-Pacific	1	India, Pakistan and Burma	17.000000	82.28333	Port	Bay of Bengal	Bay of Bengal	3	2	2	1044000	1044000	1044000.00	1	0.0013745	0.1029797	3	6	0.0060664	0.0143402	0.0011292	0.0666667	46	758

gateway_supply <- port_networks$supply %>%
  activate(edges) %>%
  filter(to_realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  mutate(strength_out = centrality_degree(mode = "out", weights = n_voyages)) %>%
  filter(strength_out > 0)
gateway_nodes_supply <- gateway_supply %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  filter(realm != "Southern Ocean") %>%
  arrange(desc(strength_out)) %>%
  dplyr::select(place, country, ecoregion, province, realm, strength_out, everything()) %>%
  ungroup() %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  mutate(total_voyages_to = sum(strength_out)) %>%
  mutate(pcent = strength_out / total_voyages_to * 100)

gateway_nodes_supply %>%
  dplyr::select(place, country, strength_out, pcent) %>%
  mutate(pcent = sprintf("%0.2f", pcent))

## # A tibble: 29 × 4
##    place                 country          strength_out pcent
##    <chr>                 <chr>                   <dbl> <chr>
##  1 Port William          Falkland Islands           26 18.71
##  2 Punta Arenas          Chile                      14 10.07
##  3 Berkeley Sound        Falkland Islands           12 8.63 
##  4 Montevideo            Uruguay                    12 8.63 
##  5 Montevideo Alpha Zone Uruguay                    11 7.91 
##  6 Buenos Aires          Argentina                   8 5.76 
##  7 Ushuaia               Argentina                   7 5.04 
##  8 Lyttelton             New Zealand                 6 4.32 
##  9 Puerto Williams       Chile                       6 4.32 
## 10 Bintulu               Malaysia                    5 3.60 
## # … with 19 more rows

Other

Very few ships and voyages fall into the category of “other”, but most voyages by these ships left from either Punta Arenas or Ushuaia.

gateway_ports_results$other

	place	country	ecoregion	province	realm	strength_out	area	latitude	longitude	feature	from_province	to_province	n_voyages	n_ships	n_trips	total_time	median_time	mean_time	n_time	betweenness_centrality	closeness_centrality	strength_in	strength_total	centrality_eigen	centrality_hub	centrality_pagerank	clust_co	cluster	.tidygraph_node_index
1	Punta Arenas	Chile	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Magellanic	Temperate South America	3	South America Pacific coast	-53.166667	-70.900000	Port	Magellanic	Magellanic	4	1	1	3044100	849660	1014700	3	0.2741505	0.0172058	4	8	0.0008083	0	0.0176774	0.0357143	12	92
2	Ushuaia	Argentina	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Magellanic	Temperate South America	3	South America Atlantic coast	-54.801944	-68.302778	Port	Magellanic	Magellanic	4	1	1	2334240	602340	583560	4	0.0993011	0.0172295	4	8	0.0000771	0	0.0209452	0.0000000	5	93
3	Apapa-Lagos	Nigeria	Gulf of Guinea Central	Gulf of Guinea	Tropical Atlantic	1	Africa Atlantic coast	6.438333	3.388611	Port	Gulf of Guinea	Gulf of Guinea	3	1	1	379980	379980	379980	1	0.0421935	0.0168850	2	5	0.0000137	0	0.0055110	0.1000000	6	101
4	Bonny	Nigeria	Gulf of Guinea Central	Gulf of Guinea	Tropical Atlantic	1	Africa Atlantic coast	4.421667	7.150278	Port	Gulf of Guinea	Gulf of Guinea	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	0.0164516	0.0164409	1	2	0.0000023	0	0.0038456	0.0000000	19	102

gateway_other <- port_networks$other %>%
  activate(edges) %>%
  filter(to_realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  mutate(strength_out = centrality_degree(mode = "out", weights = n_voyages)) %>%
  filter(strength_out > 0)
gateway_nodes_other <- gateway_other %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  filter(realm != "Southern Ocean") %>%
  arrange(desc(strength_out)) %>%
  dplyr::select(place, country, ecoregion, province, realm, strength_out, everything()) %>%
  ungroup() %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  mutate(total_voyages_to = sum(strength_out)) %>%
  mutate(pcent = strength_out / total_voyages_to * 100)

gateway_nodes_other %>%
  dplyr::select(place, country, strength_out, pcent) %>%
  mutate(pcent = sprintf("%0.2f", pcent))

## # A tibble: 4 × 4
##   place        country   strength_out pcent
##   <chr>        <chr>            <dbl> <chr>
## 1 Punta Arenas Chile                3 37.50
## 2 Ushuaia      Argentina            3 37.50
## 3 Apapa-Lagos  Nigeria              1 12.50
## 4 Bonny        Nigeria              1 12.50

Main regions of activity to and from Antarctic ecoregions

gateway_region_results <- gateway_region_importance(list_of_eco_networks = ecoregion_networks, output_nodes = TRUE)
gateway_region_results$all

ecoregion	province	realm	strength_out	strength_in	lat_zone	n_voyages	n_ships	total_time	median_time	mean_time
South Shetland Islands	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	2702	2708	Polar	2580	141	644148900	108120	249670.1
Antarctic Peninsula	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	1993	2000	Polar	1967	114	867381660	320940	440966.8
Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Magellanic	Temperate South America	1128	1210	Temperate	1582	123	1377201300	97380	1346237.8
Malvinas/Falklands	Magellanic	Temperate South America	393	280	Temperate	724	101	454577940	44940	828010.8
South Georgia	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	351	352	Polar	348	53	10956780	27450	124508.9
South Orkney Islands	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	188	191	Polar	175	51	137039040	176160	783080.2
East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	129	125	Polar	125	33	215794800	890700	1726358.4
Ross Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	105	94	Polar	102	36	119878080	852030	1175275.3
Rio de la Plata	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	80	83	Temperate	590	113	1162411380	245580	2184983.8
Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	64	67	Polar	69	34	97986300	462360	1420091.3
East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	57	58	Polar	59	17	159609360	901800	2705243.4
Namaqua	Benguela	Temperate Southern Africa	53	49	Temperate	186	55	528610620	405000	3547722.3
Bassian	Southeast Australian Shelf	Temperate Australasia	52	48	Temperate	94	24	227862360	498420	2998188.9
Weddell Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	46	43	Polar	39	13	54267300	1276380	1391469.2
Central New Zealand	Southern New Zealand	Temperate Australasia	36	49	Temperate	153	40	306939900	440550	3009214.7
Peter the First Island	Subantarctic Islands	Southern Ocean	29	30	Polar	25	17	3031920	64140	121276.8
East Antarctic Enderby Land	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	27	28	Polar	27	7	31204380	78360	1155717.8
South New Zealand	Southern New Zealand	Temperate Australasia	19	17	Temperate	51	17	32668740	121980	796798.5
North Sea	Northern European Seas	Temperate Northern Atlantic	17	14	Temperate	995	91	738240000	309510	971368.4
East China Sea	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	Temperate Northern Pacific	15	13	Temperate	661	68	941725140	121680	1640636.1
Leeuwin	Southwest Australian Shelf	Temperate Australasia	15	8	Temperate	43	19	20524500	406890	570125.0
South Sandwich Islands	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	11	11	Polar	10	8	924180	59700	92418.0
Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	9	24	Temperate	198	40	85992240	106380	632295.9
Azores Canaries Madeira	Lusitanian	Temperate Northern Atlantic	7	8	Temperate	319	82	240361440	122340	837496.3
Araucanian	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Temperate South America	6	2	Temperate	71	34	75830040	149160	1648479.1
Fiji Islands	Tropical Southwestern Pacific	Central Indo-Pacific	6	1	Tropical	31	20	16919820	112080	676792.8
Mascarene Islands	Western Indian Ocean	Western Indo-Pacific	5	19	Tropical	70	37	151764480	92190	2529408.0
North Patagonian Gulfs	Magellanic	Temperate South America	5	7	Temperate	80	29	4215780	45360	156140.0
Sunda Shelf/Java Sea	Sunda Shelf	Central Indo-Pacific	5	4	Tropical	42	17	4164120	85620	160158.5
Central Peru	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Temperate South America	5	2	Temperate	92	34	107904480	221340	1686007.5
Malacca Strait	Sunda Shelf	Central Indo-Pacific	5	2	Tropical	236	49	48070020	61560	223581.5
Baltic Sea	Northern European Seas	Temperate Northern Atlantic	3	3	Temperate	239	58	379748880	754320	1741967.3
Sea of Japan/East Sea	Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific	Temperate Northern Pacific	3	3	Temperate	286	46	415797000	250650	1704086.1
Manning-Hawkesbury	East Central Australian Shelf	Temperate Australasia	3	1	Temperate	45	18	14886960	196440	363096.6
Southern China	South China Sea	Central Indo-Pacific	3	1	Tropical	152	30	139400700	265140	1032597.8
Southwestern Caribbean	Tropical Northwestern Atlantic	Tropical Atlantic	2	2	Tropical	278	65	29972160	175920	218774.9
Eastern India	Bay of Bengal	Western Indo-Pacific	2	1	Tropical	19	10	3420900	213150	427612.5
Gulf of Guinea Central	Gulf of Guinea	Tropical Atlantic	2	1	Tropical	125	30	287585280	1763790	2934543.7
Rio Grande	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	2	1	Temperate	50	21	8917440	132090	247706.7
Southeastern Brazil	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	1	5	Temperate	138	55	175294140	321270	1460784.5
Central Chile	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Temperate South America	1	3	Temperate	151	42	143950620	192180	1219920.5
New Caledonia	Tropical Southwestern Pacific	Central Indo-Pacific	1	1	Tropical	26	18	20368200	141780	1018410.0
Southern Norway	Northern European Seas	Temperate Northern Atlantic	1	1	Temperate	294	45	73604280	232440	307967.7
Easter Island	Easter Island	Eastern Indo-Pacific	1	0	Tropical	42	17	28156920	892350	1173205.0
Gulf of Aden	Red Sea and Gulf of Aden	Western Indo-Pacific	1	0	Tropical	19	12	2419320	431040	483864.0
Gulf of Guinea South	Gulf of Guinea	Tropical Atlantic	1	0	Tropical	39	15	22084920	525600	761549.0
Sahelian Upwelling	West African Transition	Tropical Atlantic	1	0	Tropical	23	17	2185440	129510	136590.0
Cape Verde	West African Transition	Tropical Atlantic	0	3	Tropical	99	38	23133720	36390	350510.9
Yellow Sea	Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific	Temperate Northern Pacific	0	3	Temperate	213	41	108369180	315720	619252.5
Celtic Seas	Northern European Seas	Temperate Northern Atlantic	0	2	Temperate	329	55	150705720	257550	519674.9
Society Islands	Southeast Polynesia	Eastern Indo-Pacific	0	2	Tropical	54	29	90202560	1127940	2733410.9
St. Helena and Ascension Islands	St. Helena and Ascension Islands	Tropical Atlantic	0	2	Tropical	9	5	1605600	190800	229371.4
Central Kuroshio Current	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	Temperate Northern Pacific	0	1	Temperate	410	37	491371200	201000	1303371.9
Chiloense	Magellanic	Temperate South America	0	1	Temperate	183	42	63988560	43800	809981.8
Eastern Brazil	Tropical Southwestern Atlantic	Tropical Atlantic	0	1	Tropical	48	28	6126300	55920	161218.4
Guayaquil	Tropical East Pacific	Tropical Eastern Pacific	0	1	Tropical	81	31	18927960	60480	282506.9
Houtman	West Central Australian Shelf	Temperate Australasia	0	1	Temperate	7	4	275400	37050	68850.0
Natal	Agulhas	Temperate Southern Africa	0	1	Temperate	71	32	44340960	245520	703824.8
Puget Trough/Georgia Basin	Cold Temperate Northeast Pacific	Temperate Northern Pacific	0	1	Temperate	204	26	131918820	40470	709241.0
Northern Norway and Finnmark	Northern European Seas	Temperate Northern Atlantic	0	1	Temperate	302	42	178087140	474240	662034.0
Alboran Sea	Mediterranean Sea	Temperate Northern Atlantic	0	1	Temperate	287	60	70468380	111420	310433.4

ecoregion_networks$all %>% 
  activate(nodes) %>% 
  filter(realm == "Southern Ocean") %>% 
  as_tibble() %>% 
  summarise(total_voyages = sum(n_voyages))

## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   total_voyages
##           <dbl>
## 1          5526

ecoregion_networks$all %>% 
  activate(nodes) %>% 
  filter(ecoregion == "South Shetland Islands" | ecoregion == "Antarctic Peninsula") %>% 
  as_tibble() %>% 
  summarise(total_voyages = sum(n_voyages))

## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   total_voyages
##           <dbl>
## 1          4547

4547/5562

## [1] 0.8175117

fishing

gateway_region_results$fishing

ecoregion	province	realm	strength_out	strength_in	lat_zone	n_voyages	n_ships	total_time	median_time	mean_time
South Shetland Islands	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	360	361	Polar	357	21	123805800	151200	346794.96
Antarctic Peninsula	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	308	307	Polar	302	20	280811880	662520	929840.66
Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Magellanic	Temperate South America	57	49	Temperate	105	24	942209880	6178860	10586627.87
South Orkney Islands	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	47	50	Polar	50	17	97005240	1111590	1940104.80
Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	40	41	Polar	42	20	83171940	634080	1980284.29
Malvinas/Falklands	Magellanic	Temperate South America	31	50	Temperate	100	24	260630220	258480	3429345.00
South Georgia	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	27	27	Polar	26	12	2172960	19500	724320.00
Ross Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	27	19	Polar	24	12	23550780	795630	981282.50
Rio de la Plata	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	18	22	Temperate	63	24	662475960	3913680	11622385.26
Namaqua	Benguela	Temperate Southern Africa	16	8	Temperate	29	13	174880800	7629030	6726184.62
Peter the First Island	Subantarctic Islands	Southern Ocean	11	12	Polar	9	8	470760	46320	52306.67
East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	11	10	Polar	10	5	28279560	2052180	2827956.00
East China Sea	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	Temperate Northern Pacific	8	13	Temperate	66	16	415792860	2103630	9038975.22
Central New Zealand	Southern New Zealand	Temperate Australasia	8	7	Temperate	35	9	161288820	4965540	7331310.00
East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	7	7	Polar	10	3	73696680	866340	7369668.00
Fiji Islands	Tropical Southwestern Pacific	Central Indo-Pacific	6	1	Tropical	6	5	707760	141660	235920.00
Central Peru	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Temperate South America	5	1	Temperate	8	2	74883660	7436700	10697665.71
Azores Canaries Madeira	Lusitanian	Temperate Northern Atlantic	4	6	Temperate	10	6	65595240	5307900	6559524.00
Araucanian	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Temperate South America	3	2	Temperate	12	9	34886760	3974280	4983822.86
Mascarene Islands	Western Indian Ocean	Western Indo-Pacific	2	3	Tropical	10	5	135228300	120360	19318328.57
Baltic Sea	Northern European Seas	Temperate Northern Atlantic	2	2	Temperate	6	2	16880280	3446040	3376056.00
East Antarctic Enderby Land	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	2	2	Polar	2	1	119340	59670	59670.00
South Sandwich Islands	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	2	2	Polar	2	2	494940	247470	247470.00
Southwestern Caribbean	Tropical Northwestern Atlantic	Tropical Atlantic	2	2	Tropical	4	3	NA	NA	NA
Malacca Strait	Sunda Shelf	Central Indo-Pacific	2	0	Tropical	8	5	3652020	180000	608670.00
Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	1	2	Temperate	11	7	1132260	129120	226452.00
Sea of Japan/East Sea	Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific	Temperate Northern Pacific	1	1	Temperate	31	6	144457920	974010	5556073.85
Weddell Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	1	1	Polar	1	1	1318620	1318620	1318620.00
Sahelian Upwelling	West African Transition	Tropical Atlantic	1	0	Tropical	3	2	245580	245580	245580.00
Bassian	Southeast Australian Shelf	Temperate Australasia	0	1	Temperate	6	2	1066680	201300	177780.00
North Sea	Northern European Seas	Temperate Northern Atlantic	0	1	Temperate	6	3	22982040	2554740	5745510.00

tourism

gateway_region_results$tourism

ecoregion	province	realm	strength_out	strength_in	lat_zone	n_voyages	n_ships	total_time	median_time	mean_time
South Shetland Islands	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	1793	1789	Polar	1686	52	219047460	82530	129921.39
Antarctic Peninsula	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	1362	1368	Polar	1349	55	427299000	306660	316752.41
Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Magellanic	Temperate South America	874	966	Temperate	1196	55	104085900	79260	143171.80
South Georgia	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	285	287	Polar	287	32	5511120	27450	74474.59
Malvinas/Falklands	Magellanic	Temperate South America	263	136	Temperate	388	46	20597760	32820	67093.68
South Orkney Islands	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	63	62	Polar	50	17	3841200	64470	76824.00
Ross Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	25	25	Polar	24	7	16047480	705930	668645.00
East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	19	18	Polar	17	4	4034340	111420	237314.12
South New Zealand	Southern New Zealand	Temperate Australasia	19	17	Temperate	42	13	25035840	122520	715309.71
Rio de la Plata	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	17	18	Temperate	209	38	61376220	186000	318011.50
Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	5	11	Temperate	20	8	1239420	85860	88530.00
North Patagonian Gulfs	Magellanic	Temperate South America	5	7	Temperate	66	20	2490780	42720	108294.78
Peter the First Island	Subantarctic Islands	Southern Ocean	5	5	Polar	4	2	852180	61200	213045.00
Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	3	3	Polar	3	1	996240	262440	332080.00
Bassian	Southeast Australian Shelf	Temperate Australasia	3	0	Temperate	19	10	5378460	268140	358564.00
Southeastern Brazil	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	1	4	Temperate	67	26	16636200	204540	297075.00
North Sea	Northern European Seas	Temperate Northern Atlantic	1	2	Temperate	564	46	337975980	295710	737938.82
Araucanian	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Temperate South America	1	0	Temperate	26	11	5519340	47460	324667.06
Namaqua	Benguela	Temperate Southern Africa	0	10	Temperate	46	16	64499940	198390	1612498.50
Central New Zealand	Southern New Zealand	Temperate Australasia	0	8	Temperate	42	14	13079880	199650	544995.00
Cape Verde	West African Transition	Tropical Atlantic	0	3	Tropical	87	29	21883320	34140	377298.62
St. Helena and Ascension Islands	St. Helena and Ascension Islands	Tropical Atlantic	0	2	Tropical	8	4	972000	169200	162000.00
Baltic Sea	Northern European Seas	Temperate Northern Atlantic	0	1	Temperate	133	29	164949960	893790	1288671.56
Chiloense	Magellanic	Temperate South America	0	1	Temperate	138	28	18480300	40620	288754.69
Society Islands	Southeast Polynesia	Eastern Indo-Pacific	0	1	Tropical	41	19	83897460	1911600	3647715.65

research

gateway_region_results$research

ecoregion	province	realm	strength_out	strength_in	lat_zone	n_voyages	n_ships	total_time	median_time	mean_time
South Shetland Islands	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	361	367	Polar	350	22	155720580	180990	444915.94
Antarctic Peninsula	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	248	248	Polar	242	18	132280260	301350	546612.64
Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Magellanic	Temperate South America	160	159	Temperate	208	21	165702960	439950	1010383.90
East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	91	90	Polar	89	20	145721400	940380	1637319.10
Bassian	Southeast Australian Shelf	Temperate Australasia	49	47	Temperate	69	12	221417220	728340	4025767.64
Malvinas/Falklands	Magellanic	Temperate South America	44	43	Temperate	60	4	42844020	518940	1071100.50
Ross Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	43	42	Polar	43	11	58037400	1178220	1349706.98
South Orkney Islands	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	41	41	Polar	40	11	20687460	200460	517186.50
Weddell Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	35	33	Polar	35	9	50564940	1323180	1444712.57
Namaqua	Benguela	Temperate Southern Africa	31	24	Temperate	80	12	243361500	524640	4424754.55
East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	29	27	Polar	27	8	34264320	626160	1269048.89
South Georgia	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	26	25	Polar	26	7	637740	26580	91105.71
Central New Zealand	Southern New Zealand	Temperate Australasia	20	24	Temperate	44	10	124019940	518280	4593331.11
Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	20	22	Polar	23	12	13693860	274380	595385.22
East Antarctic Enderby Land	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	19	20	Polar	19	5	30759060	200820	1618897.89
Leeuwin	Southwest Australian Shelf	Temperate Australasia	15	8	Temperate	30	10	17065080	430440	632040.00
Peter the First Island	Subantarctic Islands	Southern Ocean	13	13	Polar	12	7	1708980	73410	142415.00
South Sandwich Islands	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	7	7	Polar	6	5	311700	48630	51950.00
North Sea	Northern European Seas	Temperate Northern Atlantic	5	4	Temperate	164	14	186691140	377520	1382897.33
Rio de la Plata	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	3	9	Temperate	32	13	31691340	434280	1173753.33
Mascarene Islands	Western Indian Ocean	Western Indo-Pacific	3	3	Tropical	11	6	9554760	522120	1364965.71
Manning-Hawkesbury	East Central Australian Shelf	Temperate Australasia	3	1	Temperate	12	4	5303280	349140	482116.36
Azores Canaries Madeira	Lusitanian	Temperate Northern Atlantic	2	1	Temperate	45	9	34269960	105660	856749.00
Rio Grande	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	2	0	Temperate	19	4	1995180	163020	153475.38
New Caledonia	Tropical Southwestern Pacific	Central Indo-Pacific	1	1	Tropical	6	4	10858560	427560	2171712.00
Southern China	South China Sea	Central Indo-Pacific	1	1	Tropical	16	3	85379160	6485700	6567627.69
Southern Norway	Northern European Seas	Temperate Northern Atlantic	1	1	Temperate	3	1	1073820	536910	536910.00
Araucanian	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Temperate South America	1	0	Temperate	22	5	33251520	1036320	2216768.00
Easter Island	Easter Island	Eastern Indo-Pacific	1	0	Tropical	4	2	1434780	717390	717390.00
Gulf of Aden	Red Sea and Gulf of Aden	Western Indo-Pacific	1	0	Tropical	3	2	19140	19140	19140.00
Celtic Seas	Northern European Seas	Temperate Northern Atlantic	0	2	Temperate	33	5	33336180	693870	1666809.00
Central Chile	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Temperate South America	0	2	Temperate	25	6	44997300	742080	2045331.82
Sea of Japan/East Sea	Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific	Temperate Northern Pacific	0	2	Temperate	33	4	7772040	188490	298924.62
Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	0	2	Temperate	9	6	487800	71610	121950.00
Central Kuroshio Current	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	Temperate Northern Pacific	0	1	Temperate	50	5	358746120	4846020	7632896.17
Eastern Brazil	Tropical Southwestern Atlantic	Tropical Atlantic	0	1	Tropical	4	3	2176620	1088310	1088310.00
Puget Trough/Georgia Basin	Cold Temperate Northeast Pacific	Temperate Northern Pacific	0	1	Temperate	11	4	68106540	3808140	6810654.00
Society Islands	Southeast Polynesia	Eastern Indo-Pacific	0	1	Tropical	11	8	6234840	486000	779355.00
Southeastern Brazil	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	0	1	Temperate	15	5	130702140	13985940	10054010.77
Yellow Sea	Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific	Temperate Northern Pacific	0	1	Temperate	13	4	16371360	1410630	1637136.00
Alboran Sea	Mediterranean Sea	Temperate Northern Atlantic	0	1	Temperate	39	6	36765480	181080	1267775.17

supply

gateway_region_results$supply

ecoregion	province	realm	strength_out	strength_in	lat_zone	n_voyages	n_ships	total_time	median_time	mean_time
South Shetland Islands	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	178	180	Polar	176	43	139462560	416220	792400.91
Antarctic Peninsula	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	68	70	Polar	67	19	22706040	173340	338896.12
Malvinas/Falklands	Magellanic	Temperate South America	55	51	Temperate	176	27	130505940	266400	1035761.43
Rio de la Plata	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	42	34	Temperate	284	36	401083140	264480	1585308.85
South Orkney Islands	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	37	38	Polar	35	6	15505140	247860	443004.00
Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Magellanic	Temperate South America	31	30	Temperate	65	21	159218820	921840	4422745.00
South Georgia	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	13	13	Polar	9	2	2634960	155370	658740.00
Ross Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	10	8	Polar	10	5	22121520	1603170	2212152.00
Central New Zealand	Southern New Zealand	Temperate Australasia	8	10	Temperate	32	7	8551260	135900	294871.03
East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	8	10	Polar	9	4	29157000	2763660	3239666.67
East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	8	7	Polar	8	3	17070360	1661400	2133795.00
East China Sea	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	Temperate Northern Pacific	7	0	Temperate	442	33	400124280	103680	1023335.75
Namaqua	Benguela	Temperate Southern Africa	6	7	Temperate	31	14	45868380	395640	1638156.43
East Antarctic Enderby Land	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	6	6	Polar	6	1	325980	62370	54330.00
Sunda Shelf/Java Sea	Sunda Shelf	Central Indo-Pacific	5	4	Tropical	16	7	2066820	195900	258352.50
North Sea	Northern European Seas	Temperate Northern Atlantic	4	1	Temperate	237	24	153729960	339780	1004770.98
Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	3	9	Temperate	158	19	83132760	127920	735688.14
Malacca Strait	Sunda Shelf	Central Indo-Pacific	3	2	Tropical	161	30	27650820	58320	185575.97
South Sandwich Islands	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	2	2	Polar	2	1	117540	58770	58770.00
Weddell Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	2	2	Polar	2	2	1188480	594240	594240.00
Eastern India	Bay of Bengal	Western Indo-Pacific	2	1	Tropical	12	6	3170520	465390	528420.00
Sea of Japan/East Sea	Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific	Temperate Northern Pacific	2	0	Temperate	122	23	66817260	263970	642473.65
Southern China	South China Sea	Central Indo-Pacific	2	0	Tropical	86	15	20766420	251520	273242.37
Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	1	1	Polar	1	1	124260	124260	124260.00
Central Chile	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Temperate South America	1	1	Temperate	27	6	85393560	2102280	3712763.48
Araucanian	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Temperate South America	1	0	Temperate	11	9	2172420	196860	310345.71
Azores Canaries Madeira	Lusitanian	Temperate Northern Atlantic	1	0	Temperate	91	21	42403980	93360	487402.07
Baltic Sea	Northern European Seas	Temperate Northern Atlantic	1	0	Temperate	71	20	33588000	252120	533142.86
Gulf of Guinea South	Gulf of Guinea	Tropical Atlantic	1	0	Tropical	34	12	21999600	579750	846138.46
Mascarene Islands	Western Indian Ocean	Western Indo-Pacific	0	13	Tropical	32	18	2075700	33240	71575.86
Yellow Sea	Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific	Temperate Northern Pacific	0	2	Temperate	188	29	85944060	306900	547414.39
Central Peru	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Temperate South America	0	1	Temperate	14	8	8917260	177120	1114657.50
Guayaquil	Tropical East Pacific	Tropical Eastern Pacific	0	1	Tropical	28	12	15855720	631680	689379.13
Houtman	West Central Australian Shelf	Temperate Australasia	0	1	Temperate	2	1	168960	168960	168960.00
Natal	Agulhas	Temperate Southern Africa	0	1	Temperate	27	16	11898960	181950	457652.31
Rio Grande	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Temperate South America	0	1	Temperate	25	12	6801780	132570	340089.00
Northern Norway and Finnmark	Northern European Seas	Temperate Northern Atlantic	0	1	Temperate	44	4	63279120	585210	1581978.00

other

gateway_region_results$other

ecoregion	province	realm	strength_out	strength_in	lat_zone	n_voyages	n_ships	total_time	median_time	mean_time
East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	13	14	Polar	13	2	22491360	929400	1730104.6
South Shetland Islands	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	10	11	Polar	11	3	6112500	299580	555681.8
Weddell Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	8	7	Polar	1	1	1195260	1195260	1195260.0
Antarctic Peninsula	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	7	7	Polar	7	2	4284480	431520	612068.6
North Sea	Northern European Seas	Temperate Northern Atlantic	7	6	Temperate	24	4	36860880	3067800	3686088.0
Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Magellanic	Temperate South America	6	6	Temperate	8	2	5983740	644880	854820.0
Gulf of Guinea Central	Gulf of Guinea	Tropical Atlantic	2	1	Tropical	3	1	58645740	58645740	58645740.0
Azores Canaries Madeira	Lusitanian	Temperate Northern Atlantic	0	1	Temperate	2	2	2960100	1480050	1480050.0

How about the connections between ecoregions around the Southern Ocean?

Whem looking at all ships, by far the strongest connections are between the Antarctic Peninsula, the South Shetland Islands and the Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile, which combined account for 5344 voyages between regions. In comparison, the connections with the next highest amount were between South Georgia and the Malvinas/Falklands and from there to the South Shetland Islands and the Antarctic Peninsula, yet combined they only account for 798 voyages between regions. The highest ranked connection between regions that do not include the Antarctic Peninsula, South Shetland Islands, South Georgia, Malvinas/Falklands, Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile or South Orkney Islands is between Bassian (Tasmania, Australia) and East Antarctic Wilkes Land (a vast area of East Antarctica that has numerous research stations). Even so, this connection accounted for 95 voyages in both directions, equivalent to 6% of the 1547 between Southern Chile/South America and the South Shetland Islands

gateway_region_edge_results <- gateway_region_importance(list_of_eco_networks = ecoregion_networks, output_nodes = FALSE)
gateway_region_edge_results$all

from	to	move	from_ecoregion	to_ecoregion	from_realm	to_realm	n_voyages	n_ships	n_trips	total_time	median_time	mean_time	n_time	internal
127	6	South Shetland Islands_Antarctic Peninsula	South Shetland Islands	Antarctic Peninsula	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1582	102	138	46181280	16320	29191.71	1582	Within Antarctica
6	127	Antarctic Peninsula_South Shetland Islands	Antarctic Peninsula	South Shetland Islands	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1564	100	136	51024600	13920	32645.30	1563	Within Antarctica
127	28	South Shetland Islands_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	South Shetland Islands	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	812	77	93	116547780	176760	223700.15	521	To or from Antarctica
28	127	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_South Shetland Islands	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	South Shetland Islands	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	735	91	108	69126840	123990	142824.05	484	To or from Antarctica
6	28	Antarctic Peninsula_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Antarctic Peninsula	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	349	56	59	85680300	277830	303830.85	282	To or from Antarctica
28	6	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_Antarctic Peninsula	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Antarctic Peninsula	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	302	51	56	19070940	43320	87481.38	218	To or from Antarctica
77	122	Malvinas/Falklands_South Georgia	Malvinas/Falklands	South Georgia	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	220	39	45	17261700	345420	401434.88	43	To or from Antarctica
127	77	South Shetland Islands_Malvinas/Falklands	South Shetland Islands	Malvinas/Falklands	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	120	51	53	37179060	238740	375546.06	99	To or from Antarctica
77	127	Malvinas/Falklands_South Shetland Islands	Malvinas/Falklands	South Shetland Islands	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	113	55	56	33127860	233880	394379.29	84	To or from Antarctica
122	127	South Georgia_South Shetland Islands	South Georgia	South Shetland Islands	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	107	29	29	7755360	237870	228098.82	34	Within Antarctica
122	77	South Georgia_Malvinas/Falklands	South Georgia	Malvinas/Falklands	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	97	28	33	14190600	546660	788366.67	18	To or from Antarctica
125	127	South Orkney Islands_South Shetland Islands	South Orkney Islands	South Shetland Islands	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	89	38	47	7035360	28980	79048.99	89	Within Antarctica
36	14	East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Bassian	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Bassian	Southern Ocean	Temperate Australasia	48	7	11	37505880	699630	852406.36	44	To or from Antarctica
14	36	Bassian_East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Bassian	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Temperate Australasia	Southern Ocean	47	9	14	21954960	488790	548874.00	40	To or from Antarctica
122	6	South Georgia_Antarctic Peninsula	South Georgia	Antarctic Peninsula	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	45	19	20	3259620	173400	217308.00	15	Within Antarctica
127	108	South Shetland Islands_Rio de la Plata	South Shetland Islands	Rio de la Plata	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	44	26	30	51888600	728250	1235442.86	42	To or from Antarctica
122	125	South Georgia_South Orkney Islands	South Georgia	South Orkney Islands	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	42	17	18	2305680	107460	256186.67	9	Within Antarctica
127	122	South Shetland Islands_South Georgia	South Shetland Islands	South Georgia	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	42	22	22	2227440	295890	371240.00	6	Within Antarctica
127	125	South Shetland Islands_South Orkney Islands	South Shetland Islands	South Orkney Islands	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	42	27	33	3109440	33150	74034.29	42	Within Antarctica
28	122	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_South Georgia	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	South Georgia	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	40	19	20	5284500	476880	480409.09	11	To or from Antarctica
77	125	Malvinas/Falklands_South Orkney Islands	Malvinas/Falklands	South Orkney Islands	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	34	12	12	10829700	290640	373437.93	29	To or from Antarctica
110	25	Ross Sea_Central New Zealand	Ross Sea	Central New Zealand	Southern Ocean	Temperate Australasia	33	13	17	33070380	795540	1066786.45	31	To or from Antarctica
108	127	Rio de la Plata_South Shetland Islands	Rio de la Plata	South Shetland Islands	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	31	19	20	29856420	623430	995214.00	30	To or from Antarctica
125	77	South Orkney Islands_Malvinas/Falklands	South Orkney Islands	Malvinas/Falklands	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	25	7	7	6010680	206580	333926.67	18	To or from Antarctica
6	77	Antarctic Peninsula_Malvinas/Falklands	Antarctic Peninsula	Malvinas/Falklands	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	24	14	15	8866440	244500	521555.29	17	To or from Antarctica
110	36	Ross Sea_East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Ross Sea	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	24	11	11	5117160	28050	213215.00	24	Within Antarctica
36	110	East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Ross Sea	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Ross Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	23	14	18	8862120	113580	385309.57	23	Within Antarctica
25	110	Central New Zealand_Ross Sea	Central New Zealand	Ross Sea	Temperate Australasia	Southern Ocean	22	9	10	22046880	524790	1377930.00	16	To or from Antarctica
108	125	Rio de la Plata_South Orkney Islands	Rio de la Plata	South Orkney Islands	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	22	10	12	9637980	486600	481899.00	20	To or from Antarctica
28	125	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_South Orkney Islands	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	South Orkney Islands	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	19	13	13	7301040	371640	486736.00	15	To or from Antarctica
77	6	Malvinas/Falklands_Antarctic Peninsula	Malvinas/Falklands	Antarctic Peninsula	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	18	10	10	1456380	82080	132398.18	11	To or from Antarctica
125	6	South Orkney Islands_Antarctic Peninsula	South Orkney Islands	Antarctic Peninsula	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	18	10	10	3985200	86640	221400.00	18	Within Antarctica
37	150	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_Weddell Sea	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Weddell Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	17	7	7	1658160	25440	97538.82	17	Within Antarctica
110	4	Ross Sea_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Ross Sea	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	17	13	16	8110500	304920	477088.24	17	Within Antarctica
28	4	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	16	9	12	38511660	1586790	2406978.75	16	To or from Antarctica
122	108	South Georgia_Rio de la Plata	South Georgia	Rio de la Plata	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	16	7	7	3318060	520590	553010.00	6	To or from Antarctica
125	108	South Orkney Islands_Rio de la Plata	South Orkney Islands	Rio de la Plata	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	16	6	8	19804080	682740	1320272.00	15	To or from Antarctica
127	146	South Shetland Islands_Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	South Shetland Islands	Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	16	9	9	8653500	536400	576900.00	15	To or from Antarctica
4	28	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	15	9	13	16407720	945090	1171980.00	14	To or from Antarctica
4	106	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Peter the First Island	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Peter the First Island	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	15	12	13	1952100	34200	130140.00	15	Within Antarctica
84	37	Namaqua_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Namaqua	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Temperate Southern Africa	Southern Ocean	15	6	6	8904900	569400	684992.31	13	To or from Antarctica
122	84	South Georgia_Namaqua	South Georgia	Namaqua	Southern Ocean	Temperate Southern Africa	14	8	8	4569180	1118700	1523060.00	3	To or from Antarctica
136	110	South New Zealand_Ross Sea	South New Zealand	Ross Sea	Temperate Australasia	Southern Ocean	14	4	6	8266140	679320	635856.92	13	To or from Antarctica
36	35	East Antarctic Wilkes Land_East Antarctic Enderby Land	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	East Antarctic Enderby Land	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	13	6	7	1157040	22380	89003.08	13	Within Antarctica
125	122	South Orkney Islands_South Georgia	South Orkney Islands	South Georgia	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	13	10	10	851820	217680	212955.00	4	Within Antarctica
127	82	South Shetland Islands_Mascarene Islands	South Shetland Islands	Mascarene Islands	Southern Ocean	Western Indo-Pacific	13	10	11	24031560	1656900	1848581.54	13	To or from Antarctica
6	122	Antarctic Peninsula_South Georgia	Antarctic Peninsula	South Georgia	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	12	9	9	3858000	466020	643000.00	6	Within Antarctica
84	150	Namaqua_Weddell Sea	Namaqua	Weddell Sea	Temperate Southern Africa	Southern Ocean	12	4	4	8596560	776730	859656.00	10	To or from Antarctica
108	122	Rio de la Plata_South Georgia	Rio de la Plata	South Georgia	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	12	6	6	2491320	453360	622830.00	4	To or from Antarctica
122	28	South Georgia_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	South Georgia	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	12	11	11	739740	369870	369870.00	2	To or from Antarctica
150	37	Weddell Sea_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Weddell Sea	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	12	5	5	3198420	95130	266535.00	12	Within Antarctica
37	84	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_Namaqua	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Namaqua	Southern Ocean	Temperate Southern Africa	11	5	7	11641260	623160	1164126.00	10	To or from Antarctica
35	36	East Antarctic Enderby Land_East Antarctic Wilkes Land	East Antarctic Enderby Land	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	11	5	7	1115220	57960	101383.64	11	Within Antarctica
125	28	South Orkney Islands_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	South Orkney Islands	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	11	9	9	8350680	581580	835068.00	10	To or from Antarctica
37	35	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_East Antarctic Enderby Land	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	East Antarctic Enderby Land	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	10	5	7	1230120	16290	123012.00	10	Within Antarctica
36	25	East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Central New Zealand	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Central New Zealand	Southern Ocean	Temperate Australasia	10	5	5	9470520	872430	947052.00	10	To or from Antarctica
165	37	North Sea_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	North Sea	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Temperate Northern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	10	5	6	-21167820	-365220	-2645977.50	8	To or from Antarctica
150	84	Weddell Sea_Namaqua	Weddell Sea	Namaqua	Southern Ocean	Temperate Southern Africa	10	5	5	9320040	848880	932004.00	10	To or from Antarctica
4	6	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Antarctic Peninsula	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Antarctic Peninsula	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	9	5	6	458580	20940	50953.33	9	Within Antarctica
6	4	Antarctic Peninsula_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Antarctic Peninsula	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	9	7	7	5477100	20880	608566.67	9	Within Antarctica
6	125	Antarctic Peninsula_South Orkney Islands	Antarctic Peninsula	South Orkney Islands	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	9	7	7	1697940	126420	188660.00	9	Within Antarctica
71	36	Leeuwin_East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Leeuwin	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Temperate Australasia	Southern Ocean	9	5	5	5887680	744000	654186.67	9	To or from Antarctica
84	127	Namaqua_South Shetland Islands	Namaqua	South Shetland Islands	Temperate Southern Africa	Southern Ocean	9	6	7	16478940	1879500	2059867.50	8	To or from Antarctica
110	136	Ross Sea_South New Zealand	Ross Sea	South New Zealand	Southern Ocean	Temperate Australasia	9	6	6	7677420	750060	853046.67	9	To or from Antarctica
28	110	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_Ross Sea	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Ross Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	8	5	7	33446340	4840860	4180792.50	8	To or from Antarctica
35	37	East Antarctic Enderby Land_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	East Antarctic Enderby Land	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	8	4	5	246360	18450	30795.00	8	Within Antarctica
36	136	East Antarctic Wilkes Land_South New Zealand	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	South New Zealand	Southern Ocean	Temperate Australasia	8	3	5	5532240	674850	691530.00	8	To or from Antarctica
38	127	East China Sea_South Shetland Islands	East China Sea	South Shetland Islands	Temperate Northern Pacific	Southern Ocean	8	8	8	15621540	2376120	2603590.00	6	To or from Antarctica
108	6	Rio de la Plata_Antarctic Peninsula	Rio de la Plata	Antarctic Peninsula	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	8	5	5	3691380	444870	461422.50	8	To or from Antarctica
146	127	Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf_South Shetland Islands	Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	South Shetland Islands	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	8	4	4	2430420	451200	486084.00	5	To or from Antarctica
25	36	Central New Zealand_East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Central New Zealand	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Temperate Australasia	Southern Ocean	7	5	5	2938320	547080	587664.00	5	To or from Antarctica
37	165	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_North Sea	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	North Sea	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Atlantic	7	2	3	1983780	991890	991890.00	2	To or from Antarctica
36	71	East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Leeuwin	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Leeuwin	Southern Ocean	Temperate Australasia	7	4	6	8698080	1114920	1242582.86	7	To or from Antarctica
106	4	Peter the First Island_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Peter the First Island	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	7	5	6	1922700	15240	274671.43	7	Within Antarctica
106	6	Peter the First Island_Antarctic Peninsula	Peter the First Island	Antarctic Peninsula	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	7	6	6	881520	117900	125931.43	7	Within Antarctica
150	125	Weddell Sea_South Orkney Islands	Weddell Sea	South Orkney Islands	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	7	3	3	2901720	283920	414531.43	7	Within Antarctica
4	77	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Malvinas/Falklands	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Malvinas/Falklands	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	6	3	4	2469240	949440	823080.00	3	To or from Antarctica
6	106	Antarctic Peninsula_Peter the First Island	Antarctic Peninsula	Peter the First Island	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	6	5	5	836520	102630	139420.00	6	Within Antarctica
8	127	Araucanian_South Shetland Islands	Araucanian	South Shetland Islands	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	6	6	6	7112040	783270	1778010.00	4	To or from Antarctica
25	4	Central New Zealand_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Central New Zealand	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Temperate Australasia	Southern Ocean	6	4	4	4466040	550140	1488680.00	3	To or from Antarctica
36	84	East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Namaqua	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Namaqua	Southern Ocean	Temperate Southern Africa	6	4	4	5682900	1258680	1136580.00	5	To or from Antarctica
4	25	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Central New Zealand	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Central New Zealand	Southern Ocean	Temperate Australasia	5	3	3	7026480	1349880	1405296.00	5	To or from Antarctica
4	110	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Ross Sea	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Ross Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	5	4	4	314880	41880	62976.00	5	Within Antarctica
6	165	Antarctic Peninsula_North Sea	Antarctic Peninsula	North Sea	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Atlantic	5	3	3	8289600	19740	1657920.00	5	To or from Antarctica
14	110	Bassian_Ross Sea	Bassian	Ross Sea	Temperate Australasia	Southern Ocean	5	3	3	3443160	470640	688632.00	5	To or from Antarctica
35	84	East Antarctic Enderby Land_Namaqua	East Antarctic Enderby Land	Namaqua	Southern Ocean	Temperate Southern Africa	5	4	4	4557900	915000	911580.00	5	To or from Antarctica
38	37	East China Sea_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	East China Sea	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Temperate Northern Pacific	Southern Ocean	5	1	2	4872060	2436030	2436030.00	2	To or from Antarctica
82	36	Mascarene Islands_East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Mascarene Islands	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Western Indo-Pacific	Southern Ocean	5	3	3	6558060	1582740	1639515.00	4	To or from Antarctica
84	35	Namaqua_East Antarctic Enderby Land	Namaqua	East Antarctic Enderby Land	Temperate Southern Africa	Southern Ocean	5	3	4	2808600	559200	561720.00	5	To or from Antarctica
84	36	Namaqua_East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Namaqua	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Temperate Southern Africa	Southern Ocean	5	2	4	3815460	731100	763092.00	5	To or from Antarctica
122	146	South Georgia_Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	South Georgia	Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	5	4	4	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
136	36	South New Zealand_East Antarctic Wilkes Land	South New Zealand	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Temperate Australasia	Southern Ocean	5	2	2	3445800	660030	861450.00	4	To or from Antarctica
126	150	South Sandwich Islands_Weddell Sea	South Sandwich Islands	Weddell Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	5	4	4	922200	180000	184440.00	5	Within Antarctica
162	127	Sunda Shelf/Java Sea_South Shetland Islands	Sunda Shelf/Java Sea	South Shetland Islands	Central Indo-Pacific	Southern Ocean	5	1	2	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
4	38	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_East China Sea	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	East China Sea	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Pacific	4	3	4	15311460	3768090	3827865.00	4	To or from Antarctica
26	127	Central Peru_South Shetland Islands	Central Peru	South Shetland Islands	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	4	2	3	4212840	1044480	1053210.00	4	To or from Antarctica
28	106	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_Peter the First Island	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Peter the First Island	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	4	3	4	1179480	346770	294870.00	4	To or from Antarctica
37	38	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_East China Sea	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	East China Sea	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Pacific	4	1	1	7469820	994200	1867455.00	4	To or from Antarctica
36	82	East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Mascarene Islands	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Mascarene Islands	Southern Ocean	Western Indo-Pacific	4	2	2	13564560	3407730	3391140.00	4	To or from Antarctica
71	110	Leeuwin_Ross Sea	Leeuwin	Ross Sea	Temperate Australasia	Southern Ocean	4	2	2	6280560	1023600	1570140.00	4	To or from Antarctica
77	4	Malvinas/Falklands_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Malvinas/Falklands	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	4	2	3	29112120	7039530	7278030.00	4	To or from Antarctica
84	125	Namaqua_South Orkney Islands	Namaqua	South Orkney Islands	Temperate Southern Africa	Southern Ocean	4	3	3	5047860	1069020	1682620.00	3	To or from Antarctica
165	6	North Sea_Antarctic Peninsula	North Sea	Antarctic Peninsula	Temperate Northern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	4	2	2	34080	17040	17040.00	2	To or from Antarctica
106	28	Peter the First Island_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Peter the First Island	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	4	4	4	3204960	582030	801240.00	4	To or from Antarctica
110	28	Ross Sea_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Ross Sea	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	4	4	4	5415180	1265580	1353795.00	4	To or from Antarctica
110	106	Ross Sea_Peter the First Island	Ross Sea	Peter the First Island	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	4	4	4	2408820	580920	602205.00	4	Within Antarctica
127	162	South Shetland Islands_Sunda Shelf/Java Sea	South Shetland Islands	Sunda Shelf/Java Sea	Southern Ocean	Central Indo-Pacific	4	1	1	11580	1470	2895.00	4	To or from Antarctica
150	122	Weddell Sea_South Georgia	Weddell Sea	South Georgia	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	4	2	2	676500	676500	676500.00	1	Within Antarctica
6	90	Antarctic Peninsula_North Patagonian Gulfs	Antarctic Peninsula	North Patagonian Gulfs	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	3	2	2	219240	219240	219240.00	1	To or from Antarctica
6	108	Antarctic Peninsula_Rio de la Plata	Antarctic Peninsula	Rio de la Plata	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	3	3	3	1591920	505920	530640.00	3	To or from Antarctica
6	130	Antarctic Peninsula_Southeastern Brazil	Antarctic Peninsula	Southeastern Brazil	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	3	3	3	3710400	1639440	1236800.00	3	To or from Antarctica
28	36	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	3	1	2	8623500	2278860	2874500.00	3	To or from Antarctica
48	4	Fiji Islands_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Fiji Islands	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Central Indo-Pacific	Southern Ocean	3	3	3	5183340	5183340	5183340.00	1	To or from Antarctica
48	110	Fiji Islands_Ross Sea	Fiji Islands	Ross Sea	Central Indo-Pacific	Southern Ocean	3	3	3	11307480	5653740	5653740.00	2	To or from Antarctica
75	127	Malacca Strait_South Shetland Islands	Malacca Strait	South Shetland Islands	Central Indo-Pacific	Southern Ocean	3	3	3	6474000	3237000	3237000.00	2	To or from Antarctica
78	36	Manning-Hawkesbury_East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Manning-Hawkesbury	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Temperate Australasia	Southern Ocean	3	1	3	1200900	406860	400300.00	3	To or from Antarctica
84	122	Namaqua_South Georgia	Namaqua	South Georgia	Temperate Southern Africa	Southern Ocean	3	2	2	522540	522540	522540.00	1	To or from Antarctica
90	127	North Patagonian Gulfs_South Shetland Islands	North Patagonian Gulfs	South Shetland Islands	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	3	3	3	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
106	77	Peter the First Island_Malvinas/Falklands	Peter the First Island	Malvinas/Falklands	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	3	3	3	1379880	462480	459960.00	3	To or from Antarctica
106	127	Peter the First Island_South Shetland Islands	Peter the First Island	South Shetland Islands	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	3	3	3	4031940	1887480	1343980.00	3	Within Antarctica
108	4	Rio de la Plata_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Rio de la Plata	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	3	3	3	5645700	2822850	2822850.00	2	To or from Antarctica
110	38	Ross Sea_East China Sea	Ross Sea	East China Sea	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Pacific	3	2	3	10537860	3681840	3512620.00	3	To or from Antarctica
125	10	South Orkney Islands_Azores Canaries Madeira	South Orkney Islands	Azores Canaries Madeira	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Atlantic	3	3	3	22251300	9635940	7417100.00	3	To or from Antarctica
125	150	South Orkney Islands_Weddell Sea	South Orkney Islands	Weddell Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	3	2	2	866280	307860	288760.00	3	Within Antarctica
126	125	South Sandwich Islands_South Orkney Islands	South Sandwich Islands	South Orkney Islands	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	3	3	3	354900	118200	118300.00	3	Within Antarctica
127	84	South Shetland Islands_Namaqua	South Shetland Islands	Namaqua	Southern Ocean	Temperate Southern Africa	3	2	3	4461120	1577520	1487040.00	3	To or from Antarctica
127	90	South Shetland Islands_North Patagonian Gulfs	South Shetland Islands	North Patagonian Gulfs	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	3	3	3	281460	281460	281460.00	1	To or from Antarctica
150	77	Weddell Sea_Malvinas/Falklands	Weddell Sea	Malvinas/Falklands	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	3	1	1	2441700	761220	813900.00	3	To or from Antarctica
150	126	Weddell Sea_South Sandwich Islands	Weddell Sea	South Sandwich Islands	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	3	3	3	573840	189000	191280.00	3	Within Antarctica
10	122	Azores Canaries Madeira_South Georgia	Azores Canaries Madeira	South Georgia	Temperate Northern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	2	2	2	2719080	2719080	2719080.00	1	To or from Antarctica
10	125	Azores Canaries Madeira_South Orkney Islands	Azores Canaries Madeira	South Orkney Islands	Temperate Northern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	2	2	2	1814580	907290	907290.00	2	To or from Antarctica
10	127	Azores Canaries Madeira_South Shetland Islands	Azores Canaries Madeira	South Shetland Islands	Temperate Northern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	2	2	2	4415220	2207610	2207610.00	2	To or from Antarctica
12	110	Baltic Sea_Ross Sea	Baltic Sea	Ross Sea	Temperate Northern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	2	1	1	-9180	-9180	-9180.00	1	To or from Antarctica
37	36	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_East Antarctic Wilkes Land	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	2	2	2	1653360	826680	826680.00	2	Within Antarctica
37	110	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_Ross Sea	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Ross Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	2	2	2	19830840	9915420	9915420.00	2	Within Antarctica
55	127	Gulf of Guinea Central_South Shetland Islands	Gulf of Guinea Central	South Shetland Islands	Tropical Atlantic	Southern Ocean	2	1	2	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
71	37	Leeuwin_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Leeuwin	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Temperate Australasia	Southern Ocean	2	1	1	897660	897660	897660.00	1	To or from Antarctica
77	126	Malvinas/Falklands_South Sandwich Islands	Malvinas/Falklands	South Sandwich Islands	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	2	1	1	946500	473250	473250.00	2	To or from Antarctica
77	150	Malvinas/Falklands_Weddell Sea	Malvinas/Falklands	Weddell Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	2	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
90	122	North Patagonian Gulfs_South Georgia	North Patagonian Gulfs	South Georgia	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	2	2	2	815640	815640	815640.00	1	To or from Antarctica
165	127	North Sea_South Shetland Islands	North Sea	South Shetland Islands	Temperate Northern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	2	1	1	7734780	7734780	7734780.00	1	To or from Antarctica
106	110	Peter the First Island_Ross Sea	Peter the First Island	Ross Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	2	2	2	1078200	539100	539100.00	2	Within Antarctica
108	110	Rio de la Plata_Ross Sea	Rio de la Plata	Ross Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	2	1	2	11404500	5702250	5702250.00	2	To or from Antarctica
109	127	Rio Grande_South Shetland Islands	Rio Grande	South Shetland Islands	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	2	2	2	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
110	114	Ross Sea_Sea of Japan/East Sea	Ross Sea	Sea of Japan/East Sea	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Pacific	2	1	1	4634940	2317470	2317470.00	2	To or from Antarctica
114	127	Sea of Japan/East Sea_South Shetland Islands	Sea of Japan/East Sea	South Shetland Islands	Temperate Northern Pacific	Southern Ocean	2	1	1	5030580	2515290	2515290.00	2	To or from Antarctica
122	10	South Georgia_Azores Canaries Madeira	South Georgia	Azores Canaries Madeira	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Atlantic	2	2	2	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
122	20	South Georgia_Cape Verde	South Georgia	Cape Verde	Southern Ocean	Tropical Atlantic	2	2	2	857400	857400	857400.00	1	To or from Antarctica
122	150	South Georgia_Weddell Sea	South Georgia	Weddell Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	2	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	Within Antarctica
125	126	South Orkney Islands_South Sandwich Islands	South Orkney Islands	South Sandwich Islands	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	2	2	2	192960	96480	96480.00	2	Within Antarctica
125	146	South Orkney Islands_Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	South Orkney Islands	Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	2	2	2	968520	484260	484260.00	2	To or from Antarctica
127	75	South Shetland Islands_Malacca Strait	South Shetland Islands	Malacca Strait	Southern Ocean	Central Indo-Pacific	2	2	2	5835540	2917770	2917770.00	2	To or from Antarctica
127	130	South Shetland Islands_Southeastern Brazil	South Shetland Islands	Southeastern Brazil	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	2	2	2	843780	843780	843780.00	1	To or from Antarctica
133	127	Southern China_South Shetland Islands	Southern China	South Shetland Islands	Central Indo-Pacific	Southern Ocean	2	2	2	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
150	127	Weddell Sea_South Shetland Islands	Weddell Sea	South Shetland Islands	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	2	1	1	2327580	1163790	1163790.00	2	Within Antarctica
4	36	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	562680	562680	562680.00	1	Within Antarctica
4	48	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Fiji Islands	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Fiji Islands	Southern Ocean	Central Indo-Pacific	1	1	1	1745640	1745640	1745640.00	1	To or from Antarctica
4	107	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Puget Trough/Georgia Basin	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Puget Trough/Georgia Basin	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Pacific	1	1	1	4431720	4431720	4431720.00	1	To or from Antarctica
4	108	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Rio de la Plata	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Rio de la Plata	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	1740840	1740840	1740840.00	1	To or from Antarctica
4	125	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_South Orkney Islands	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	South Orkney Islands	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	1524660	1524660	1524660.00	1	Within Antarctica
6	10	Antarctic Peninsula_Azores Canaries Madeira	Antarctic Peninsula	Azores Canaries Madeira	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Atlantic	1	1	1	2566500	2566500	2566500.00	1	To or from Antarctica
6	23	Antarctic Peninsula_Central Chile	Antarctic Peninsula	Central Chile	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	4010880	4010880	4010880.00	1	To or from Antarctica
6	30	Antarctic Peninsula_Chiloense	Antarctic Peninsula	Chiloense	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
6	110	Antarctic Peninsula_Ross Sea	Antarctic Peninsula	Ross Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	746760	746760	746760.00	1	Within Antarctica
6	139	Antarctic Peninsula_Southwestern Caribbean	Antarctic Peninsula	Southwestern Caribbean	Southern Ocean	Tropical Atlantic	1	1	1	4680	4680	4680.00	1	To or from Antarctica
6	146	Antarctic Peninsula_Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	Antarctic Peninsula	Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	523080	523080	523080.00	1	To or from Antarctica
10	6	Azores Canaries Madeira_Antarctic Peninsula	Azores Canaries Madeira	Antarctic Peninsula	Temperate Northern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	1503060	1503060	1503060.00	1	To or from Antarctica
12	37	Baltic Sea_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Baltic Sea	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Temperate Northern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	-37030080	-37030080	-37030080.00	1	To or from Antarctica
23	127	Central Chile_South Shetland Islands	Central Chile	South Shetland Islands	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	577560	577560	577560.00	1	To or from Antarctica
25	6	Central New Zealand_Antarctic Peninsula	Central New Zealand	Antarctic Peninsula	Temperate Australasia	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
26	6	Central Peru_Antarctic Peninsula	Central Peru	Antarctic Peninsula	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	1383780	1383780	1383780.00	1	To or from Antarctica
28	150	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_Weddell Sea	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Weddell Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	1154460	1154460	1154460.00	1	To or from Antarctica
37	167	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_Northern Norway and Finnmark	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Northern Norway and Finnmark	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Atlantic	1	1	1	1277400	1277400	1277400.00	1	To or from Antarctica
37	114	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_Sea of Japan/East Sea	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Sea of Japan/East Sea	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Pacific	1	1	1	1320	1320	1320.00	1	To or from Antarctica
37	125	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_South Orkney Islands	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	South Orkney Islands	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	378300	378300	378300.00	1	Within Antarctica
37	127	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_South Shetland Islands	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	South Shetland Islands	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	115620	115620	115620.00	1	Within Antarctica
35	28	East Antarctic Enderby Land_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	East Antarctic Enderby Land	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	1167120	1167120	1167120.00	1	To or from Antarctica
35	126	East Antarctic Enderby Land_South Sandwich Islands	East Antarctic Enderby Land	South Sandwich Islands	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	631020	631020	631020.00	1	Within Antarctica
35	127	East Antarctic Enderby Land_South Shetland Islands	East Antarctic Enderby Land	South Shetland Islands	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	1121040	1121040	1121040.00	1	Within Antarctica
36	4	East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	267360	267360	267360.00	1	Within Antarctica
36	12	East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Baltic Sea	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Baltic Sea	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Atlantic	1	1	1	770820	770820	770820.00	1	To or from Antarctica
36	24	East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Central Kuroshio Current	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Central Kuroshio Current	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Pacific	1	1	1	3565440	3565440	3565440.00	1	To or from Antarctica
36	28	East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	2100420	2100420	2100420.00	1	To or from Antarctica
36	37	East Antarctic Wilkes Land_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	243720	243720	243720.00	1	Within Antarctica
36	38	East Antarctic Wilkes Land_East China Sea	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	East China Sea	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Pacific	1	1	1	8295600	8295600	8295600.00	1	To or from Antarctica
36	66	East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Houtman	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Houtman	Southern Ocean	Temperate Australasia	1	1	1	852660	852660	852660.00	1	To or from Antarctica
36	77	East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Malvinas/Falklands	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Malvinas/Falklands	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	1459740	1459740	1459740.00	1	To or from Antarctica
36	78	East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Manning-Hawkesbury	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Manning-Hawkesbury	Southern Ocean	Temperate Australasia	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
36	125	East Antarctic Wilkes Land_South Orkney Islands	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	South Orkney Islands	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	1216200	1216200	1216200.00	1	Within Antarctica
38	6	East China Sea_Antarctic Peninsula	East China Sea	Antarctic Peninsula	Temperate Northern Pacific	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	3373740	3373740	3373740.00	1	To or from Antarctica
38	36	East China Sea_East Antarctic Wilkes Land	East China Sea	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Temperate Northern Pacific	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	2117640	2117640	2117640.00	1	To or from Antarctica
40	4	Easter Island_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Easter Island	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Eastern Indo-Pacific	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	2278560	2278560	2278560.00	1	To or from Antarctica
44	36	Eastern India_East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Eastern India	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Western Indo-Pacific	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
44	127	Eastern India_South Shetland Islands	Eastern India	South Shetland Islands	Western Indo-Pacific	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	-997320	-997320	-997320.00	1	To or from Antarctica
53	37	Gulf of Aden_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Gulf of Aden	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Western Indo-Pacific	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	8943420	8943420	8943420.00	1	To or from Antarctica
172	127	Gulf of Guinea South_South Shetland Islands	Gulf of Guinea South	South Shetland Islands	Tropical Atlantic	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	1932000	1932000	1932000.00	1	To or from Antarctica
75	36	Malacca Strait_East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Malacca Strait	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Central Indo-Pacific	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	1351440	1351440	1351440.00	1	To or from Antarctica
75	125	Malacca Strait_South Orkney Islands	Malacca Strait	South Orkney Islands	Central Indo-Pacific	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
87	110	New Caledonia_Ross Sea	New Caledonia	Ross Sea	Central Indo-Pacific	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	519180	519180	519180.00	1	To or from Antarctica
165	125	North Sea_South Orkney Islands	North Sea	South Orkney Islands	Temperate Northern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	2049780	2049780	2049780.00	1	To or from Antarctica
106	25	Peter the First Island_Central New Zealand	Peter the First Island	Central New Zealand	Southern Ocean	Temperate Australasia	1	1	1	5358120	5358120	5358120.00	1	To or from Antarctica
106	108	Peter the First Island_Rio de la Plata	Peter the First Island	Rio de la Plata	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	859440	859440	859440.00	1	To or from Antarctica
106	126	Peter the First Island_South Sandwich Islands	Peter the First Island	South Sandwich Islands	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	879180	879180	879180.00	1	Within Antarctica
108	106	Rio de la Plata_Peter the First Island	Rio de la Plata	Peter the First Island	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	1206540	1206540	1206540.00	1	To or from Antarctica
108	126	Rio de la Plata_South Sandwich Islands	Rio de la Plata	South Sandwich Islands	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	561000	561000	561000.00	1	To or from Antarctica
110	180	Ross Sea_Alboran Sea	Ross Sea	Alboran Sea	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Atlantic	1	1	1	3127140	3127140	3127140.00	1	To or from Antarctica
110	12	Ross Sea_Baltic Sea	Ross Sea	Baltic Sea	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Atlantic	1	1	1	1380	1380	1380.00	1	To or from Antarctica
110	22	Ross Sea_Celtic Seas	Ross Sea	Celtic Seas	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Atlantic	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
110	23	Ross Sea_Central Chile	Ross Sea	Central Chile	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	1321260	1321260	1321260.00	1	To or from Antarctica
110	71	Ross Sea_Leeuwin	Ross Sea	Leeuwin	Southern Ocean	Temperate Australasia	1	1	1	1912980	1912980	1912980.00	1	To or from Antarctica
110	87	Ross Sea_New Caledonia	Ross Sea	New Caledonia	Southern Ocean	Central Indo-Pacific	1	1	1	2522340	2522340	2522340.00	1	To or from Antarctica
110	108	Ross Sea_Rio de la Plata	Ross Sea	Rio de la Plata	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	1562760	1562760	1562760.00	1	To or from Antarctica
110	117	Ross Sea_Society Islands	Ross Sea	Society Islands	Southern Ocean	Eastern Indo-Pacific	1	1	1	1543860	1543860	1543860.00	1	To or from Antarctica
110	158	Ross Sea_Yellow Sea	Ross Sea	Yellow Sea	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Pacific	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
174	127	Sahelian Upwelling_South Shetland Islands	Sahelian Upwelling	South Shetland Islands	Tropical Atlantic	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	1273200	1273200	1273200.00	1	To or from Antarctica
114	37	Sea of Japan/East Sea_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Sea of Japan/East Sea	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Temperate Northern Pacific	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
122	8	South Georgia_Araucanian	South Georgia	Araucanian	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
122	22	South Georgia_Celtic Seas	South Georgia	Celtic Seas	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Atlantic	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
122	26	South Georgia_Central Peru	South Georgia	Central Peru	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
122	82	South Georgia_Mascarene Islands	South Georgia	Mascarene Islands	Southern Ocean	Western Indo-Pacific	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
122	90	South Georgia_North Patagonian Gulfs	South Georgia	North Patagonian Gulfs	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
122	126	South Georgia_South Sandwich Islands	South Georgia	South Sandwich Islands	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	Within Antarctica
122	140	South Georgia_St. Helena and Ascension Islands	South Georgia	St. Helena and Ascension Islands	Southern Ocean	Tropical Atlantic	1	1	1	1268400	1268400	1268400.00	1	To or from Antarctica
125	8	South Orkney Islands_Araucanian	South Orkney Islands	Araucanian	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	7227420	7227420	7227420.00	1	To or from Antarctica
125	37	South Orkney Islands_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	South Orkney Islands	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	282420	282420	282420.00	1	Within Antarctica
125	82	South Orkney Islands_Mascarene Islands	South Orkney Islands	Mascarene Islands	Southern Ocean	Western Indo-Pacific	1	1	1	2410260	2410260	2410260.00	1	To or from Antarctica
125	165	South Orkney Islands_North Sea	South Orkney Islands	North Sea	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Atlantic	1	1	1	3545340	3545340	3545340.00	1	To or from Antarctica
125	139	South Orkney Islands_Southwestern Caribbean	South Orkney Islands	Southwestern Caribbean	Southern Ocean	Tropical Atlantic	1	1	1	10500	10500	10500.00	1	To or from Antarctica
125	158	South Orkney Islands_Yellow Sea	South Orkney Islands	Yellow Sea	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Pacific	1	1	1	6331620	6331620	6331620.00	1	To or from Antarctica
126	37	South Sandwich Islands_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	South Sandwich Islands	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	304500	304500	304500.00	1	Within Antarctica
126	77	South Sandwich Islands_Malvinas/Falklands	South Sandwich Islands	Malvinas/Falklands	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	5605380	5605380	5605380.00	1	To or from Antarctica
126	122	South Sandwich Islands_South Georgia	South Sandwich Islands	South Georgia	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	Within Antarctica
127	10	South Shetland Islands_Azores Canaries Madeira	South Shetland Islands	Azores Canaries Madeira	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Atlantic	1	1	1	1916520	1916520	1916520.00	1	To or from Antarctica
127	12	South Shetland Islands_Baltic Sea	South Shetland Islands	Baltic Sea	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Atlantic	1	1	1	3781020	3781020	3781020.00	1	To or from Antarctica
127	20	South Shetland Islands_Cape Verde	South Shetland Islands	Cape Verde	Southern Ocean	Tropical Atlantic	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
127	23	South Shetland Islands_Central Chile	South Shetland Islands	Central Chile	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	1221420	1221420	1221420.00	1	To or from Antarctica
127	26	South Shetland Islands_Central Peru	South Shetland Islands	Central Peru	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	2377320	2377320	2377320.00	1	To or from Antarctica
127	38	South Shetland Islands_East China Sea	South Shetland Islands	East China Sea	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Pacific	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
127	42	South Shetland Islands_Eastern Brazil	South Shetland Islands	Eastern Brazil	Southern Ocean	Tropical Atlantic	1	1	1	3048840	3048840	3048840.00	1	To or from Antarctica
127	44	South Shetland Islands_Eastern India	South Shetland Islands	Eastern India	Southern Ocean	Western Indo-Pacific	1	1	1	156840	156840	156840.00	1	To or from Antarctica
127	51	South Shetland Islands_Guayaquil	South Shetland Islands	Guayaquil	Southern Ocean	Tropical Eastern Pacific	1	1	1	2332020	2332020	2332020.00	1	To or from Antarctica
127	55	South Shetland Islands_Gulf of Guinea Central	South Shetland Islands	Gulf of Guinea Central	Southern Ocean	Tropical Atlantic	1	1	1	281700	281700	281700.00	1	To or from Antarctica
127	86	South Shetland Islands_Natal	South Shetland Islands	Natal	Southern Ocean	Temperate Southern Africa	1	1	1	1228620	1228620	1228620.00	1	To or from Antarctica
127	165	South Shetland Islands_North Sea	South Shetland Islands	North Sea	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Atlantic	1	1	1	3101700	3101700	3101700.00	1	To or from Antarctica
127	109	South Shetland Islands_Rio Grande	South Shetland Islands	Rio Grande	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
127	117	South Shetland Islands_Society Islands	South Shetland Islands	Society Islands	Southern Ocean	Eastern Indo-Pacific	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
127	133	South Shetland Islands_Southern China	South Shetland Islands	Southern China	Southern Ocean	Central Indo-Pacific	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
127	140	South Shetland Islands_St. Helena and Ascension Islands	South Shetland Islands	St. Helena and Ascension Islands	Southern Ocean	Tropical Atlantic	1	1	1	3354120	3354120	3354120.00	1	To or from Antarctica
127	158	South Shetland Islands_Yellow Sea	South Shetland Islands	Yellow Sea	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Pacific	1	1	1	4959780	4959780	4959780.00	1	To or from Antarctica
130	122	Southeastern Brazil_South Georgia	Southeastern Brazil	South Georgia	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
133	6	Southern China_Antarctic Peninsula	Southern China	Antarctic Peninsula	Central Indo-Pacific	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	5982420	5982420	5982420.00	1	To or from Antarctica
166	150	Southern Norway_Weddell Sea	Southern Norway	Weddell Sea	Temperate Northern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
139	6	Southwestern Caribbean_Antarctic Peninsula	Southwestern Caribbean	Antarctic Peninsula	Tropical Atlantic	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
139	125	Southwestern Caribbean_South Orkney Islands	Southwestern Caribbean	South Orkney Islands	Tropical Atlantic	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
146	125	Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf_South Orkney Islands	Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	South Orkney Islands	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	792300	792300	792300.00	1	To or from Antarctica
150	6	Weddell Sea_Antarctic Peninsula	Weddell Sea	Antarctic Peninsula	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	261240	261240	261240.00	1	Within Antarctica
150	10	Weddell Sea_Azores Canaries Madeira	Weddell Sea	Azores Canaries Madeira	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Atlantic	1	1	1	2229180	2229180	2229180.00	1	To or from Antarctica
150	28	Weddell Sea_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Weddell Sea	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	956940	956940	956940.00	1	To or from Antarctica
150	108	Weddell Sea_Rio de la Plata	Weddell Sea	Rio de la Plata	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	3465780	3465780	3465780.00	1	To or from Antarctica
150	166	Weddell Sea_Southern Norway	Weddell Sea	Southern Norway	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Atlantic	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica

Now I extract some key summary numbers for the areas in summary paragraph above.

primary_key_regions <- c("South Shetland Islands", "Antarctic Peninsula","Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile")
secondary_key_regions <- c("Malvinas/Falklands", "South Georgia", "South Shetland Islands", "Antarctic Peninsula")
ecoregion_networks$all %>%
     activate(edges) %>% 
     arrange(desc(n_voyages)) %>%
     filter(from_ecoregion %in% primary_key_regions & to_ecoregion %in%       primary_key_regions) %>%
    as_tibble() %>% 
    summarise(primary_key_regions_total = sum(n_voyages))

## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   primary_key_regions_total
##                       <dbl>
## 1                      5344

ecoregion_networks$all %>%
     activate(edges) %>% 
     arrange(desc(n_voyages)) %>%
     filter(from_ecoregion %in% secondary_key_regions & to_ecoregion %in%       secondary_key_regions, 
            move != "South Shetland Islands_Antarctic Peninsula",
            move != "Antarctic Peninsula_South Shetland Islands"
            ) %>%
    as_tibble() %>% 
    summarise(secondary_key_regions_total = sum(n_voyages))

## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   secondary_key_regions_total
##                         <dbl>
## 1                         798

The main pattern of important regions of activity is similar for fishing activity.

gateway_region_edge_results$fishing

from	to	move	from_ecoregion	to_ecoregion	from_province	to_province	from_realm	to_realm	n_voyages	n_ships	n_trips	total_time	median_time	mean_time	n_time	internal
45	2	South Shetland Islands_Antarctic Peninsula	South Shetland Islands	Antarctic Peninsula	Scotia Sea	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	285	17	33	7288500	14880	25573.68	285	Within Antarctica
2	45	Antarctic Peninsula_South Shetland Islands	Antarctic Peninsula	South Shetland Islands	Scotia Sea	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	283	18	34	15066780	12360	53239.51	283	Within Antarctica
45	43	South Shetland Islands_South Orkney Islands	South Shetland Islands	South Orkney Islands	Scotia Sea	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	22	13	16	1888020	27390	85819.09	22	Within Antarctica
11	45	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_South Shetland Islands	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	South Shetland Islands	Magellanic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	20	9	11	4175280	255600	260955.00	16	To or from Antarctica
43	45	South Orkney Islands_South Shetland Islands	South Orkney Islands	South Shetland Islands	Scotia Sea	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	17	8	14	783000	30480	46058.82	17	Within Antarctica
41	28	South Georgia_Malvinas/Falklands	South Georgia	Malvinas/Falklands	Scotia Sea	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	15	7	12	6264840	3132420	3132420.00	2	To or from Antarctica
45	28	South Shetland Islands_Malvinas/Falklands	South Shetland Islands	Malvinas/Falklands	Scotia Sea	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	15	6	8	4431480	186480	402861.82	11	To or from Antarctica
45	35	South Shetland Islands_Rio de la Plata	South Shetland Islands	Rio de la Plata	Scotia Sea	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	14	10	13	26440500	1056990	1888607.14	14	To or from Antarctica
1	11	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Continental High Antarctic	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	13	7	11	15043320	907980	1157178.46	13	To or from Antarctica
11	1	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Magellanic	Continental High Antarctic	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	13	6	9	36399240	1900260	2799941.54	13	To or from Antarctica
28	45	Malvinas/Falklands_South Shetland Islands	Malvinas/Falklands	South Shetland Islands	Magellanic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	13	10	10	2196960	220620	219696.00	10	To or from Antarctica
45	11	South Shetland Islands_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	South Shetland Islands	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Scotia Sea	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	13	4	6	8869260	310560	682250.77	13	To or from Antarctica
36	1	Ross Sea_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Ross Sea	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	12	9	12	5282220	322110	440185.00	12	Within Antarctica
28	41	Malvinas/Falklands_South Georgia	Malvinas/Falklands	South Georgia	Magellanic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	11	6	9	283800	283800	283800.00	1	To or from Antarctica
30	45	Namaqua_South Shetland Islands	Namaqua	South Shetland Islands	Benguela	Scotia Sea	Temperate Southern Africa	Southern Ocean	9	6	7	16478940	1879500	2059867.50	8	To or from Antarctica
43	2	South Orkney Islands_Antarctic Peninsula	South Orkney Islands	Antarctic Peninsula	Scotia Sea	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	9	4	4	2812260	86520	312473.33	9	Within Antarctica
1	34	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Peter the First Island	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Peter the First Island	Continental High Antarctic	Subantarctic Islands	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	8	7	8	1404600	36930	175575.00	8	Within Antarctica
11	36	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_Ross Sea	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Ross Sea	Magellanic	Continental High Antarctic	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	7	4	6	32882640	4845060	4697520.00	7	To or from Antarctica
43	11	South Orkney Islands_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	South Orkney Islands	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Scotia Sea	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	7	5	5	5799300	566460	828471.43	7	To or from Antarctica
1	28	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Malvinas/Falklands	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Malvinas/Falklands	Continental High Antarctic	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	6	3	4	2469240	949440	823080.00	3	To or from Antarctica
2	11	Antarctic Peninsula_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Antarctic Peninsula	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Scotia Sea	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	6	4	5	3168720	522540	528120.00	6	To or from Antarctica
2	43	Antarctic Peninsula_South Orkney Islands	Antarctic Peninsula	South Orkney Islands	Scotia Sea	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	6	4	4	1089720	155340	181620.00	6	Within Antarctica
11	43	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_South Orkney Islands	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	South Orkney Islands	Magellanic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	6	6	6	2213160	322590	368860.00	6	To or from Antarctica
35	45	Rio de la Plata_South Shetland Islands	Rio de la Plata	South Shetland Islands	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	6	5	5	12906060	690210	2151010.00	6	To or from Antarctica
45	41	South Shetland Islands_South Georgia	South Shetland Islands	South Georgia	Scotia Sea	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	6	3	3	NA	NA	NA	NA	Within Antarctica
11	41	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_South Georgia	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	South Georgia	Magellanic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	5	3	4	476880	476880	476880.00	1	To or from Antarctica
16	15	East China Sea_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	East China Sea	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	Continental High Antarctic	Temperate Northern Pacific	Southern Ocean	5	1	2	4872060	2436030	2436030.00	2	To or from Antarctica
43	28	South Orkney Islands_Malvinas/Falklands	South Orkney Islands	Malvinas/Falklands	Scotia Sea	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	5	4	4	1228860	237900	245772.00	5	To or from Antarctica
1	16	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_East China Sea	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	East China Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Pacific	4	3	4	15311460	3768090	3827865.00	4	To or from Antarctica
2	28	Antarctic Peninsula_Malvinas/Falklands	Antarctic Peninsula	Malvinas/Falklands	Scotia Sea	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	4	3	4	5326140	730380	1331535.00	4	To or from Antarctica
9	36	Central New Zealand_Ross Sea	Central New Zealand	Ross Sea	Southern New Zealand	Continental High Antarctic	Temperate Australasia	Southern Ocean	4	1	1	16202700	4687560	4050675.00	4	To or from Antarctica
10	45	Central Peru_South Shetland Islands	Central Peru	South Shetland Islands	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	4	2	3	4212840	1044480	1053210.00	4	To or from Antarctica
15	16	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_East China Sea	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	East China Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Pacific	4	1	1	7469820	994200	1867455.00	4	To or from Antarctica
28	1	Malvinas/Falklands_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Malvinas/Falklands	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Magellanic	Continental High Antarctic	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	4	2	3	29112120	7039530	7278030.00	4	To or from Antarctica
30	43	Namaqua_South Orkney Islands	Namaqua	South Orkney Islands	Benguela	Scotia Sea	Temperate Southern Africa	Southern Ocean	4	3	3	5047860	1069020	1682620.00	3	To or from Antarctica
35	43	Rio de la Plata_South Orkney Islands	Rio de la Plata	South Orkney Islands	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	4	3	4	1748700	533970	437175.00	4	To or from Antarctica
36	9	Ross Sea_Central New Zealand	Ross Sea	Central New Zealand	Continental High Antarctic	Southern New Zealand	Southern Ocean	Temperate Australasia	4	1	1	4170720	1541040	1390240.00	3	To or from Antarctica
36	11	Ross Sea_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Ross Sea	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Continental High Antarctic	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	4	4	4	5415180	1265580	1353795.00	4	To or from Antarctica
43	35	South Orkney Islands_Rio de la Plata	South Orkney Islands	Rio de la Plata	Scotia Sea	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	4	3	4	12875400	1826370	3218850.00	4	To or from Antarctica
3	45	Araucanian_South Shetland Islands	Araucanian	South Shetland Islands	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	3	3	3	1566540	783270	783270.00	2	To or from Antarctica
9	1	Central New Zealand_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Central New Zealand	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Southern New Zealand	Continental High Antarctic	Temperate Australasia	Southern Ocean	3	3	3	3544980	3544980	3544980.00	1	To or from Antarctica
11	2	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_Antarctic Peninsula	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Antarctic Peninsula	Magellanic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	3	3	3	436740	218370	218370.00	2	To or from Antarctica
11	14	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Magellanic	Continental High Antarctic	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	3	1	2	8623500	2278860	2874500.00	3	To or from Antarctica
19	1	Fiji Islands_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Fiji Islands	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Tropical Southwestern Pacific	Continental High Antarctic	Central Indo-Pacific	Southern Ocean	3	3	3	5183340	5183340	5183340.00	1	To or from Antarctica
19	36	Fiji Islands_Ross Sea	Fiji Islands	Ross Sea	Tropical Southwestern Pacific	Continental High Antarctic	Central Indo-Pacific	Southern Ocean	3	3	3	11307480	5653740	5653740.00	2	To or from Antarctica
34	28	Peter the First Island_Malvinas/Falklands	Peter the First Island	Malvinas/Falklands	Subantarctic Islands	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	3	3	3	1379880	462480	459960.00	3	To or from Antarctica
35	1	Rio de la Plata_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Rio de la Plata	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Continental High Antarctic	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	3	3	3	5645700	2822850	2822850.00	2	To or from Antarctica
36	16	Ross Sea_East China Sea	Ross Sea	East China Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Pacific	3	2	3	10537860	3681840	3512620.00	3	To or from Antarctica
1	2	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Antarctic Peninsula	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Antarctic Peninsula	Continental High Antarctic	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	2	1	2	206580	103290	103290.00	2	Within Antarctica
1	9	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Central New Zealand	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Central New Zealand	Continental High Antarctic	Southern New Zealand	Southern Ocean	Temperate Australasia	2	2	2	2619780	1309890	1309890.00	2	To or from Antarctica
2	1	Antarctic Peninsula_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Antarctic Peninsula	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Scotia Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	2	2	2	5207040	2603520	2603520.00	2	Within Antarctica
2	34	Antarctic Peninsula_Peter the First Island	Antarctic Peninsula	Peter the First Island	Scotia Sea	Subantarctic Islands	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	2	1	1	455160	227580	227580.00	2	Within Antarctica
2	41	Antarctic Peninsula_South Georgia	Antarctic Peninsula	South Georgia	Scotia Sea	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	2	2	2	NA	NA	NA	NA	Within Antarctica
4	43	Azores Canaries Madeira_South Orkney Islands	Azores Canaries Madeira	South Orkney Islands	Lusitanian	Scotia Sea	Temperate Northern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	2	2	2	1814580	907290	907290.00	2	To or from Antarctica
4	45	Azores Canaries Madeira_South Shetland Islands	Azores Canaries Madeira	South Shetland Islands	Lusitanian	Scotia Sea	Temperate Northern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	2	2	2	4415220	2207610	2207610.00	2	To or from Antarctica
5	36	Baltic Sea_Ross Sea	Baltic Sea	Ross Sea	Northern European Seas	Continental High Antarctic	Temperate Northern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	2	1	1	-9180	-9180	-9180.00	1	To or from Antarctica
15	30	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_Namaqua	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Namaqua	Continental High Antarctic	Benguela	Southern Ocean	Temperate Southern Africa	2	1	2	5861820	2930910	2930910.00	2	To or from Antarctica
14	13	East Antarctic Wilkes Land_East Antarctic Enderby Land	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	East Antarctic Enderby Land	Continental High Antarctic	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	2	1	1	841200	420600	420600.00	2	Within Antarctica
14	29	East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Mascarene Islands	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Mascarene Islands	Continental High Antarctic	Western Indian Ocean	Southern Ocean	Western Indo-Pacific	2	1	1	8799420	4399710	4399710.00	2	To or from Antarctica
16	45	East China Sea_South Shetland Islands	East China Sea	South Shetland Islands	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	Scotia Sea	Temperate Northern Pacific	Southern Ocean	2	2	2	4268940	4268940	4268940.00	1	To or from Antarctica
28	2	Malvinas/Falklands_Antarctic Peninsula	Malvinas/Falklands	Antarctic Peninsula	Magellanic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	2	1	1	129540	129540	129540.00	1	To or from Antarctica
29	14	Mascarene Islands_East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Mascarene Islands	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Western Indian Ocean	Continental High Antarctic	Western Indo-Pacific	Southern Ocean	2	1	1	3392580	1696290	1696290.00	2	To or from Antarctica
30	41	Namaqua_South Georgia	Namaqua	South Georgia	Benguela	Scotia Sea	Temperate Southern Africa	Southern Ocean	2	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
34	2	Peter the First Island_Antarctic Peninsula	Peter the First Island	Antarctic Peninsula	Subantarctic Islands	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	2	2	2	378480	189240	189240.00	2	Within Antarctica
34	11	Peter the First Island_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Peter the First Island	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Subantarctic Islands	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	2	2	2	2308980	1154490	1154490.00	2	To or from Antarctica
35	2	Rio de la Plata_Antarctic Peninsula	Rio de la Plata	Antarctic Peninsula	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	2	2	2	1233900	616950	616950.00	2	To or from Antarctica
35	36	Rio de la Plata_Ross Sea	Rio de la Plata	Ross Sea	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Continental High Antarctic	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	2	1	2	11404500	5702250	5702250.00	2	To or from Antarctica
41	4	South Georgia_Azores Canaries Madeira	South Georgia	Azores Canaries Madeira	Scotia Sea	Lusitanian	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Atlantic	2	2	2	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
41	11	South Georgia_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	South Georgia	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Scotia Sea	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	2	2	2	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
41	30	South Georgia_Namaqua	South Georgia	Namaqua	Scotia Sea	Benguela	Southern Ocean	Temperate Southern Africa	2	2	2	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
41	49	South Georgia_Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	South Georgia	Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	Scotia Sea	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	2	2	2	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
43	4	South Orkney Islands_Azores Canaries Madeira	South Orkney Islands	Azores Canaries Madeira	Scotia Sea	Lusitanian	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Atlantic	2	2	2	19553580	9776790	9776790.00	2	To or from Antarctica
45	30	South Shetland Islands_Namaqua	South Shetland Islands	Namaqua	Scotia Sea	Benguela	Southern Ocean	Temperate Southern Africa	2	1	2	2764800	1382400	1382400.00	2	To or from Antarctica
1	14	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Continental High Antarctic	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	562680	562680	562680.00	1	Within Antarctica
1	19	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Fiji Islands	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Fiji Islands	Continental High Antarctic	Tropical Southwestern Pacific	Southern Ocean	Central Indo-Pacific	1	1	1	1745640	1745640	1745640.00	1	To or from Antarctica
1	35	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Rio de la Plata	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Rio de la Plata	Continental High Antarctic	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	1740840	1740840	1740840.00	1	To or from Antarctica
1	36	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Ross Sea	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Ross Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	10440	10440	10440.00	1	Within Antarctica
1	43	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_South Orkney Islands	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	South Orkney Islands	Continental High Antarctic	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	1524660	1524660	1524660.00	1	Within Antarctica
2	4	Antarctic Peninsula_Azores Canaries Madeira	Antarctic Peninsula	Azores Canaries Madeira	Scotia Sea	Lusitanian	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Atlantic	1	1	1	2566500	2566500	2566500.00	1	To or from Antarctica
2	53	Antarctic Peninsula_North Sea	Antarctic Peninsula	North Sea	Scotia Sea	Northern European Seas	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Atlantic	1	1	1	8225400	8225400	8225400.00	1	To or from Antarctica
2	48	Antarctic Peninsula_Southwestern Caribbean	Antarctic Peninsula	Southwestern Caribbean	Scotia Sea	Tropical Northwestern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	Tropical Atlantic	1	1	1	4680	4680	4680.00	1	To or from Antarctica
9	14	Central New Zealand_East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Central New Zealand	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Southern New Zealand	Continental High Antarctic	Temperate Australasia	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	916860	916860	916860.00	1	To or from Antarctica
10	2	Central Peru_Antarctic Peninsula	Central Peru	Antarctic Peninsula	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	1383780	1383780	1383780.00	1	To or from Antarctica
15	37	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_Sea of Japan/East Sea	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Sea of Japan/East Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Pacific	1	1	1	1320	1320	1320.00	1	To or from Antarctica
13	11	East Antarctic Enderby Land_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	East Antarctic Enderby Land	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Continental High Antarctic	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	1167120	1167120	1167120.00	1	To or from Antarctica
13	30	East Antarctic Enderby Land_Namaqua	East Antarctic Enderby Land	Namaqua	Continental High Antarctic	Benguela	Southern Ocean	Temperate Southern Africa	1	1	1	1048380	1048380	1048380.00	1	To or from Antarctica
14	5	East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Baltic Sea	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Baltic Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Northern European Seas	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Atlantic	1	1	1	770820	770820	770820.00	1	To or from Antarctica
14	6	East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Bassian	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Bassian	Continental High Antarctic	Southeast Australian Shelf	Southern Ocean	Temperate Australasia	1	1	1	3798240	3798240	3798240.00	1	To or from Antarctica
14	9	East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Central New Zealand	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Central New Zealand	Continental High Antarctic	Southern New Zealand	Southern Ocean	Temperate Australasia	1	1	1	902160	902160	902160.00	1	To or from Antarctica
14	11	East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Continental High Antarctic	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	2100420	2100420	2100420.00	1	To or from Antarctica
14	16	East Antarctic Wilkes Land_East China Sea	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	East China Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Pacific	1	1	1	8295600	8295600	8295600.00	1	To or from Antarctica
14	28	East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Malvinas/Falklands	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Malvinas/Falklands	Continental High Antarctic	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	1459740	1459740	1459740.00	1	To or from Antarctica
14	30	East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Namaqua	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Namaqua	Continental High Antarctic	Benguela	Southern Ocean	Temperate Southern Africa	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
16	14	East China Sea_East Antarctic Wilkes Land	East China Sea	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	Continental High Antarctic	Temperate Northern Pacific	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	2117640	2117640	2117640.00	1	To or from Antarctica
27	14	Malacca Strait_East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Malacca Strait	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Sunda Shelf	Continental High Antarctic	Central Indo-Pacific	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	1351440	1351440	1351440.00	1	To or from Antarctica
27	43	Malacca Strait_South Orkney Islands	Malacca Strait	South Orkney Islands	Sunda Shelf	Scotia Sea	Central Indo-Pacific	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
28	43	Malvinas/Falklands_South Orkney Islands	Malvinas/Falklands	South Orkney Islands	Magellanic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	252240	252240	252240.00	1	To or from Antarctica
30	15	Namaqua_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Namaqua	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Benguela	Continental High Antarctic	Temperate Southern Africa	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
34	1	Peter the First Island_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Peter the First Island	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Subantarctic Islands	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	1623660	1623660	1623660.00	1	Within Antarctica
34	35	Peter the First Island_Rio de la Plata	Peter the First Island	Rio de la Plata	Subantarctic Islands	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	859440	859440	859440.00	1	To or from Antarctica
34	44	Peter the First Island_South Sandwich Islands	Peter the First Island	South Sandwich Islands	Subantarctic Islands	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	879180	879180	879180.00	1	Within Antarctica
34	45	Peter the First Island_South Shetland Islands	Peter the First Island	South Shetland Islands	Subantarctic Islands	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	256980	256980	256980.00	1	Within Antarctica
35	34	Rio de la Plata_Peter the First Island	Rio de la Plata	Peter the First Island	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Subantarctic Islands	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	1206540	1206540	1206540.00	1	To or from Antarctica
36	5	Ross Sea_Baltic Sea	Ross Sea	Baltic Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Northern European Seas	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Atlantic	1	1	1	1380	1380	1380.00	1	To or from Antarctica
36	14	Ross Sea_East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Ross Sea	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Continental High Antarctic	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	19920	19920	19920.00	1	Within Antarctica
36	34	Ross Sea_Peter the First Island	Ross Sea	Peter the First Island	Continental High Antarctic	Subantarctic Islands	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	711000	711000	711000.00	1	Within Antarctica
36	35	Ross Sea_Rio de la Plata	Ross Sea	Rio de la Plata	Continental High Antarctic	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	1562760	1562760	1562760.00	1	To or from Antarctica
55	45	Sahelian Upwelling_South Shetland Islands	Sahelian Upwelling	South Shetland Islands	West African Transition	Scotia Sea	Tropical Atlantic	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	1273200	1273200	1273200.00	1	To or from Antarctica
37	15	Sea of Japan/East Sea_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Sea of Japan/East Sea	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific	Continental High Antarctic	Temperate Northern Pacific	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
41	3	South Georgia_Araucanian	South Georgia	Araucanian	Scotia Sea	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
41	10	South Georgia_Central Peru	South Georgia	Central Peru	Scotia Sea	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
41	43	South Georgia_South Orkney Islands	South Georgia	South Orkney Islands	Scotia Sea	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	688860	688860	688860.00	1	Within Antarctica
41	44	South Georgia_South Sandwich Islands	South Georgia	South Sandwich Islands	Scotia Sea	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	Within Antarctica
43	3	South Orkney Islands_Araucanian	South Orkney Islands	Araucanian	Scotia Sea	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	7227420	7227420	7227420.00	1	To or from Antarctica
43	41	South Orkney Islands_South Georgia	South Orkney Islands	South Georgia	Scotia Sea	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	Within Antarctica
43	48	South Orkney Islands_Southwestern Caribbean	South Orkney Islands	Southwestern Caribbean	Scotia Sea	Tropical Northwestern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	Tropical Atlantic	1	1	1	10500	10500	10500.00	1	To or from Antarctica
44	28	South Sandwich Islands_Malvinas/Falklands	South Sandwich Islands	Malvinas/Falklands	Scotia Sea	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	5605380	5605380	5605380.00	1	To or from Antarctica
44	50	South Sandwich Islands_Weddell Sea	South Sandwich Islands	Weddell Sea	Scotia Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	185460	185460	185460.00	1	Within Antarctica
45	4	South Shetland Islands_Azores Canaries Madeira	South Shetland Islands	Azores Canaries Madeira	Scotia Sea	Lusitanian	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Atlantic	1	1	1	1916520	1916520	1916520.00	1	To or from Antarctica
45	16	South Shetland Islands_East China Sea	South Shetland Islands	East China Sea	Scotia Sea	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Pacific	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
45	29	South Shetland Islands_Mascarene Islands	South Shetland Islands	Mascarene Islands	Scotia Sea	Western Indian Ocean	Southern Ocean	Western Indo-Pacific	1	1	1	2496840	2496840	2496840.00	1	To or from Antarctica
48	2	Southwestern Caribbean_Antarctic Peninsula	Southwestern Caribbean	Antarctic Peninsula	Tropical Northwestern Atlantic	Scotia Sea	Tropical Atlantic	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
48	43	Southwestern Caribbean_South Orkney Islands	Southwestern Caribbean	South Orkney Islands	Tropical Northwestern Atlantic	Scotia Sea	Tropical Atlantic	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
49	43	Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf_South Orkney Islands	Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	South Orkney Islands	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	792300	792300	792300.00	1	To or from Antarctica
50	35	Weddell Sea_Rio de la Plata	Weddell Sea	Rio de la Plata	Continental High Antarctic	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	3465780	3465780	3465780.00	1	To or from Antarctica

Tourism is even more centred on the area formed between southern SOuth America, Malvinas/Falklands, Scotia Arc and the Antarctic Peninsula. The connection with the highest number of voyages that is not within that are is from New Zealand to the Ross Sea, but only 14 tourist voyages to that route to Antarctica versus the 568 that travelled from the Chanels and Fjords of Southern Chile to the South Shetland Islands.

gateway_region_edge_results$tourism

from	to	move	from_ecoregion	to_ecoregion	from_province	to_province	from_realm	to_realm	n_voyages	n_ships	n_trips	total_time	median_time	mean_time	n_time	internal
121	6	South Shetland Islands_Antarctic Peninsula	South Shetland Islands	Antarctic Peninsula	Scotia Sea	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1032	52	59	32681220	16620	31667.85	1032	Within Antarctica
6	121	Antarctic Peninsula_South Shetland Islands	Antarctic Peninsula	South Shetland Islands	Scotia Sea	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1004	47	54	29615700	14670	29497.71	1004	Within Antarctica
121	28	South Shetland Islands_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	South Shetland Islands	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Scotia Sea	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	638	42	48	65243880	164160	175859.51	371	To or from Antarctica
28	121	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_South Shetland Islands	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	South Shetland Islands	Magellanic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	568	49	56	38632440	105720	112303.60	344	To or from Antarctica
6	28	Antarctic Peninsula_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Antarctic Peninsula	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Scotia Sea	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	317	41	43	68001660	261900	272006.64	250	To or from Antarctica
28	6	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_Antarctic Peninsula	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Antarctic Peninsula	Magellanic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	268	39	43	13892040	41580	73502.86	189	To or from Antarctica
72	117	Malvinas/Falklands_South Georgia	Malvinas/Falklands	South Georgia	Magellanic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	191	28	31	13674420	345420	369578.92	37	To or from Antarctica
117	121	South Georgia_South Shetland Islands	South Georgia	South Shetland Islands	Scotia Sea	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	106	28	28	7755360	237870	228098.82	34	Within Antarctica
117	72	South Georgia_Malvinas/Falklands	South Georgia	Malvinas/Falklands	Scotia Sea	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	61	16	16	5450760	558780	495523.64	11	To or from Antarctica
121	72	South Shetland Islands_Malvinas/Falklands	South Shetland Islands	Malvinas/Falklands	Scotia Sea	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	59	23	23	18364620	364740	374788.16	49	To or from Antarctica
72	121	Malvinas/Falklands_South Shetland Islands	Malvinas/Falklands	South Shetland Islands	Magellanic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	48	23	23	20165940	653160	517075.38	39	To or from Antarctica
120	121	South Orkney Islands_South Shetland Islands	South Orkney Islands	South Shetland Islands	Scotia Sea	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	47	16	17	2753580	27060	58586.81	47	Within Antarctica
117	6	South Georgia_Antarctic Peninsula	South Georgia	Antarctic Peninsula	Scotia Sea	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	45	19	20	3259620	173400	217308.00	15	Within Antarctica
117	120	South Georgia_South Orkney Islands	South Georgia	South Orkney Islands	Scotia Sea	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	40	15	16	1616820	101100	202102.50	8	Within Antarctica
121	117	South Shetland Islands_South Georgia	South Shetland Islands	South Georgia	Scotia Sea	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	36	19	19	2227440	295890	371240.00	6	Within Antarctica
28	117	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_South Georgia	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	South Georgia	Magellanic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	34	15	15	4807620	478080	480762.00	10	To or from Antarctica
6	72	Antarctic Peninsula_Malvinas/Falklands	Antarctic Peninsula	Malvinas/Falklands	Scotia Sea	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	16	8	8	3106320	202800	282392.73	11	To or from Antarctica
130	105	South New Zealand_Ross Sea	South New Zealand	Ross Sea	Southern New Zealand	Continental High Antarctic	Temperate Australasia	Southern Ocean	14	4	6	8266140	679320	635856.92	13	To or from Antarctica
72	120	Malvinas/Falklands_South Orkney Islands	Malvinas/Falklands	South Orkney Islands	Magellanic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	13	6	6	6590400	583200	506953.85	13	To or from Antarctica
72	6	Malvinas/Falklands_Antarctic Peninsula	Malvinas/Falklands	Antarctic Peninsula	Magellanic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	11	6	6	1057920	38280	151131.43	7	To or from Antarctica
105	34	Ross Sea_East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Ross Sea	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Continental High Antarctic	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	10	3	3	524400	23070	52440.00	10	Within Antarctica
117	79	South Georgia_Namaqua	South Georgia	Namaqua	Scotia Sea	Benguela	Southern Ocean	Temperate Southern Africa	10	4	4	3527760	1763880	1763880.00	2	To or from Antarctica
6	117	Antarctic Peninsula_South Georgia	Antarctic Peninsula	South Georgia	Scotia Sea	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	9	6	6	2219580	423960	443916.00	5	Within Antarctica
105	130	Ross Sea_South New Zealand	Ross Sea	South New Zealand	Continental High Antarctic	Southern New Zealand	Southern Ocean	Temperate Australasia	9	6	6	7677420	750060	853046.67	9	To or from Antarctica
117	28	South Georgia_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	South Georgia	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Scotia Sea	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	9	8	8	472860	472860	472860.00	1	To or from Antarctica
117	103	South Georgia_Rio de la Plata	South Georgia	Rio de la Plata	Scotia Sea	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	9	5	5	1378440	398040	459480.00	3	To or from Antarctica
121	138	South Shetland Islands_Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	South Shetland Islands	Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	Scotia Sea	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	9	5	5	4886880	517380	542986.67	9	To or from Antarctica
34	130	East Antarctic Wilkes Land_South New Zealand	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	South New Zealand	Continental High Antarctic	Southern New Zealand	Southern Ocean	Temperate Australasia	8	3	5	5532240	674850	691530.00	8	To or from Antarctica
103	117	Rio de la Plata_South Georgia	Rio de la Plata	South Georgia	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	8	5	5	2491320	453360	622830.00	4	To or from Antarctica
34	105	East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Ross Sea	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Ross Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	7	4	4	687000	37860	98142.86	7	Within Antarctica
103	121	Rio de la Plata_South Shetland Islands	Rio de la Plata	South Shetland Islands	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	7	5	5	2989980	403560	427140.00	7	To or from Antarctica
120	6	South Orkney Islands_Antarctic Peninsula	South Orkney Islands	Antarctic Peninsula	Scotia Sea	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	7	4	4	810360	108540	115765.71	7	Within Antarctica
121	103	South Shetland Islands_Rio de la Plata	South Shetland Islands	Rio de la Plata	Scotia Sea	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	7	5	5	3637920	435780	519702.86	7	To or from Antarctica
120	117	South Orkney Islands_South Georgia	South Orkney Islands	South Georgia	Scotia Sea	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	6	6	6	562260	281130	281130.00	2	Within Antarctica
130	34	South New Zealand_East Antarctic Wilkes Land	South New Zealand	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Southern New Zealand	Continental High Antarctic	Temperate Australasia	Southern Ocean	5	2	2	3445800	660030	861450.00	4	To or from Antarctica
138	121	Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf_South Shetland Islands	Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	South Shetland Islands	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	5	1	1	973980	451200	324660.00	3	To or from Antarctica
34	25	East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Central New Zealand	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Central New Zealand	Continental High Antarctic	Southern New Zealand	Southern Ocean	Temperate Australasia	4	1	1	3435600	819180	858900.00	4	To or from Antarctica
105	25	Ross Sea_Central New Zealand	Ross Sea	Central New Zealand	Continental High Antarctic	Southern New Zealand	Southern Ocean	Temperate Australasia	4	2	3	4613400	894750	1153350.00	4	To or from Antarctica
121	120	South Shetland Islands_South Orkney Islands	South Shetland Islands	South Orkney Islands	Scotia Sea	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	4	4	4	106200	25950	26550.00	4	Within Antarctica
6	85	Antarctic Peninsula_North Patagonian Gulfs	Antarctic Peninsula	North Patagonian Gulfs	Scotia Sea	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	3	2	2	219240	219240	219240.00	1	To or from Antarctica
6	124	Antarctic Peninsula_Southeastern Brazil	Antarctic Peninsula	Southeastern Brazil	Scotia Sea	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	3	3	3	3710400	1639440	1236800.00	3	To or from Antarctica
14	34	Bassian_East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Bassian	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Southeast Australian Shelf	Continental High Antarctic	Temperate Australasia	Southern Ocean	3	3	3	881220	440610	440610.00	2	To or from Antarctica
28	120	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_South Orkney Islands	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	South Orkney Islands	Magellanic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	3	2	2	1472460	736230	736230.00	2	To or from Antarctica
85	121	North Patagonian Gulfs_South Shetland Islands	North Patagonian Gulfs	South Shetland Islands	Magellanic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	3	3	3	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
121	85	South Shetland Islands_North Patagonian Gulfs	South Shetland Islands	North Patagonian Gulfs	Scotia Sea	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	3	3	3	281460	281460	281460.00	1	To or from Antarctica
4	101	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Peter the First Island	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Peter the First Island	Continental High Antarctic	Subantarctic Islands	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	2	1	1	37020	18510	18510.00	2	Within Antarctica
6	101	Antarctic Peninsula_Peter the First Island	Antarctic Peninsula	Peter the First Island	Scotia Sea	Subantarctic Islands	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	2	2	2	205260	102630	102630.00	2	Within Antarctica
6	103	Antarctic Peninsula_Rio de la Plata	Antarctic Peninsula	Rio de la Plata	Scotia Sea	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	2	2	2	1086000	543000	543000.00	2	To or from Antarctica
6	120	Antarctic Peninsula_South Orkney Islands	Antarctic Peninsula	South Orkney Islands	Scotia Sea	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	2	2	2	522540	261270	261270.00	2	Within Antarctica
85	117	North Patagonian Gulfs_South Georgia	North Patagonian Gulfs	South Georgia	Magellanic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	2	2	2	815640	815640	815640.00	1	To or from Antarctica
101	6	Peter the First Island_Antarctic Peninsula	Peter the First Island	Antarctic Peninsula	Subantarctic Islands	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	2	1	1	216840	108420	108420.00	2	Within Antarctica
101	105	Peter the First Island_Ross Sea	Peter the First Island	Ross Sea	Subantarctic Islands	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	2	2	2	1078200	539100	539100.00	2	Within Antarctica
103	6	Rio de la Plata_Antarctic Peninsula	Rio de la Plata	Antarctic Peninsula	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	2	1	1	713400	356700	356700.00	2	To or from Antarctica
105	4	Ross Sea_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Ross Sea	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	2	1	1	469620	234810	234810.00	2	Within Antarctica
117	20	South Georgia_Cape Verde	South Georgia	Cape Verde	Scotia Sea	West African Transition	Southern Ocean	Tropical Atlantic	2	2	2	857400	857400	857400.00	1	To or from Antarctica
120	28	South Orkney Islands_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	South Orkney Islands	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Scotia Sea	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	2	2	2	1245240	622620	622620.00	2	To or from Antarctica
4	105	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Ross Sea	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Ross Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	41880	41880	41880.00	1	Within Antarctica
6	30	Antarctic Peninsula_Chiloense	Antarctic Peninsula	Chiloense	Scotia Sea	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
6	156	Antarctic Peninsula_North Sea	Antarctic Peninsula	North Sea	Scotia Sea	Northern European Seas	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Atlantic	1	1	1	2820	2820	2820.00	1	To or from Antarctica
6	105	Antarctic Peninsula_Ross Sea	Antarctic Peninsula	Ross Sea	Scotia Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	746760	746760	746760.00	1	Within Antarctica
6	138	Antarctic Peninsula_Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	Antarctic Peninsula	Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	Scotia Sea	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	523080	523080	523080.00	1	To or from Antarctica
8	121	Araucanian_South Shetland Islands	Araucanian	South Shetland Islands	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
28	101	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_Peter the First Island	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Peter the First Island	Magellanic	Subantarctic Islands	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	45180	45180	45180.00	1	To or from Antarctica
156	6	North Sea_Antarctic Peninsula	North Sea	Antarctic Peninsula	Northern European Seas	Scotia Sea	Temperate Northern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
101	4	Peter the First Island_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Peter the First Island	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Subantarctic Islands	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	60120	60120	60120.00	1	Within Antarctica
117	85	South Georgia_North Patagonian Gulfs	South Georgia	North Patagonian Gulfs	Scotia Sea	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
117	133	South Georgia_St. Helena and Ascension Islands	South Georgia	St. Helena and Ascension Islands	Scotia Sea	St. Helena and Ascension Islands	Southern Ocean	Tropical Atlantic	1	1	1	1268400	1268400	1268400.00	1	To or from Antarctica
117	138	South Georgia_Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	South Georgia	Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	Scotia Sea	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
120	156	South Orkney Islands_North Sea	South Orkney Islands	North Sea	Scotia Sea	Northern European Seas	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Atlantic	1	1	1	3545340	3545340	3545340.00	1	To or from Antarctica
121	12	South Shetland Islands_Baltic Sea	South Shetland Islands	Baltic Sea	Scotia Sea	Northern European Seas	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Atlantic	1	1	1	3781020	3781020	3781020.00	1	To or from Antarctica
121	20	South Shetland Islands_Cape Verde	South Shetland Islands	Cape Verde	Scotia Sea	West African Transition	Southern Ocean	Tropical Atlantic	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
121	112	South Shetland Islands_Society Islands	South Shetland Islands	Society Islands	Scotia Sea	Southeast Polynesia	Southern Ocean	Eastern Indo-Pacific	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
121	124	South Shetland Islands_Southeastern Brazil	South Shetland Islands	Southeastern Brazil	Scotia Sea	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
121	133	South Shetland Islands_St. Helena and Ascension Islands	South Shetland Islands	St. Helena and Ascension Islands	Scotia Sea	St. Helena and Ascension Islands	Southern Ocean	Tropical Atlantic	1	1	1	3354120	3354120	3354120.00	1	To or from Antarctica
124	117	Southeastern Brazil_South Georgia	Southeastern Brazil	South Georgia	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica

Although still heavily centered around the Antarctic Peninsula/South Shetland Islands/South America/Falklands/Scotia Arc area, research activity is a little more evenly spread. The connections between Bassian and East Antarctic Wilkes Land in both directions are rank 5th and 6th.

gateway_region_edge_results$research

from	to	move	from_ecoregion	to_ecoregion	from_province	to_province	from_realm	to_realm	n_voyages	n_ships	n_trips	total_time	median_time	mean_time	n_time	internal
5	91	Antarctic Peninsula_South Shetland Islands	Antarctic Peninsula	South Shetland Islands	Scotia Sea	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	208	17	27	5248800	13260	25356.52	207	Within Antarctica
91	5	South Shetland Islands_Antarctic Peninsula	South Shetland Islands	Antarctic Peninsula	Scotia Sea	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	200	16	26	4814160	12030	24070.80	200	Within Antarctica
91	23	South Shetland Islands_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	South Shetland Islands	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Scotia Sea	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	130	16	22	35565540	251940	320410.27	111	To or from Antarctica
23	91	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_South Shetland Islands	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	South Shetland Islands	Magellanic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	118	17	24	23279700	206730	223843.27	104	To or from Antarctica
29	11	East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Bassian	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Bassian	Continental High Antarctic	Southeast Australian Shelf	Southern Ocean	Temperate Australasia	47	6	10	33707640	698040	783898.60	43	To or from Antarctica
11	29	Bassian_East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Bassian	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Southeast Australian Shelf	Continental High Antarctic	Temperate Australasia	Southern Ocean	44	6	11	21073740	491760	554572.11	38	To or from Antarctica
23	5	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_Antarctic Peninsula	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Antarctic Peninsula	Magellanic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	26	5	6	3827760	178140	173989.09	22	To or from Antarctica
5	23	Antarctic Peninsula_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Antarctic Peninsula	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Scotia Sea	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	23	8	8	11860860	415800	515689.57	23	To or from Antarctica
86	54	South Georgia_Malvinas/Falklands	South Georgia	Malvinas/Falklands	Scotia Sea	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	18	4	4	2178900	406080	544725.00	4	To or from Antarctica
29	78	East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Ross Sea	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Ross Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	15	9	13	8061360	126480	537424.00	15	Within Antarctica
78	20	Ross Sea_Central New Zealand	Ross Sea	Central New Zealand	Continental High Antarctic	Southern New Zealand	Southern Ocean	Temperate Australasia	15	5	6	15999840	852090	1142845.71	14	To or from Antarctica
54	91	Malvinas/Falklands_South Shetland Islands	Malvinas/Falklands	South Shetland Islands	Magellanic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	14	3	3	4427160	251280	442716.00	10	To or from Antarctica
60	30	Namaqua_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Namaqua	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Benguela	Continental High Antarctic	Temperate Southern Africa	Southern Ocean	14	5	5	8904900	569400	684992.31	13	To or from Antarctica
78	29	Ross Sea_East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Ross Sea	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Continental High Antarctic	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	13	7	7	4572840	201660	351756.92	13	Within Antarctica
89	91	South Orkney Islands_South Shetland Islands	South Orkney Islands	South Shetland Islands	Scotia Sea	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	13	9	9	2302920	24240	177147.69	13	Within Antarctica
60	104	Namaqua_Weddell Sea	Namaqua	Weddell Sea	Benguela	Continental High Antarctic	Temperate Southern Africa	Southern Ocean	12	4	4	8596560	776730	859656.00	10	To or from Antarctica
20	78	Central New Zealand_Ross Sea	Central New Zealand	Ross Sea	Southern New Zealand	Continental High Antarctic	Temperate Australasia	Southern Ocean	11	5	5	2335260	514980	467052.00	5	To or from Antarctica
54	86	Malvinas/Falklands_South Georgia	Malvinas/Falklands	South Georgia	Magellanic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	11	4	4	2767080	997860	922360.00	3	To or from Antarctica
89	54	South Orkney Islands_Malvinas/Falklands	South Orkney Islands	Malvinas/Falklands	Scotia Sea	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	11	2	2	3482760	251760	497537.14	7	To or from Antarctica
30	28	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_East Antarctic Enderby Land	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	East Antarctic Enderby Land	Continental High Antarctic	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	10	5	7	1230120	16290	123012.00	10	Within Antarctica
54	89	Malvinas/Falklands_South Orkney Islands	Malvinas/Falklands	South Orkney Islands	Magellanic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	10	2	2	2054400	224940	293485.71	7	To or from Antarctica
91	89	South Shetland Islands_South Orkney Islands	South Shetland Islands	South Orkney Islands	Scotia Sea	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	10	7	8	421980	22170	42198.00	10	Within Antarctica
104	60	Weddell Sea_Namaqua	Weddell Sea	Namaqua	Continental High Antarctic	Benguela	Southern Ocean	Temperate Southern Africa	10	5	5	9320040	848880	932004.00	10	To or from Antarctica
30	104	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_Weddell Sea	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Weddell Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	9	4	4	875400	20580	97266.67	9	Within Antarctica
28	29	East Antarctic Enderby Land_East Antarctic Wilkes Land	East Antarctic Enderby Land	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Continental High Antarctic	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	9	4	5	1090200	98400	121133.33	9	Within Antarctica
51	29	Leeuwin_East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Leeuwin	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Southwest Australian Shelf	Continental High Antarctic	Temperate Australasia	Southern Ocean	9	5	5	5887680	744000	654186.67	9	To or from Antarctica
91	54	South Shetland Islands_Malvinas/Falklands	South Shetland Islands	Malvinas/Falklands	Scotia Sea	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	8	3	3	2922840	213300	417548.57	7	To or from Antarctica
91	76	South Shetland Islands_Rio de la Plata	South Shetland Islands	Rio de la Plata	Scotia Sea	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	8	4	5	4810080	714720	801680.00	6	To or from Antarctica
3	5	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Antarctic Peninsula	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Antarctic Peninsula	Continental High Antarctic	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	7	4	4	252000	19020	36000.00	7	Within Antarctica
23	89	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_South Orkney Islands	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	South Orkney Islands	Magellanic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	7	4	4	3342900	365010	557150.00	6	To or from Antarctica
29	28	East Antarctic Wilkes Land_East Antarctic Enderby Land	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	East Antarctic Enderby Land	Continental High Antarctic	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	7	4	5	204660	22380	29237.14	7	Within Antarctica
29	51	East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Leeuwin	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Leeuwin	Continental High Antarctic	Southwest Australian Shelf	Southern Ocean	Temperate Australasia	7	4	6	8698080	1114920	1242582.86	7	To or from Antarctica
104	89	Weddell Sea_South Orkney Islands	Weddell Sea	South Orkney Islands	Continental High Antarctic	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	7	3	3	2901720	283920	414531.43	7	Within Antarctica
5	3	Antarctic Peninsula_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Antarctic Peninsula	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Scotia Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	6	4	4	254040	27540	42340.00	6	Within Antarctica
3	74	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Peter the First Island	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Peter the First Island	Continental High Antarctic	Subantarctic Islands	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	5	4	4	510480	50820	102096.00	5	Within Antarctica
11	78	Bassian_Ross Sea	Bassian	Ross Sea	Southeast Australian Shelf	Continental High Antarctic	Temperate Australasia	Southern Ocean	5	3	3	3443160	470640	688632.00	5	To or from Antarctica
20	29	Central New Zealand_East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Central New Zealand	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Southern New Zealand	Continental High Antarctic	Temperate Australasia	Southern Ocean	5	3	3	1488660	547080	496220.00	3	To or from Antarctica
29	20	East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Central New Zealand	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Central New Zealand	Continental High Antarctic	Southern New Zealand	Southern Ocean	Temperate Australasia	5	3	3	5132760	1022040	1026552.00	5	To or from Antarctica
54	5	Malvinas/Falklands_Antarctic Peninsula	Malvinas/Falklands	Antarctic Peninsula	Magellanic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	5	3	3	268920	82080	89640.00	3	To or from Antarctica
74	3	Peter the First Island_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Peter the First Island	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Subantarctic Islands	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	5	3	4	238920	11460	47784.00	5	Within Antarctica
89	86	South Orkney Islands_South Georgia	South Orkney Islands	South Georgia	Scotia Sea	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	5	2	2	232200	232200	232200.00	1	Within Antarctica
30	60	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_Namaqua	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Namaqua	Continental High Antarctic	Benguela	Southern Ocean	Temperate Southern Africa	4	3	3	3290820	559200	822705.00	4	To or from Antarctica
28	30	East Antarctic Enderby Land_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	East Antarctic Enderby Land	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Continental High Antarctic	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	4	3	4	81660	18450	20415.00	4	Within Antarctica
28	60	East Antarctic Enderby Land_Namaqua	East Antarctic Enderby Land	Namaqua	Continental High Antarctic	Benguela	Southern Ocean	Temperate Southern Africa	4	3	3	3509520	862110	877380.00	4	To or from Antarctica
29	60	East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Namaqua	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Namaqua	Continental High Antarctic	Benguela	Southern Ocean	Temperate Southern Africa	4	2	2	4194120	1026930	1048530.00	4	To or from Antarctica
51	78	Leeuwin_Ross Sea	Leeuwin	Ross Sea	Southwest Australian Shelf	Continental High Antarctic	Temperate Australasia	Southern Ocean	4	2	2	6280560	1023600	1570140.00	4	To or from Antarctica
104	30	Weddell Sea_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Weddell Sea	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Continental High Antarctic	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	4	2	2	1067220	10800	266805.00	4	Within Antarctica
104	86	Weddell Sea_South Georgia	Weddell Sea	South Georgia	Continental High Antarctic	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	4	2	2	676500	676500	676500.00	1	Within Antarctica
3	20	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Central New Zealand	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Central New Zealand	Continental High Antarctic	Southern New Zealand	Southern Ocean	Temperate Australasia	3	1	1	4406700	1364700	1468900.00	3	To or from Antarctica
3	78	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Ross Sea	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Ross Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	3	2	2	262560	110520	87520.00	3	Within Antarctica
5	54	Antarctic Peninsula_Malvinas/Falklands	Antarctic Peninsula	Malvinas/Falklands	Scotia Sea	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	3	2	2	244500	244500	244500.00	1	To or from Antarctica
5	113	Antarctic Peninsula_North Sea	Antarctic Peninsula	North Sea	Scotia Sea	Northern European Seas	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Atlantic	3	1	1	61380	19740	20460.00	3	To or from Antarctica
20	3	Central New Zealand_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Central New Zealand	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Southern New Zealand	Continental High Antarctic	Temperate Australasia	Southern Ocean	3	1	1	921060	460530	460530.00	2	To or from Antarctica
23	3	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Magellanic	Continental High Antarctic	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	3	3	3	2112420	602820	704140.00	3	To or from Antarctica
23	74	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_Peter the First Island	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Peter the First Island	Magellanic	Subantarctic Islands	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	3	2	3	1134300	405720	378100.00	3	To or from Antarctica
55	29	Manning-Hawkesbury_East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Manning-Hawkesbury	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	East Central Australian Shelf	Continental High Antarctic	Temperate Australasia	Southern Ocean	3	1	3	1200900	406860	400300.00	3	To or from Antarctica
58	29	Mascarene Islands_East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Mascarene Islands	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Western Indian Ocean	Continental High Antarctic	Western Indo-Pacific	Southern Ocean	3	2	2	3165480	1582740	1582740.00	2	To or from Antarctica
60	28	Namaqua_East Antarctic Enderby Land	Namaqua	East Antarctic Enderby Land	Benguela	Continental High Antarctic	Temperate Southern Africa	Southern Ocean	3	2	2	1446900	557220	482300.00	3	To or from Antarctica
113	5	North Sea_Antarctic Peninsula	North Sea	Antarctic Peninsula	Northern European Seas	Scotia Sea	Temperate Northern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	3	1	1	34080	17040	17040.00	2	To or from Antarctica
74	5	Peter the First Island_Antarctic Peninsula	Peter the First Island	Antarctic Peninsula	Subantarctic Islands	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	3	3	3	286200	101340	95400.00	3	Within Antarctica
78	3	Ross Sea_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Ross Sea	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	3	3	3	2358660	28200	786220.00	3	Within Antarctica
78	74	Ross Sea_Peter the First Island	Ross Sea	Peter the First Island	Continental High Antarctic	Subantarctic Islands	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	3	3	3	1697820	535980	565940.00	3	Within Antarctica
89	104	South Orkney Islands_Weddell Sea	South Orkney Islands	Weddell Sea	Scotia Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	3	2	2	866280	307860	288760.00	3	Within Antarctica
90	104	South Sandwich Islands_Weddell Sea	South Sandwich Islands	Weddell Sea	Scotia Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	3	2	2	499860	168960	166620.00	3	Within Antarctica
104	54	Weddell Sea_Malvinas/Falklands	Weddell Sea	Malvinas/Falklands	Continental High Antarctic	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	3	1	1	2441700	761220	813900.00	3	To or from Antarctica
5	74	Antarctic Peninsula_Peter the First Island	Antarctic Peninsula	Peter the First Island	Scotia Sea	Subantarctic Islands	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	2	2	2	176100	88050	88050.00	2	Within Antarctica
8	86	Azores Canaries Madeira_South Georgia	Azores Canaries Madeira	South Georgia	Lusitanian	Scotia Sea	Temperate Northern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	2	2	2	2719080	2719080	2719080.00	1	To or from Antarctica
30	29	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_East Antarctic Wilkes Land	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Continental High Antarctic	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	2	2	2	1653360	826680	826680.00	2	Within Antarctica
30	78	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_Ross Sea	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Ross Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	2	2	2	19830840	9915420	9915420.00	2	Within Antarctica
29	58	East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Mascarene Islands	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Mascarene Islands	Continental High Antarctic	Western Indian Ocean	Southern Ocean	Western Indo-Pacific	2	1	1	4765140	2382570	2382570.00	2	To or from Antarctica
51	30	Leeuwin_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Leeuwin	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Southwest Australian Shelf	Continental High Antarctic	Temperate Australasia	Southern Ocean	2	1	1	897660	897660	897660.00	1	To or from Antarctica
54	90	Malvinas/Falklands_South Sandwich Islands	Malvinas/Falklands	South Sandwich Islands	Magellanic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	2	1	1	946500	473250	473250.00	2	To or from Antarctica
54	104	Malvinas/Falklands_Weddell Sea	Malvinas/Falklands	Weddell Sea	Magellanic	Continental High Antarctic	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	2	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
60	29	Namaqua_East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Namaqua	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Benguela	Continental High Antarctic	Temperate Southern Africa	Southern Ocean	2	1	2	2121540	1060770	1060770.00	2	To or from Antarctica
113	91	North Sea_South Shetland Islands	North Sea	South Shetland Islands	Northern European Seas	Scotia Sea	Temperate Northern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	2	1	1	7734780	7734780	7734780.00	1	To or from Antarctica
74	23	Peter the First Island_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Peter the First Island	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Subantarctic Islands	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	2	2	2	895980	447990	447990.00	2	To or from Antarctica
74	91	Peter the First Island_South Shetland Islands	Peter the First Island	South Shetland Islands	Subantarctic Islands	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	2	2	2	3774960	1887480	1887480.00	2	Within Antarctica
76	89	Rio de la Plata_South Orkney Islands	Rio de la Plata	South Orkney Islands	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	2	2	2	574380	287190	287190.00	2	To or from Antarctica
77	91	Rio Grande_South Shetland Islands	Rio Grande	South Shetland Islands	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	2	2	2	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
78	80	Ross Sea_Sea of Japan/East Sea	Ross Sea	Sea of Japan/East Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Pacific	2	1	1	4634940	2317470	2317470.00	2	To or from Antarctica
86	60	South Georgia_Namaqua	South Georgia	Namaqua	Scotia Sea	Benguela	Southern Ocean	Temperate Southern Africa	2	2	2	1041420	1041420	1041420.00	1	To or from Antarctica
86	104	South Georgia_Weddell Sea	South Georgia	Weddell Sea	Scotia Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	2	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	Within Antarctica
89	5	South Orkney Islands_Antarctic Peninsula	South Orkney Islands	Antarctic Peninsula	Scotia Sea	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	2	2	2	362580	181290	181290.00	2	Within Antarctica
89	90	South Orkney Islands_South Sandwich Islands	South Orkney Islands	South Sandwich Islands	Scotia Sea	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	2	2	2	192960	96480	96480.00	2	Within Antarctica
90	89	South Sandwich Islands_South Orkney Islands	South Sandwich Islands	South Orkney Islands	Scotia Sea	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	2	2	2	224640	112320	112320.00	2	Within Antarctica
104	90	Weddell Sea_South Sandwich Islands	Weddell Sea	South Sandwich Islands	Continental High Antarctic	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	2	2	2	409560	204780	204780.00	2	Within Antarctica
104	91	Weddell Sea_South Shetland Islands	Weddell Sea	South Shetland Islands	Continental High Antarctic	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	2	1	1	2327580	1163790	1163790.00	2	Within Antarctica
3	23	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Continental High Antarctic	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
3	75	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Puget Trough/Georgia Basin	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Puget Trough/Georgia Basin	Continental High Antarctic	Cold Temperate Northeast Pacific	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Pacific	1	1	1	4431720	4431720	4431720.00	1	To or from Antarctica
5	18	Antarctic Peninsula_Central Chile	Antarctic Peninsula	Central Chile	Scotia Sea	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	4010880	4010880	4010880.00	1	To or from Antarctica
5	86	Antarctic Peninsula_South Georgia	Antarctic Peninsula	South Georgia	Scotia Sea	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	1638420	1638420	1638420.00	1	Within Antarctica
5	89	Antarctic Peninsula_South Orkney Islands	Antarctic Peninsula	South Orkney Islands	Scotia Sea	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	85680	85680	85680.00	1	Within Antarctica
7	91	Araucanian_South Shetland Islands	Araucanian	South Shetland Islands	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	5509260	5509260	5509260.00	1	To or from Antarctica
20	5	Central New Zealand_Antarctic Peninsula	Central New Zealand	Antarctic Peninsula	Southern New Zealand	Scotia Sea	Temperate Australasia	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
23	78	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_Ross Sea	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Ross Sea	Magellanic	Continental High Antarctic	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	563700	563700	563700.00	1	To or from Antarctica
23	86	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_South Georgia	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	South Georgia	Magellanic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
23	104	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_Weddell Sea	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Weddell Sea	Magellanic	Continental High Antarctic	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	1154460	1154460	1154460.00	1	To or from Antarctica
30	89	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_South Orkney Islands	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	South Orkney Islands	Continental High Antarctic	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	378300	378300	378300.00	1	Within Antarctica
30	91	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_South Shetland Islands	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	South Shetland Islands	Continental High Antarctic	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	115620	115620	115620.00	1	Within Antarctica
28	90	East Antarctic Enderby Land_South Sandwich Islands	East Antarctic Enderby Land	South Sandwich Islands	Continental High Antarctic	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	631020	631020	631020.00	1	Within Antarctica
28	91	East Antarctic Enderby Land_South Shetland Islands	East Antarctic Enderby Land	South Shetland Islands	Continental High Antarctic	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	1121040	1121040	1121040.00	1	Within Antarctica
29	3	East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	267360	267360	267360.00	1	Within Antarctica
29	19	East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Central Kuroshio Current	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Central Kuroshio Current	Continental High Antarctic	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Pacific	1	1	1	3565440	3565440	3565440.00	1	To or from Antarctica
29	55	East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Manning-Hawkesbury	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Manning-Hawkesbury	Continental High Antarctic	East Central Australian Shelf	Southern Ocean	Temperate Australasia	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
29	89	East Antarctic Wilkes Land_South Orkney Islands	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	South Orkney Islands	Continental High Antarctic	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	1216200	1216200	1216200.00	1	Within Antarctica
32	3	Easter Island_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Easter Island	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Easter Island	Continental High Antarctic	Eastern Indo-Pacific	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	2278560	2278560	2278560.00	1	To or from Antarctica
42	30	Gulf of Aden_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Gulf of Aden	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Red Sea and Gulf of Aden	Continental High Antarctic	Western Indo-Pacific	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	8943420	8943420	8943420.00	1	To or from Antarctica
63	78	New Caledonia_Ross Sea	New Caledonia	Ross Sea	Tropical Southwestern Pacific	Continental High Antarctic	Central Indo-Pacific	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	519180	519180	519180.00	1	To or from Antarctica
74	20	Peter the First Island_Central New Zealand	Peter the First Island	Central New Zealand	Subantarctic Islands	Southern New Zealand	Southern Ocean	Temperate Australasia	1	1	1	5358120	5358120	5358120.00	1	To or from Antarctica
76	91	Rio de la Plata_South Shetland Islands	Rio de la Plata	South Shetland Islands	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	542700	542700	542700.00	1	To or from Antarctica
78	122	Ross Sea_Alboran Sea	Ross Sea	Alboran Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Mediterranean Sea	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Atlantic	1	1	1	3127140	3127140	3127140.00	1	To or from Antarctica
78	17	Ross Sea_Celtic Seas	Ross Sea	Celtic Seas	Continental High Antarctic	Northern European Seas	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Atlantic	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
78	18	Ross Sea_Central Chile	Ross Sea	Central Chile	Continental High Antarctic	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	1321260	1321260	1321260.00	1	To or from Antarctica
78	51	Ross Sea_Leeuwin	Ross Sea	Leeuwin	Continental High Antarctic	Southwest Australian Shelf	Southern Ocean	Temperate Australasia	1	1	1	1912980	1912980	1912980.00	1	To or from Antarctica
78	63	Ross Sea_New Caledonia	Ross Sea	New Caledonia	Continental High Antarctic	Tropical Southwestern Pacific	Southern Ocean	Central Indo-Pacific	1	1	1	2522340	2522340	2522340.00	1	To or from Antarctica
78	81	Ross Sea_Society Islands	Ross Sea	Society Islands	Continental High Antarctic	Southeast Polynesia	Southern Ocean	Eastern Indo-Pacific	1	1	1	1543860	1543860	1543860.00	1	To or from Antarctica
78	109	Ross Sea_Yellow Sea	Ross Sea	Yellow Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Pacific	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
86	17	South Georgia_Celtic Seas	South Georgia	Celtic Seas	Scotia Sea	Northern European Seas	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Atlantic	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
86	23	South Georgia_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	South Georgia	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Scotia Sea	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	266880	266880	266880.00	1	To or from Antarctica
86	58	South Georgia_Mascarene Islands	South Georgia	Mascarene Islands	Scotia Sea	Western Indian Ocean	Southern Ocean	Western Indo-Pacific	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
86	91	South Georgia_South Shetland Islands	South Georgia	South Shetland Islands	Scotia Sea	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	Within Antarctica
89	8	South Orkney Islands_Azores Canaries Madeira	South Orkney Islands	Azores Canaries Madeira	Scotia Sea	Lusitanian	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Atlantic	1	1	1	2697720	2697720	2697720.00	1	To or from Antarctica
89	23	South Orkney Islands_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	South Orkney Islands	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Scotia Sea	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	1306140	1306140	1306140.00	1	To or from Antarctica
89	30	South Orkney Islands_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	South Orkney Islands	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Scotia Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	282420	282420	282420.00	1	Within Antarctica
89	76	South Orkney Islands_Rio de la Plata	South Orkney Islands	Rio de la Plata	Scotia Sea	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	696600	696600	696600.00	1	To or from Antarctica
89	103	South Orkney Islands_Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	South Orkney Islands	Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	Scotia Sea	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	558660	558660	558660.00	1	To or from Antarctica
90	30	South Sandwich Islands_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	South Sandwich Islands	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Scotia Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	304500	304500	304500.00	1	Within Antarctica
90	86	South Sandwich Islands_South Georgia	South Sandwich Islands	South Georgia	Scotia Sea	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	Within Antarctica
91	34	South Shetland Islands_Eastern Brazil	South Shetland Islands	Eastern Brazil	Scotia Sea	Tropical Southwestern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	Tropical Atlantic	1	1	1	3048840	3048840	3048840.00	1	To or from Antarctica
91	113	South Shetland Islands_North Sea	South Shetland Islands	North Sea	Scotia Sea	Northern European Seas	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Atlantic	1	1	1	3101700	3101700	3101700.00	1	To or from Antarctica
91	94	South Shetland Islands_Southeastern Brazil	South Shetland Islands	Southeastern Brazil	Scotia Sea	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	843780	843780	843780.00	1	To or from Antarctica
91	96	South Shetland Islands_Southern China	South Shetland Islands	Southern China	Scotia Sea	South China Sea	Southern Ocean	Central Indo-Pacific	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
91	103	South Shetland Islands_Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	South Shetland Islands	Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	Scotia Sea	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	605820	605820	605820.00	1	To or from Antarctica
96	91	Southern China_South Shetland Islands	Southern China	South Shetland Islands	South China Sea	Scotia Sea	Central Indo-Pacific	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
114	104	Southern Norway_Weddell Sea	Southern Norway	Weddell Sea	Northern European Seas	Continental High Antarctic	Temperate Northern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
104	5	Weddell Sea_Antarctic Peninsula	Weddell Sea	Antarctic Peninsula	Continental High Antarctic	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	261240	261240	261240.00	1	Within Antarctica
104	23	Weddell Sea_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Weddell Sea	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Continental High Antarctic	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	956940	956940	956940.00	1	To or from Antarctica
104	114	Weddell Sea_Southern Norway	Weddell Sea	Southern Norway	Continental High Antarctic	Northern European Seas	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Atlantic	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica

Supply ships, while also centered in the greater Antarctica Peninsula area and Scotia Arc are also a little more evenly spread than, e.g. tourism.

gateway_region_edge_results$supply

from	to	move	from_ecoregion	to_ecoregion	from_province	to_province	from_realm	to_realm	n_voyages	n_ships	n_trips	total_time	median_time	mean_time	n_time	internal
6	103	Antarctic Peninsula_South Shetland Islands	Antarctic Peninsula	South Shetland Islands	Scotia Sea	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	63	16	19	1020660	11460	16200.95	63	Within Antarctica
103	6	South Shetland Islands_Antarctic Peninsula	South Shetland Islands	Antarctic Peninsula	Scotia Sea	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	61	15	18	1361400	15240	22318.03	61	Within Antarctica
62	103	Malvinas/Falklands_South Shetland Islands	Malvinas/Falklands	South Shetland Islands	Magellanic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	38	19	20	6337800	157920	253512.00	25	To or from Antarctica
103	62	South Shetland Islands_Malvinas/Falklands	South Shetland Islands	Malvinas/Falklands	Scotia Sea	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	38	19	19	11460120	176010	358128.75	32	To or from Antarctica
23	103	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_South Shetland Islands	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	South Shetland Islands	Magellanic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	26	14	15	2685180	142320	157951.76	17	To or from Antarctica
103	23	South Shetland Islands_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	South Shetland Islands	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Scotia Sea	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	26	13	15	5302440	263820	252497.14	21	To or from Antarctica
87	103	Rio de la Plata_South Shetland Islands	Rio de la Plata	South Shetland Islands	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	17	8	9	13417680	675900	838605.00	16	To or from Antarctica
87	101	Rio de la Plata_South Orkney Islands	Rio de la Plata	South Orkney Islands	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	16	5	6	7314900	480120	522492.86	14	To or from Antarctica
103	87	South Shetland Islands_Rio de la Plata	South Shetland Islands	Rio de la Plata	Scotia Sea	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	15	7	7	17000100	658620	1133340.00	15	To or from Antarctica
101	103	South Orkney Islands_South Shetland Islands	South Orkney Islands	South Shetland Islands	Scotia Sea	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	12	5	7	1195860	48660	99655.00	12	Within Antarctica
103	66	South Shetland Islands_Mascarene Islands	South Shetland Islands	Mascarene Islands	Scotia Sea	Western Indian Ocean	Southern Ocean	Western Indo-Pacific	12	9	10	21534720	1623270	1794560.00	12	To or from Antarctica
101	87	South Orkney Islands_Rio de la Plata	South Orkney Islands	Rio de la Plata	Scotia Sea	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	11	2	3	6232080	585210	623208.00	10	To or from Antarctica
62	101	Malvinas/Falklands_South Orkney Islands	Malvinas/Falklands	South Orkney Islands	Magellanic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	10	3	3	1932660	198750	241582.50	8	To or from Antarctica
89	21	Ross Sea_Central New Zealand	Ross Sea	Central New Zealand	Continental High Antarctic	Southern New Zealand	Southern Ocean	Temperate Australasia	10	5	7	8286420	679950	828642.00	10	To or from Antarctica
101	62	South Orkney Islands_Malvinas/Falklands	South Orkney Islands	Malvinas/Falklands	Scotia Sea	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	9	1	1	1299060	179490	216510.00	6	To or from Antarctica
21	89	Central New Zealand_Ross Sea	Central New Zealand	Ross Sea	Southern New Zealand	Continental High Antarctic	Temperate Australasia	Southern Ocean	7	3	4	3508920	363600	501274.29	7	To or from Antarctica
62	98	Malvinas/Falklands_South Georgia	Malvinas/Falklands	South Georgia	Magellanic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	7	1	1	536400	268200	268200.00	2	To or from Antarctica
98	87	South Georgia_Rio de la Plata	South Georgia	Rio de la Plata	Scotia Sea	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	7	2	2	1939620	741900	646540.00	3	To or from Antarctica
31	103	East China Sea_South Shetland Islands	East China Sea	South Shetland Islands	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	Scotia Sea	Temperate Northern Pacific	Southern Ocean	6	6	6	11352600	2288340	2270520.00	5	To or from Antarctica
103	101	South Shetland Islands_South Orkney Islands	South Shetland Islands	South Orkney Islands	Scotia Sea	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	6	3	5	693240	64020	115540.00	6	Within Antarctica
103	118	South Shetland Islands_Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	South Shetland Islands	Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	Scotia Sea	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	6	3	3	3160800	621960	632160.00	5	To or from Antarctica
30	68	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_Namaqua	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Namaqua	Continental High Antarctic	Benguela	Southern Ocean	Temperate Southern Africa	5	1	2	2488620	621960	622155.00	4	To or from Antarctica
129	103	Sunda Shelf/Java Sea_South Shetland Islands	Sunda Shelf/Java Sea	South Shetland Islands	Sunda Shelf	Scotia Sea	Central Indo-Pacific	Southern Ocean	5	1	2	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
28	30	East Antarctic Enderby Land_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	East Antarctic Enderby Land	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Continental High Antarctic	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	4	1	1	164700	37230	41175.00	4	Within Antarctica
29	28	East Antarctic Wilkes Land_East Antarctic Enderby Land	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	East Antarctic Enderby Land	Continental High Antarctic	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	4	1	1	111180	16500	27795.00	4	Within Antarctica
87	6	Rio de la Plata_Antarctic Peninsula	Rio de la Plata	Antarctic Peninsula	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	4	2	2	1744080	495720	436020.00	4	To or from Antarctica
87	98	Rio de la Plata_South Georgia	Rio de la Plata	South Georgia	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	4	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
103	129	South Shetland Islands_Sunda Shelf/Java Sea	South Shetland Islands	Sunda Shelf/Java Sea	Scotia Sea	Sunda Shelf	Southern Ocean	Central Indo-Pacific	4	1	1	11580	1470	2895.00	4	To or from Antarctica
23	101	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_South Orkney Islands	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	South Orkney Islands	Magellanic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	3	1	1	272520	272520	272520.00	1	To or from Antarctica
61	103	Malacca Strait_South Shetland Islands	Malacca Strait	South Shetland Islands	Sunda Shelf	Scotia Sea	Central Indo-Pacific	Southern Ocean	3	3	3	6474000	3237000	3237000.00	2	To or from Antarctica
68	29	Namaqua_East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Namaqua	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Benguela	Continental High Antarctic	Temperate Southern Africa	Southern Ocean	3	1	2	1693920	560220	564640.00	3	To or from Antarctica
131	30	North Sea_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	North Sea	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Northern European Seas	Continental High Antarctic	Temperate Northern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	3	3	3	2729100	19140	909700.00	3	To or from Antarctica
98	62	South Georgia_Malvinas/Falklands	South Georgia	Malvinas/Falklands	Scotia Sea	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	3	1	1	296100	296100	296100.00	1	To or from Antarctica
118	103	Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf_South Shetland Islands	Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	South Shetland Islands	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	3	3	3	1456440	728220	728220.00	2	To or from Antarctica
6	23	Antarctic Peninsula_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Antarctic Peninsula	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Scotia Sea	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	2	2	2	1076400	538200	538200.00	2	To or from Antarctica
23	6	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_Antarctic Peninsula	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Antarctic Peninsula	Magellanic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	2	2	2	758940	379470	379470.00	2	To or from Antarctica
28	29	East Antarctic Enderby Land_East Antarctic Wilkes Land	East Antarctic Enderby Land	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Continental High Antarctic	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	2	1	2	25020	12510	12510.00	2	Within Antarctica
68	28	Namaqua_East Antarctic Enderby Land	Namaqua	East Antarctic Enderby Land	Benguela	Continental High Antarctic	Temperate Southern Africa	Southern Ocean	2	1	2	1361700	680850	680850.00	2	To or from Antarctica
92	103	Sea of Japan/East Sea_South Shetland Islands	Sea of Japan/East Sea	South Shetland Islands	Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific	Scotia Sea	Temperate Northern Pacific	Southern Ocean	2	1	1	5030580	2515290	2515290.00	2	To or from Antarctica
98	118	South Georgia_Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	South Georgia	Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	Scotia Sea	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	2	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
103	61	South Shetland Islands_Malacca Strait	South Shetland Islands	Malacca Strait	Scotia Sea	Sunda Shelf	Southern Ocean	Central Indo-Pacific	2	2	2	5835540	2917770	2917770.00	2	To or from Antarctica
4	23	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Continental High Antarctic	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	1364400	1364400	1364400.00	1	To or from Antarctica
6	4	Antarctic Peninsula_Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Antarctic Peninsula	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	Scotia Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	16020	16020	16020.00	1	Within Antarctica
6	62	Antarctic Peninsula_Malvinas/Falklands	Antarctic Peninsula	Malvinas/Falklands	Scotia Sea	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	189480	189480	189480.00	1	To or from Antarctica
6	87	Antarctic Peninsula_Rio de la Plata	Antarctic Peninsula	Rio de la Plata	Scotia Sea	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	505920	505920	505920.00	1	To or from Antarctica
8	103	Araucanian_South Shetland Islands	Araucanian	South Shetland Islands	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	36240	36240	36240.00	1	To or from Antarctica
9	6	Azores Canaries Madeira_Antarctic Peninsula	Azores Canaries Madeira	Antarctic Peninsula	Lusitanian	Scotia Sea	Temperate Northern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	1503060	1503060	1503060.00	1	To or from Antarctica
11	30	Baltic Sea_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Baltic Sea	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Northern European Seas	Continental High Antarctic	Temperate Northern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	-37030080	-37030080	-37030080.00	1	To or from Antarctica
19	103	Central Chile_South Shetland Islands	Central Chile	South Shetland Islands	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	577560	577560	577560.00	1	To or from Antarctica
21	29	Central New Zealand_East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Central New Zealand	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Southern New Zealand	Continental High Antarctic	Temperate Australasia	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	532800	532800	532800.00	1	To or from Antarctica
30	131	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_North Sea	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	North Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Northern European Seas	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Atlantic	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
30	133	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_Northern Norway and Finnmark	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Northern Norway and Finnmark	Continental High Antarctic	Northern European Seas	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Atlantic	1	1	1	1277400	1277400	1277400.00	1	To or from Antarctica
30	121	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_Weddell Sea	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Weddell Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	42300	42300	42300.00	1	Within Antarctica
29	30	East Antarctic Wilkes Land_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Continental High Antarctic	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	243720	243720	243720.00	1	Within Antarctica
29	56	East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Houtman	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Houtman	Continental High Antarctic	West Central Australian Shelf	Southern Ocean	Temperate Australasia	1	1	1	852660	852660	852660.00	1	To or from Antarctica
29	68	East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Namaqua	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Namaqua	Continental High Antarctic	Benguela	Southern Ocean	Temperate Southern Africa	1	1	1	1488780	1488780	1488780.00	1	To or from Antarctica
29	89	East Antarctic Wilkes Land_Ross Sea	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Ross Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	113760	113760	113760.00	1	Within Antarctica
31	6	East China Sea_Antarctic Peninsula	East China Sea	Antarctic Peninsula	Warm Temperate Northwest Pacific	Scotia Sea	Temperate Northern Pacific	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	3373740	3373740	3373740.00	1	To or from Antarctica
37	29	Eastern India_East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Eastern India	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	Bay of Bengal	Continental High Antarctic	Western Indo-Pacific	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
37	103	Eastern India_South Shetland Islands	Eastern India	South Shetland Islands	Bay of Bengal	Scotia Sea	Western Indo-Pacific	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	-997320	-997320	-997320.00	1	To or from Antarctica
137	103	Gulf of Guinea South_South Shetland Islands	Gulf of Guinea South	South Shetland Islands	Gulf of Guinea	Scotia Sea	Tropical Atlantic	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	1932000	1932000	1932000.00	1	To or from Antarctica
68	98	Namaqua_South Georgia	Namaqua	South Georgia	Benguela	Scotia Sea	Temperate Southern Africa	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	522540	522540	522540.00	1	To or from Antarctica
131	101	North Sea_South Orkney Islands	North Sea	South Orkney Islands	Northern European Seas	Scotia Sea	Temperate Northern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	2049780	2049780	2049780.00	1	To or from Antarctica
87	102	Rio de la Plata_South Sandwich Islands	Rio de la Plata	South Sandwich Islands	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	561000	561000	561000.00	1	To or from Antarctica
98	101	South Georgia_South Orkney Islands	South Georgia	South Orkney Islands	Scotia Sea	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	Within Antarctica
101	23	South Orkney Islands_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	South Orkney Islands	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Scotia Sea	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
101	66	South Orkney Islands_Mascarene Islands	South Orkney Islands	Mascarene Islands	Scotia Sea	Western Indian Ocean	Southern Ocean	Western Indo-Pacific	1	1	1	2410260	2410260	2410260.00	1	To or from Antarctica
101	98	South Orkney Islands_South Georgia	South Orkney Islands	South Georgia	Scotia Sea	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	57360	57360	57360.00	1	Within Antarctica
101	118	South Orkney Islands_Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	South Orkney Islands	Uruguay-Buenos Aires Shelf	Scotia Sea	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	409860	409860	409860.00	1	To or from Antarctica
101	126	South Orkney Islands_Yellow Sea	South Orkney Islands	Yellow Sea	Scotia Sea	Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Pacific	1	1	1	6331620	6331620	6331620.00	1	To or from Antarctica
102	101	South Sandwich Islands_South Orkney Islands	South Sandwich Islands	South Orkney Islands	Scotia Sea	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	130260	130260	130260.00	1	Within Antarctica
102	121	South Sandwich Islands_Weddell Sea	South Sandwich Islands	Weddell Sea	Scotia Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	236880	236880	236880.00	1	Within Antarctica
103	19	South Shetland Islands_Central Chile	South Shetland Islands	Central Chile	Scotia Sea	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	1221420	1221420	1221420.00	1	To or from Antarctica
103	22	South Shetland Islands_Central Peru	South Shetland Islands	Central Peru	Scotia Sea	Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	2377320	2377320	2377320.00	1	To or from Antarctica
103	37	South Shetland Islands_Eastern India	South Shetland Islands	Eastern India	Scotia Sea	Bay of Bengal	Southern Ocean	Western Indo-Pacific	1	1	1	156840	156840	156840.00	1	To or from Antarctica
103	44	South Shetland Islands_Guayaquil	South Shetland Islands	Guayaquil	Scotia Sea	Tropical East Pacific	Southern Ocean	Tropical Eastern Pacific	1	1	1	2332020	2332020	2332020.00	1	To or from Antarctica
103	68	South Shetland Islands_Namaqua	South Shetland Islands	Namaqua	Scotia Sea	Benguela	Southern Ocean	Temperate Southern Africa	1	1	1	1696320	1696320	1696320.00	1	To or from Antarctica
103	70	South Shetland Islands_Natal	South Shetland Islands	Natal	Scotia Sea	Agulhas	Southern Ocean	Temperate Southern Africa	1	1	1	1228620	1228620	1228620.00	1	To or from Antarctica
103	88	South Shetland Islands_Rio Grande	South Shetland Islands	Rio Grande	Scotia Sea	Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
103	126	South Shetland Islands_Yellow Sea	South Shetland Islands	Yellow Sea	Scotia Sea	Cold Temperate Northwest Pacific	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Pacific	1	1	1	4959780	4959780	4959780.00	1	To or from Antarctica
107	6	Southern China_Antarctic Peninsula	Southern China	Antarctic Peninsula	South China Sea	Scotia Sea	Central Indo-Pacific	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	5982420	5982420	5982420.00	1	To or from Antarctica
107	103	Southern China_South Shetland Islands	Southern China	South Shetland Islands	South China Sea	Scotia Sea	Central Indo-Pacific	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
121	30	Weddell Sea_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Weddell Sea	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Continental High Antarctic	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	898560	898560	898560.00	1	Within Antarctica
121	102	Weddell Sea_South Sandwich Islands	Weddell Sea	South Sandwich Islands	Continental High Antarctic	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	1	1	1	164280	164280	164280.00	1	Within Antarctica

The few ships that fell into the category of “other” were primarily not operating within the greater Antarctic Peninsula area, but in East Antarctica and the Weddell Sea.

gateway_region_edge_results$other

from	to	move	from_ecoregion	to_ecoregion	from_province	to_province	from_realm	to_realm	n_voyages	n_ships	n_trips	total_time	median_time	mean_time	n_time	internal
12	38	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_Weddell Sea	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Weddell Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	7	2	2	740460	86040	105780.0	7	Within Antarctica
44	12	North Sea_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	North Sea	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Northern European Seas	Continental High Antarctic	Temperate Northern Atlantic	Southern Ocean	7	2	3	-23896920	-3202080	-4779384.0	5	To or from Antarctica
38	12	Weddell Sea_East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Weddell Sea	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	Continental High Antarctic	Continental High Antarctic	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	7	2	2	1232640	148140	176091.4	7	Within Antarctica
2	32	Antarctic Peninsula_South Shetland Islands	Antarctic Peninsula	South Shetland Islands	Scotia Sea	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	6	2	2	72660	9450	12110.0	6	Within Antarctica
12	44	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land_North Sea	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	North Sea	Continental High Antarctic	Northern European Seas	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Atlantic	6	1	2	1983780	991890	991890.0	2	To or from Antarctica
32	9	South Shetland Islands_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	South Shetland Islands	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Scotia Sea	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	5	2	2	1566660	243600	313332.0	5	To or from Antarctica
32	2	South Shetland Islands_Antarctic Peninsula	South Shetland Islands	Antarctic Peninsula	Scotia Sea	Scotia Sea	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean	4	2	2	36000	8550	9000.0	4	Within Antarctica
9	2	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_Antarctic Peninsula	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Antarctic Peninsula	Magellanic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	3	2	2	155460	39960	51820.0	3	To or from Antarctica
9	32	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile_South Shetland Islands	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	South Shetland Islands	Magellanic	Scotia Sea	Temperate South America	Southern Ocean	3	2	2	354240	152880	118080.0	3	To or from Antarctica
15	32	Gulf of Guinea Central_South Shetland Islands	Gulf of Guinea Central	South Shetland Islands	Gulf of Guinea	Scotia Sea	Tropical Atlantic	Southern Ocean	2	1	2	NA	NA	NA	NA	To or from Antarctica
2	9	Antarctic Peninsula_Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Antarctic Peninsula	Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile	Scotia Sea	Magellanic	Southern Ocean	Temperate South America	1	1	1	1572660	1572660	1572660.0	1	To or from Antarctica
32	15	South Shetland Islands_Gulf of Guinea Central	South Shetland Islands	Gulf of Guinea Central	Scotia Sea	Gulf of Guinea	Southern Ocean	Tropical Atlantic	1	1	1	281700	281700	281700.0	1	To or from Antarctica
38	3	Weddell Sea_Azores Canaries Madeira	Weddell Sea	Azores Canaries Madeira	Continental High Antarctic	Lusitanian	Southern Ocean	Temperate Northern Atlantic	1	1	1	2229180	2229180	2229180.0	1	To or from Antarctica

Ploting gateway activity around Antarctica

For this section I map the activity in and around Antarctica and to/from places with direct links to the Southern Ocean, for both the port to port and ecoregion networks.

Mapping Antarctic locations and their connections.

port_maps_ant <- make_antarctic_maps(list_of_networks = port_networks)
plot(port_maps_ant$all)

plot(port_maps_ant$fishing)

plot(port_maps_ant$tourism)

plot(port_maps_ant$research)

plot(port_maps_ant$supply)

plot(port_maps_ant$other)

Save them as pdfs (and some as pngs for easy integration into word documents)

port_maps_ant_all <- plot_grid(port_maps_ant$all +
  theme(
    legend.text = element_text(size = 7),
    legend.title = element_text(size = 7),
    legend.position = c(0.25, 0.16),
    legend.box = "horizontal",
    legend.direction = "vertical"
  ))
ggsave(
  filename = "port_map_ant_all.pdf", plot = port_maps_ant_all,
  path = here("outputs"), width = 183, height = 183, units = "mm", device = "pdf"
)
ggsave(
  filename = "port_map_ant_fishing.pdf", plot = port_maps_ant$fishing,
  path = here("outputs"), width = 7.204, height = 8, device = "pdf"
)
ggsave(
  filename = "port_map_ant_tourism.pdf", plot = port_maps_ant$tourism,
  path = here("outputs"), width = 7.204, height = 8, device = "pdf"
)
ggsave(
  filename = "port_map_ant_research.pdf", plot = port_maps_ant$research,
  path = here("outputs"), width = 7.204, height = 8, device = "pdf"
)
ggsave(
  filename = "port_map_ant_supply.pdf", plot = port_maps_ant$supply,
  path = here("outputs"), width = 7.204, height = 8, device = "pdf"
)
ggsave(
  filename = "port_map_ant_other.pdf", plot = port_maps_ant$other,
  path = here("outputs"), width = 7.204, height = 8, device = "pdf"
)

Make Antarctic ecoregion maps for each activity type

eco_maps_ant <- make_antarctic_eco_maps(list_of_networks = ecoregion_networks, points_for_layout = eco_points)
eco_maps_ant$all

eco_maps_ant$fishing

eco_maps_ant$tourism

eco_maps_ant$research

eco_maps_ant$supply

eco_maps_ant$other

Save them as pdfs

ggsave(
  filename = "eco_map_ant_all.pdf", plot = eco_maps_ant$all,
  path = here("outputs"), width = 10, height = 8, device = "pdf"
)
ggsave(
  filename = "eco_map_ant_fishing.pdf", plot = eco_maps_ant$fishing,
  path = here("outputs"), width = 10, height = 8, device = "pdf"
)
ggsave(
  filename = "eco_map_ant_tourism.pdf", plot = eco_maps_ant$tourism,
  path = here("outputs"), width = 10, height = 8, device = "pdf"
)
ggsave(
  filename = "eco_map_ant_research.pdf", plot = eco_maps_ant$research,
  path = here("outputs"), width = 10, height = 8, device = "pdf"
)
ggsave(
  filename = "eco_map_ant_supply.pdf", plot = eco_maps_ant$supply,
  path = here("outputs"), width = 10, height = 8, device = "pdf"
)
ggsave(
  filename = "eco_map_ant_other.pdf", plot = eco_maps_ant$other,
  path = here("outputs"), width = 10, height = 8, device = "pdf"
)

Maps of the Scotia Sea

The Scotia Sea is the busiest area, as detected by the following tables that show the locations around Antarctica with the most activity and are, therefore at highest risk from introduced species.

antarctic_risk_tables <- ant_risk(port_networks)
antarctic_risk_tables$all

rank	place	ecoregion	n_voyages	ave_time	n_ships
1	Maxwell Bay	South Shetland Islands	424	83580s (~23.22 hours)	64
2	Kerr Point	Antarctic Peninsula	402	43920s (~12.2 hours)	43
3	Gloria, Punta	Antarctic Peninsula	392	55860s (~15.52 hours)	47
4	Buen Tiempo, Rada	South Shetland Islands	326	51450s (~14.29 hours)	58
5	Andvord Bay	Antarctic Peninsula	311	33270s (~9.24 hours)	39
6	Coughtrey Peninsula	Antarctic Peninsula	287	35940s (~9.98 hours)	38
7	Dovizio Rock	South Shetland Islands	284	127380s (~1.47 days)	79
8	Girardi, islote	South Shetland Islands	269	34740s (~9.65 hours)	44
9	Duthiers Point	Antarctic Peninsula	161	23580s (~6.55 hours)	39
10	British Point	South Shetland Islands	150	77190s (~21.44 hours)	16
11	Ice Horse	Antarctic Peninsula	139	26760s (~7.43 hours)	35
12	Sögen Island	Antarctic Peninsula	138	33330s (~9.26 hours)	33
13	Cramer Norte, paso	Antarctic Peninsula	130	22260s (~6.18 hours)	35
14	Point Thomas	South Shetland Islands	125	46170s (~12.82 hours)	22
15	Moot Point	Antarctic Peninsula	117	33270s (~9.24 hours)	35
16	Kristie Cove	Antarctic Peninsula	105	182460s (~2.11 days)	23
17	Cape Errera	Antarctic Peninsula	94	23250s (~6.46 hours)	33
18	Primavera /Arg./	Antarctic Peninsula	90	35910s (~9.97 hours)	25
19	Gerlache Strait	Antarctic Peninsula	87	29160s (~8.1 hours)	39
20	Hardy, punta	South Shetland Islands	83	27600s (~7.67 hours)	45
21	Argentine Islands	Antarctic Peninsula	82	44790s (~12.44 hours)	25
22	Bombay Island	Antarctic Peninsula	82	45510s (~12.64 hours)	26
23	Anna Cove	Antarctic Peninsula	81	28200s (~7.83 hours)	32
24	Abovedada, punta	Antarctic Peninsula	76	35520s (~9.87 hours)	32
25	South Bay	South Shetland Islands	72	74700s (~20.75 hours)	23
26	Potter Cove	South Shetland Islands	68	75660s (~21.02 hours)	20
27	Contact Point	Antarctic Peninsula	65	27660s (~7.68 hours)	25
28	Walker Bay	South Shetland Islands	64	52380s (~14.55 hours)	30
29	Félicie Point	Antarctic Peninsula	59	27540s (~7.65 hours)	30
30	Portal Point	Antarctic Peninsula	57	39000s (~10.83 hours)	21
31	Pig Rock	South Shetland Islands	55	31650s (~8.79 hours)	24
32	False Cape Renard	Antarctic Peninsula	54	30570s (~8.49 hours)	29
33	Berry Head	South Orkney Islands	48	129240s (~1.5 days)	14
34	Delaite Island	Antarctic Peninsula	47	33420s (~9.28 hours)	28
35	The Gnomon	South Shetland Islands	46	26820s (~7.45 hours)	21
36	Wyck Island	Antarctic Peninsula	45	35520s (~9.87 hours)	21
37	Valdivia Point	Antarctic Peninsula	44	76920s (~21.37 hours)	7
38	Robert Point	South Shetland Islands	44	29430s (~8.18 hours)	27
39	Harper Rocks	Antarctic Peninsula	42	35940s (~9.98 hours)	19
40	Cheshire Island	Antarctic Peninsula	41	117900s (~1.36 days)	12
41	Swan Rock	Antarctic Peninsula	41	15540s (~4.32 hours)	21
42	Theta Islands	Antarctic Peninsula	41	70470s (~19.58 hours)	24
43	Croker Passage	Antarctic Peninsula	36	29280s (~8.13 hours)	19
44	Buchan Bay	South Orkney Islands	35	28230s (~7.84 hours)	15
45	Marr Point	South Shetland Islands	34	39600s (~11 hours)	19
46	Copper Col	Antarctic Peninsula	32	36720s (~10.2 hours)	19
47	Chabrier Rock	South Shetland Islands	32	27600s (~7.67 hours)	9
48	Lehaie Point	Antarctic Peninsula	29	27420s (~7.62 hours)	18
49	Martillo, cabo	Antarctic Peninsula	27	31050s (~8.62 hours)	17
50	Cape Murray	Antarctic Peninsula	26	56160s (~15.6 hours)	11
51	Paulet Island	Antarctic Peninsula	25	36300s (~10.08 hours)	17
52	Smolensk Strait	South Shetland Islands	25	27570s (~7.66 hours)	16
53	Arrival Heights	Ross Sea	24	73080s (~20.3 hours)	8
54	Gourdin Island	Antarctic Peninsula	24	34530s (~9.59 hours)	14
55	Mario Zucchelli Station	Ross Sea	23	84600s (~23.5 hours)	11
56	Roget Rocks	Antarctic Peninsula	23	107610s (~1.25 days)	4
57	Bell Island	Antarctic Peninsula	22	30810s (~8.56 hours)	16
58	Antarctic Sound	Antarctic Peninsula	20	46560s (~12.93 hours)	12
59	Bransfield Strait	Antarctic Peninsula	20	45900s (~12.75 hours)	12
60	Doubtful Island	Ross Sea	19	50130s (~13.93 hours)	5
61	Cape Scrymgeour	Antarctic Peninsula	19	33360s (~9.27 hours)	13
62	The Minnows	Antarctic Peninsula	19	33240s (~9.23 hours)	11
63	Chance Rock	Antarctic Peninsula	17	33420s (~9.28 hours)	14
64	Home Lake	Ross Sea	16	37260s (~10.35 hours)	8
65	Chaucheprat Point	Antarctic Peninsula	16	40440s (~11.23 hours)	10
66	Devil Island	Antarctic Peninsula	16	64140s (~17.82 hours)	10
67	Hughes Bay	Antarctic Peninsula	16	83730s (~23.26 hours)	5
68	Neumayer, Cabo	Antarctic Peninsula	16	76080s (~21.13 hours)	10
69	Parry Patch	South Shetland Islands	16	68580s (~19.05 hours)	13
70	Sanavirón Island	Antarctic Peninsula	15	39090s (~10.86 hours)	10
71	Karlsen Rock	South Orkney Islands	15	98910s (~1.14 days)	4
72	Longyan Jiao	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	14	492540s (~5.7 days)	4
73	North Bay	Ross Sea	14	54180s (~15.05 hours)	8
74	Rowett, Fondeadero	South Shetland Islands	14	28800s (~8 hours)	10
75	Wauters Point	Antarctic Peninsula	13	13200s (~3.67 hours)	9
76	Jenny Island	Antarctic Peninsula	12	27990s (~7.78 hours)	5
77	Knuckle Reef	Antarctic Peninsula	12	39450s (~10.96 hours)	10
78	Pelusa, Punta	Antarctic Peninsula	12	49380s (~13.72 hours)	3
79	Thompson Peninsula	Antarctic Peninsula	12	43860s (~12.18 hours)	9
80	Trigonia Island	Antarctic Peninsula	12	32490s (~9.03 hours)	10
81	Boyd Strait	South Shetland Islands	12	31860s (~8.85 hours)	12
82	Elephant Point	South Shetland Islands	12	51930s (~14.43 hours)	7
83	Polarbjørnbukta	Weddell Sea	11	220920s (~2.56 days)	1
84	Castelli, punta	Antarctic Peninsula	11	35400s (~9.83 hours)	10
85	Crouch Island	Antarctic Peninsula	11	3120s (~52 minutes)	8
86	Dragons Teeth	Antarctic Peninsula	11	33300s (~9.25 hours)	8
87	Orléans Strait	Antarctic Peninsula	11	33240s (~9.23 hours)	11
88	Findlay Point	South Orkney Islands	11	95040s (~1.1 days)	3
89	Melsom Rocks	South Orkney Islands	11	128640s (~1.49 days)	7
90	Harmony Cove	South Shetland Islands	11	29190s (~8.11 hours)	9
91	Orca Seamount	South Shetland Islands	11	5820s (~1.62 hours)	9
92	Svip Rocks	South Shetland Islands	11	152640s (~1.77 days)	8
93	Anchorage Island	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	10	595350s (~6.89 days)	2
94	Danfeng Dao	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	10	197160s (~2.28 days)	2
95	Cape Andreas	Antarctic Peninsula	10	143790s (~1.66 days)	6
96	Palmer Basin	Antarctic Peninsula	10	24240s (~6.73 hours)	4
97	Pod Rocks	Antarctic Peninsula	10	690s (~11.5 minutes)	5
98	Trapecio Negro, roca	Antarctic Peninsula	10	14100s (~3.92 hours)	9
99	Vietor Rock	South Shetland Islands	10	137880s (~1.6 days)	4
100	McMurdo Sound	Ross Sea	9	55440s (~15.4 hours)	3
101	López Nunatak	Antarctic Peninsula	9	65220s (~18.12 hours)	9
102	Rahir Point	Antarctic Peninsula	9	42720s (~11.87 hours)	4
103	Snag Rocks	Antarctic Peninsula	9	41700s (~11.58 hours)	7
104	M’Kean Point	South Shetland Islands	9	39780s (~11.05 hours)	9
105	McFarlane Strait	South Shetland Islands	9	11520s (~3.2 hours)	6
106	Schulz Point	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	8	280290s (~3.24 days)	2
107	Cape Russell	Ross Sea	8	171120s (~1.98 days)	6
108	Otterbukta	Weddell Sea	8	26010s (~7.22 hours)	1
109	Boyer Rocks	Antarctic Peninsula	8	49680s (~13.8 hours)	5
110	Gómez, Islote	Antarctic Peninsula	8	22020s (~6.12 hours)	4
111	Somerville Island	Antarctic Peninsula	8	22680s (~6.3 hours)	5
112	Cappagli, ensenada	South Shetland Islands	8	30930s (~8.59 hours)	6
113	Prince Charles Strait	South Shetland Islands	8	21840s (~6.07 hours)	6
114	Serrucho, punta	South Shetland Islands	8	75030s (~20.84 hours)	7
115	India Bay	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	7	515940s (~5.97 days)	2
116	Cuvier Island	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	7	311940s (~3.61 days)	2
117	Keys Point	Ross Sea	7	50880s (~14.13 hours)	3
118	Ridley Camp	Ross Sea	7	18240s (~5.07 hours)	4
119	Terra Nova Bay	Ross Sea	7	59280s (~16.47 hours)	5
120	Biscoe Point	Antarctic Peninsula	7	51660s (~14.35 hours)	3
121	Castillo, punta	Antarctic Peninsula	7	51300s (~14.25 hours)	7
122	Isacke Passage	Antarctic Peninsula	7	36540s (~10.15 hours)	6
123	Otter Rock	Antarctic Peninsula	7	131130s (~1.52 days)	4
124	Terrada Point	Antarctic Peninsula	7	51030s (~14.18 hours)	3
125	Ventana, Punta	South Shetland Islands	7	32880s (~9.13 hours)	4
126	Leningradskiy Bay	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	6	40440s (~11.23 hours)	1
127	Shear Cliff	Ross Sea	6	87000s (~1.01 days)	5
128	Charlotte, Rocas	Antarctic Peninsula	6	43380s (~12.05 hours)	6
129	Federici, Canal	Antarctic Peninsula	6	44010s (~12.22 hours)	4
130	Herbert Sound	Antarctic Peninsula	6	332460s (~3.85 days)	2
131	Whale Rock	South Orkney Islands	6	15120s (~4.2 hours)	4
132	Twin Pinnacles	South Shetland Islands	6	45810s (~12.72 hours)	3
133	Sledeneset	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	5	495480s (~5.73 days)	1
134	Gorev Island	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	5	416040s (~4.82 days)	1
135	Muskegbukta	Weddell Sea	5	172830s (~2 days)	1
136	Biscoe Islands	Antarctic Peninsula	5	44010s (~12.22 hours)	4
137	Laubeuf Fjord	Antarctic Peninsula	5	540s (~9 minutes)	3
138	Levy Island	Antarctic Peninsula	5	30300s (~8.42 hours)	5
139	Lord Bank	Antarctic Peninsula	5	3480s (~58 minutes)	5
140	Lurker Rock	Antarctic Peninsula	5	29520s (~8.2 hours)	3
141	Poduene Glacier	Antarctic Peninsula	5	18000s (~5 hours)	2
142	Monk Islands	South Orkney Islands	5	646800s (~1.07 weeks)	3
143	Nigg Rock	South Orkney Islands	5	5910s (~1.64 hours)	4
144	Orwell Bight	South Orkney Islands	5	34920s (~9.7 hours)	4
145	Endurance, cabo	South Shetland Islands	5	33060s (~9.18 hours)	4
146	Kerry Island	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	4	777000s (~1.28 weeks)	1
147	Anchor Peak	Ross Sea	4	61440s (~17.07 hours)	3
148	Astrolabe Needle	Antarctic Peninsula	4	19020s (~5.28 hours)	3
149	Cape Burd	Antarctic Peninsula	4	36240s (~10.07 hours)	3
150	Cape Page	Antarctic Peninsula	4	16380s (~4.55 hours)	4
151	Grandidier Channel	Antarctic Peninsula	4	25140s (~6.98 hours)	4
152	Johnston Passage	Antarctic Peninsula	4	55740s (~15.48 hours)	4
153	Matha Strait	Antarctic Peninsula	4	69210s (~19.23 hours)	4
154	Pauling Islands	Antarctic Peninsula	4	86160s (~23.93 hours)	4
155	Cruchley Ice Piedmont	South Orkney Islands	4	316440s (~3.66 days)	4
156	Botev Peak	South Shetland Islands	4	66960s (~18.6 hours)	2
157	Mirror Point	South Shetland Islands	4	18570s (~5.16 hours)	4
158	Vay, roca	South Shetland Islands	4	28740s (~7.98 hours)	3
159	Wordie Caldera	South Shetland Islands	4	16860s (~4.68 hours)	3
160	Sinjaja, buhta	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	3	29220s (~8.12 hours)	2
161	Haskell Strait	Ross Sea	3	729540s (~1.21 weeks)	2
162	Iceberg Bank	Ross Sea	3	660s (~11 minutes)	3
163	Atka Bank	Weddell Sea	3	13050s (~3.62 hours)	2
164	Erebus and Terror Gulf	Antarctic Peninsula	3	323160s (~3.74 days)	1
165	Esteverena, bahía	Antarctic Peninsula	3	354420s (~4.1 days)	1
166	Gand Island	Antarctic Peninsula	3	4320s (~1.2 hours)	3
167	Heroína Island	Antarctic Peninsula	3	21840s (~6.07 hours)	3
168	Kater Rocks	Antarctic Peninsula	3	175080s (~2.03 days)	2
169	Lavalle, punta	Antarctic Peninsula	3	33060s (~9.18 hours)	3
170	Monflier Point	Antarctic Peninsula	3	59760s (~16.6 hours)	3
171	Scend Rocks	Antarctic Peninsula	3	840s (~14 minutes)	2
172	Taylor Bluff	Antarctic Peninsula	3	75180s (~20.88 hours)	2
173	The Gullet	Antarctic Peninsula	3	480s (~8 minutes)	3
174	Monroe Island	South Orkney Islands	3	183420s (~2.12 days)	2
175	Bransfield Trough	South Shetland Islands	3	14100s (~3.92 hours)	3
176	Burel Hill	South Shetland Islands	3	27360s (~7.6 hours)	2
177	Fenghuang Jiao	South Shetland Islands	3	166500s (~1.93 days)	1
178	Grauzaria, Vulcano di fango	South Shetland Islands	3	26700s (~7.42 hours)	3
179	Mutto, cabo	South Shetland Islands	3	23280s (~6.47 hours)	2
180	Pyramid Island	South Shetland Islands	3	85410s (~23.73 hours)	1
181	Window Island	South Shetland Islands	3	33480s (~9.3 hours)	2
182	Cape Felt	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	2	95280s (~1.1 days)	1
183	Glade Bay	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	2	1260s (~21 minutes)	2
184	Uragannyy Point	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	2	844800s (~1.4 weeks)	1
185	Cape Mikhaylov	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	2	55680s (~15.47 hours)	2
186	Arnold Cove	Ross Sea	2	59190s (~16.44 hours)	1
187	Bird Peninsula	Ross Sea	2	30870s (~8.57 hours)	2
188	Bowers Canyon	Ross Sea	2	111480s (~1.29 days)	2
189	Franklin Shoals	Ross Sea	2	NA	2
190	Kristensen Rocks	Ross Sea	2	17580s (~4.88 hours)	2
191	Narrow Inlet	Ross Sea	2	580710s (~6.72 days)	2
192	Norway Rocks	Ross Sea	2	NA	2
193	Éstonija, podnjatie	Weddell Sea	2	44820s (~12.45 hours)	1
194	Herzog-Ernst-Bucht	Weddell Sea	2	394560s (~4.57 days)	2
195	Rinner Trough	Weddell Sea	2	318420s (~3.69 days)	2
196	Amenábar, Fondeadero	Antarctic Peninsula	2	18300s (~5.08 hours)	2
197	Babel Rock	Antarctic Peninsula	2	41880s (~11.63 hours)	2
198	Beascochea Bay	Antarctic Peninsula	2	96930s (~1.12 days)	1
199	Bongrain Point	Antarctic Peninsula	2	51180s (~14.22 hours)	2
200	Cockburn Island	Antarctic Peninsula	2	46500s (~12.92 hours)	2
201	Hardy Rocks	Antarctic Peninsula	2	29520s (~8.2 hours)	1
202	Hoodwink Island	Antarctic Peninsula	2	10710s (~2.98 hours)	2
203	Lindblad Cove	Antarctic Peninsula	2	65940s (~18.32 hours)	2
204	Lumière Peak	Antarctic Peninsula	2	15810s (~4.39 hours)	2
205	Novel Rock	Antarctic Peninsula	2	109470s (~1.27 days)	2
206	Postillion Rock	Antarctic Peninsula	2	19830s (~5.51 hours)	2
207	Reynolds, roca	Antarctic Peninsula	2	5580s (~1.55 hours)	2
208	Ryge Rocks	Antarctic Peninsula	2	27720s (~7.7 hours)	1
209	San Carlos Point	Antarctic Peninsula	2	345300s (~4 days)	2
210	Vortex Island	Antarctic Peninsula	2	58260s (~16.18 hours)	2
211	Zélée Rocks	Antarctic Peninsula	2	216840s (~2.51 days)	2
212	Murray Islands	South Orkney Islands	2	45660s (~12.68 hours)	2
213	Bransfield Rocks	South Shetland Islands	2	13140s (~3.65 hours)	1
214	Sail Rock	South Shetland Islands	2	221790s (~2.57 days)	2
215	The Spit	South Shetland Islands	2	176760s (~2.05 days)	2
216	Edwards Islands	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	1	134340s (~1.55 days)	1
217	Sterrett Islands	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	1	78300s (~21.75 hours)	1
218	Avrora, Kupol	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	1	166080s (~1.92 days)	1
219	Benten Island	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	1	972240s (~1.61 weeks)	1
220	Neupokoyev Bight	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	1	5880s (~1.63 hours)	1
221	Ongul Oki-no-sima	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	1	156660s (~1.81 days)	1
222	Alasheyev Bight	East Antarctic Enderby Land	1	36300s (~10.08 hours)	1
223	Opasnaja, buhta	East Antarctic Enderby Land	1	30060s (~8.35 hours)	1
224	Barrier Bay	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	1	24120s (~6.7 hours)	1
225	Cape Freeman	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	1	32400s (~9 hours)	1
226	Charlton Island	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	1	112440s (~1.3 days)	1
227	Dugdale Ice Tongue	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	1	NA	1
228	Houle Island	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	1	21960s (~6.1 hours)	1
229	Jenluise Bank	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	1	58080s (~16.13 hours)	1
230	Lednikovaja, kotlovina	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	1	516480s (~5.98 days)	1
231	Norsel, Rock	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	1	457680s (~5.3 days)	1
232	Plateau Anthony-Mangel	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	1	67440s (~18.73 hours)	1
233	Prydz Bay	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	1	6420s (~1.78 hours)	1
234	Robert-Pommier, Baie	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	1	19800s (~5.5 hours)	1
235	Sodruzhestva, more	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	1	9360s (~2.6 hours)	1
236	Svenner Channel	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	1	77040s (~21.4 hours)	1
237	Byrd Canyon	Ross Sea	1	NA	1
238	Cadwalader Beach	Ross Sea	1	47340s (~13.15 hours)	1
239	Cape Ross	Ross Sea	1	55920s (~15.53 hours)	1
240	Crary Bank	Ross Sea	1	48000s (~13.33 hours)	1
241	Drygalski Basin	Ross Sea	1	47460s (~13.18 hours)	1
242	Ebon Pond	Ross Sea	1	50880s (~14.13 hours)	1
243	Geikie Inlet	Ross Sea	1	408780s (~4.73 days)	1
244	Inaccessible Coast	Ross Sea	1	NA	1
245	Silverfish Bay	Ross Sea	1	52440s (~14.57 hours)	1
246	Ver-Sur-Mer Inlet	Ross Sea	1	73680s (~20.47 hours)	1
247	Warning Glacier	Ross Sea	1	NA	1
248	Da Vinci Bank	Weddell Sea	1	1020s (~17 minutes)	1
249	Anadon, punta	Antarctic Peninsula	1	23700s (~6.58 hours)	1
250	Austin Rocks	Antarctic Peninsula	1	27240s (~7.57 hours)	1
251	Bar Island	Antarctic Peninsula	1	182400s (~2.11 days)	1
252	Boil Point	Antarctic Peninsula	1	71100s (~19.75 hours)	1
253	Bouquet Bay	Antarctic Peninsula	1	165480s (~1.92 days)	1
254	Bradley Rock	Antarctic Peninsula	1	37200s (~10.33 hours)	1
255	Buchanan Passage	Antarctic Peninsula	1	21780s (~6.05 hours)	1
256	Buff Island	Antarctic Peninsula	1	10440s (~2.9 hours)	1
257	Campichuelo, punta	Antarctic Peninsula	1	NA	1
258	Cape Gage	Antarctic Peninsula	1	NA	1
259	Chertigrad Point	Antarctic Peninsula	1	27900s (~7.75 hours)	1
260	Eden Rocks	Antarctic Peninsula	1	420s (~7 minutes)	1
261	Holt Inlet	Antarctic Peninsula	1	5520s (~1.53 hours)	1
262	Itatí, isla	Antarctic Peninsula	1	25620s (~7.12 hours)	1
263	Lippmann Islands	Antarctic Peninsula	1	89040s (~1.03 days)	1
264	Lumus Rock	Antarctic Peninsula	1	26040s (~7.23 hours)	1
265	Matkah Point	Antarctic Peninsula	1	66720s (~18.53 hours)	1
266	Megaw Island	Antarctic Peninsula	1	32820s (~9.12 hours)	1
267	Obligado, cabo	Antarctic Peninsula	1	33060s (~9.18 hours)	1
268	Physeter Rocks	Antarctic Peninsula	1	53580s (~14.88 hours)	1
269	Rosenthal Islands	Antarctic Peninsula	1	39060s (~10.85 hours)	1
270	Safety Col	Antarctic Peninsula	1	253560s (~2.93 days)	1
271	San Nicolás, caleta	Antarctic Peninsula	1	300360s (~3.48 days)	1
272	Scholander Island	Antarctic Peninsula	1	74820s (~20.78 hours)	1
273	Sigrid, Islotes	Antarctic Peninsula	1	38880s (~10.8 hours)	1
274	Station Nunatak	Antarctic Peninsula	1	67800s (~18.83 hours)	1
275	Warden Rock	Antarctic Peninsula	1	33000s (~9.17 hours)	1
276	Zarzuela, cabo	Antarctic Peninsula	1	176460s (~2.04 days)	1
277	Sørlle Rocks	South Orkney Islands	1	11760s (~3.27 hours)	1
278	South Cape	South Orkney Islands	1	23700s (~6.58 hours)	1
279	South Scotia Ridge	South Orkney Islands	1	16500s (~4.58 hours)	1
280	Bridgeman Island	South Shetland Islands	1	NA	1
281	Hermosilla, Punta	South Shetland Islands	1	10980s (~3.05 hours)	1
282	Perunika Glacier	South Shetland Islands	1	33300s (~9.25 hours)	1
283	Stinker Point	South Shetland Islands	1	51840s (~14.4 hours)	1
284	Tri Brata, ostrova	South Shetland Islands	1	16920s (~4.7 hours)	1
285	Williams, Roca	South Shetland Islands	1	126480s (~1.46 days)	1
286	Selskjera	Peter the First Island	1	37980s (~10.55 hours)	1

antarctic_risk_tables$fishing

rank	place	ecoregion	n_voyages	ave_time	n_ships
1	Dovizio Rock	South Shetland Islands	92	195330s (~2.26 days)	17
2	Valdivia Point	Antarctic Peninsula	40	78360s (~21.77 hours)	5
3	Roget Rocks	Antarctic Peninsula	23	107610s (~1.25 days)	4
4	Cape Murray	Antarctic Peninsula	17	73020s (~20.28 hours)	4
5	Bransfield Strait	Antarctic Peninsula	16	50940s (~14.15 hours)	9
6	Hughes Bay	Antarctic Peninsula	15	89400s (~1.03 days)	4
7	Karlsen Rock	South Orkney Islands	15	98910s (~1.14 days)	4
8	Neumayer, Cabo	Antarctic Peninsula	14	103080s (~1.19 days)	8
9	Maxwell Bay	South Shetland Islands	14	105330s (~1.22 days)	5
10	Berry Head	South Orkney Islands	13	153720s (~1.78 days)	3
11	Hardy, punta	South Shetland Islands	12	27600s (~7.67 hours)	6
12	Melsom Rocks	South Orkney Islands	11	128640s (~1.49 days)	7
13	South Bay	South Shetland Islands	11	112920s (~1.31 days)	6
14	Svip Rocks	South Shetland Islands	10	143580s (~1.66 days)	7
15	Boyer Rocks	Antarctic Peninsula	8	49680s (~13.8 hours)	5
16	Cappagli, ensenada	South Shetland Islands	8	30930s (~8.59 hours)	6
17	Walker Bay	South Shetland Islands	8	112200s (~1.3 days)	4
18	Gómez, Islote	Antarctic Peninsula	7	17640s (~4.9 hours)	3
19	Otter Rock	Antarctic Peninsula	7	131130s (~1.52 days)	4
20	Findlay Point	South Orkney Islands	7	71820s (~19.95 hours)	2
21	Cape Andreas	Antarctic Peninsula	6	143790s (~1.66 days)	2
22	Robert Point	South Shetland Islands	6	31320s (~8.7 hours)	5
23	Smolensk Strait	South Shetland Islands	5	30900s (~8.58 hours)	3
24	Cape Page	Antarctic Peninsula	4	16380s (~4.55 hours)	4
25	Delaite Island	Antarctic Peninsula	4	89100s (~1.03 days)	3
26	Martillo, cabo	Antarctic Peninsula	4	71880s (~19.97 hours)	3
27	Orléans Strait	Antarctic Peninsula	4	33240s (~9.23 hours)	4
28	Cruchley Ice Piedmont	South Orkney Islands	4	316440s (~3.66 days)	4
29	Whale Rock	South Orkney Islands	4	5880s (~1.63 hours)	2
30	Ventana, Punta	South Shetland Islands	4	271530s (~3.14 days)	3
31	Anchor Peak	Ross Sea	3	49800s (~13.83 hours)	2
32	Abovedada, punta	Antarctic Peninsula	3	46800s (~13 hours)	3
33	Castillo, punta	Antarctic Peninsula	3	51300s (~14.25 hours)	3
34	Charlotte, Rocas	Antarctic Peninsula	3	17700s (~4.92 hours)	3
35	Kater Rocks	Antarctic Peninsula	3	175080s (~2.03 days)	2
36	López Nunatak	Antarctic Peninsula	3	22170s (~6.16 hours)	3
37	M’Kean Point	South Shetland Islands	3	51960s (~14.43 hours)	3
38	Vietor Rock	South Shetland Islands	3	145980s (~1.69 days)	1
39	Window Island	South Shetland Islands	3	33480s (~9.3 hours)	2
40	Cape Felt	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	2	95280s (~1.1 days)	1
41	Glade Bay	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	2	1260s (~21 minutes)	2
42	Bowers Canyon	Ross Sea	2	111480s (~1.29 days)	2
43	Dragons Teeth	Antarctic Peninsula	2	50670s (~14.07 hours)	2
44	Ryge Rocks	Antarctic Peninsula	2	27720s (~7.7 hours)	1
45	Monk Islands	South Orkney Islands	2	351210s (~4.06 days)	2
46	Boyd Strait	South Shetland Islands	2	252510s (~2.92 days)	2
47	Bransfield Rocks	South Shetland Islands	2	13140s (~3.65 hours)	1
48	Buen Tiempo, Rada	South Shetland Islands	2	45720s (~12.7 hours)	2
49	Girardi, islote	South Shetland Islands	2	611940s (~1.01 weeks)	1
50	Mutto, cabo	South Shetland Islands	2	41730s (~11.59 hours)	1
51	Parry Patch	South Shetland Islands	2	190980s (~2.21 days)	2
52	Pig Rock	South Shetland Islands	2	133440s (~1.54 days)	1
53	Cadwalader Beach	Ross Sea	1	47340s (~13.15 hours)	1
54	Home Lake	Ross Sea	1	144960s (~1.68 days)	1
55	Anna Cove	Antarctic Peninsula	1	85440s (~23.73 hours)	1
56	Argentine Islands	Antarctic Peninsula	1	1072140s (~1.77 weeks)	1
57	Bouquet Bay	Antarctic Peninsula	1	165480s (~1.92 days)	1
58	Castelli, punta	Antarctic Peninsula	1	27480s (~7.63 hours)	1
59	Chance Rock	Antarctic Peninsula	1	5220s (~1.45 hours)	1
60	Federici, Canal	Antarctic Peninsula	1	14400s (~4 hours)	1
61	Gerlache Strait	Antarctic Peninsula	1	29160s (~8.1 hours)	1
62	Physeter Rocks	Antarctic Peninsula	1	53580s (~14.88 hours)	1
63	Portal Point	Antarctic Peninsula	1	33300s (~9.25 hours)	1
64	Zélée Rocks	Antarctic Peninsula	1	216840s (~2.51 days)	1
65	Buchan Bay	South Orkney Islands	1	21900s (~6.08 hours)	1
66	Orwell Bight	South Orkney Islands	1	2929020s (~4.84 weeks)	1
67	South Scotia Ridge	South Orkney Islands	1	16500s (~4.58 hours)	1
68	Botev Peak	South Shetland Islands	1	247620s (~2.87 days)	1
69	Bransfield Trough	South Shetland Islands	1	NA	1
70	Grauzaria, Vulcano di fango	South Shetland Islands	1	23400s (~6.5 hours)	1
71	Harmony Cove	South Shetland Islands	1	33180s (~9.22 hours)	1
72	Hermosilla, Punta	South Shetland Islands	1	10980s (~3.05 hours)	1
73	McFarlane Strait	South Shetland Islands	1	82920s (~23.03 hours)	1
74	Orca Seamount	South Shetland Islands	1	NA	1

antarctic_risk_tables$tourism

rank	place	ecoregion	n_voyages	ave_time	n_ships
1	Kerr Point	Antarctic Peninsula	400	44460s (~12.35 hours)	41
2	Gloria, Punta	Antarctic Peninsula	375	55500s (~15.42 hours)	41
3	Andvord Bay	Antarctic Peninsula	294	32070s (~8.91 hours)	36
4	Coughtrey Peninsula	Antarctic Peninsula	280	35940s (~9.98 hours)	32
5	Girardi, islote	South Shetland Islands	241	34650s (~9.62 hours)	33
6	Maxwell Bay	South Shetland Islands	236	68340s (~18.98 hours)	32
7	Buen Tiempo, Rada	South Shetland Islands	235	37680s (~10.47 hours)	41
8	Sögen Island	Antarctic Peninsula	137	33360s (~9.27 hours)	32
9	Duthiers Point	Antarctic Peninsula	136	22950s (~6.38 hours)	32
10	Ice Horse	Antarctic Peninsula	124	23820s (~6.62 hours)	31
11	Moot Point	Antarctic Peninsula	113	33420s (~9.28 hours)	32
12	Cramer Norte, paso	Antarctic Peninsula	112	22200s (~6.17 hours)	28
13	Dovizio Rock	South Shetland Islands	90	37500s (~10.42 hours)	26
14	Primavera /Arg./	Antarctic Peninsula	85	33720s (~9.37 hours)	21
15	Cape Errera	Antarctic Peninsula	83	23250s (~6.46 hours)	27
16	Bombay Island	Antarctic Peninsula	80	44430s (~12.34 hours)	24
17	Anna Cove	Antarctic Peninsula	74	27360s (~7.6 hours)	27
18	Abovedada, punta	Antarctic Peninsula	72	34860s (~9.68 hours)	28
19	Argentine Islands	Antarctic Peninsula	70	44100s (~12.25 hours)	20
20	Gerlache Strait	Antarctic Peninsula	69	31950s (~8.88 hours)	25
21	Portal Point	Antarctic Peninsula	56	42630s (~11.84 hours)	20
22	Hardy, punta	South Shetland Islands	56	31260s (~8.68 hours)	26
23	Félicie Point	Antarctic Peninsula	52	27600s (~7.67 hours)	27
24	False Cape Renard	Antarctic Peninsula	51	32400s (~9 hours)	26
25	The Gnomon	South Shetland Islands	46	26820s (~7.45 hours)	21
26	Contact Point	Antarctic Peninsula	44	28230s (~7.84 hours)	17
27	Wyck Island	Antarctic Peninsula	43	32550s (~9.04 hours)	19
28	Walker Bay	South Shetland Islands	42	36780s (~10.22 hours)	16
29	Harper Rocks	Antarctic Peninsula	40	35460s (~9.85 hours)	18
30	Delaite Island	Antarctic Peninsula	35	31020s (~8.62 hours)	21
31	Theta Islands	Antarctic Peninsula	35	71610s (~19.89 hours)	19
32	Swan Rock	Antarctic Peninsula	30	11790s (~3.28 hours)	15
33	Point Thomas	South Shetland Islands	29	51540s (~14.32 hours)	12
34	Robert Point	South Shetland Islands	29	38400s (~10.67 hours)	17
35	Croker Passage	Antarctic Peninsula	27	22080s (~6.13 hours)	15
36	Kristie Cove	Antarctic Peninsula	27	57180s (~15.88 hours)	16
37	Marr Point	South Shetland Islands	26	40890s (~11.36 hours)	16
38	Lehaie Point	Antarctic Peninsula	25	22560s (~6.27 hours)	17
39	Copper Col	Antarctic Peninsula	24	34080s (~9.47 hours)	16
40	Paulet Island	Antarctic Peninsula	24	36330s (~10.09 hours)	16
41	Gourdin Island	Antarctic Peninsula	23	34440s (~9.57 hours)	13
42	Martillo, cabo	Antarctic Peninsula	21	31050s (~8.62 hours)	12
43	Buchan Bay	South Orkney Islands	21	16680s (~4.63 hours)	8
44	Pig Rock	South Shetland Islands	19	37890s (~10.53 hours)	11
45	Chaucheprat Point	Antarctic Peninsula	16	40440s (~11.23 hours)	10
46	Devil Island	Antarctic Peninsula	16	64140s (~17.82 hours)	10
47	The Minnows	Antarctic Peninsula	15	33060s (~9.18 hours)	10
48	Cape Scrymgeour	Antarctic Peninsula	14	36660s (~10.18 hours)	11
49	Potter Cove	South Shetland Islands	14	63300s (~17.58 hours)	7
50	Rowett, Fondeadero	South Shetland Islands	14	28800s (~8 hours)	10
51	Bell Island	Antarctic Peninsula	13	32520s (~9.03 hours)	10
52	Chance Rock	Antarctic Peninsula	13	44220s (~12.28 hours)	11
53	Elephant Point	South Shetland Islands	12	51930s (~14.43 hours)	7
54	Thompson Peninsula	Antarctic Peninsula	11	35040s (~9.73 hours)	8
55	Trigonia Island	Antarctic Peninsula	11	31620s (~8.78 hours)	9
56	Parry Patch	South Shetland Islands	11	34500s (~9.58 hours)	8
57	North Bay	Ross Sea	10	66780s (~18.55 hours)	6
58	Wauters Point	Antarctic Peninsula	10	11190s (~3.11 hours)	7
59	Cape Murray	Antarctic Peninsula	9	15810s (~4.39 hours)	7
60	Trapecio Negro, roca	Antarctic Peninsula	9	23610s (~6.56 hours)	8
61	Antarctic Sound	Antarctic Peninsula	8	59430s (~16.51 hours)	7
62	Dragons Teeth	Antarctic Peninsula	8	30660s (~8.52 hours)	5
63	Somerville Island	Antarctic Peninsula	8	22680s (~6.3 hours)	5
64	Chabrier Rock	South Shetland Islands	8	27510s (~7.64 hours)	3
65	Prince Charles Strait	South Shetland Islands	8	21840s (~6.07 hours)	6
66	Arrival Heights	Ross Sea	7	67320s (~18.7 hours)	4
67	Home Lake	Ross Sea	7	50400s (~14 hours)	5
68	Keys Point	Ross Sea	7	50880s (~14.13 hours)	3
69	Ridley Camp	Ross Sea	7	18240s (~5.07 hours)	4
70	Castelli, punta	Antarctic Peninsula	7	35400s (~9.83 hours)	7
71	Isacke Passage	Antarctic Peninsula	7	36540s (~10.15 hours)	6
72	Snag Rocks	Antarctic Peninsula	7	44340s (~12.32 hours)	6
73	British Point	South Shetland Islands	7	96330s (~1.11 days)	5
74	Orléans Strait	Antarctic Peninsula	6	28380s (~7.88 hours)	6
75	Berry Head	South Orkney Islands	6	125100s (~1.45 days)	5
76	Mario Zucchelli Station	Ross Sea	5	27870s (~7.74 hours)	5
77	Knuckle Reef	Antarctic Peninsula	5	39000s (~10.83 hours)	5
78	Poduene Glacier	Antarctic Peninsula	5	18000s (~5 hours)	2
79	Shear Cliff	Ross Sea	4	57000s (~15.83 hours)	3
80	Cape Andreas	Antarctic Peninsula	4	117210s (~1.36 days)	4
81	Cape Burd	Antarctic Peninsula	4	36240s (~10.07 hours)	3
82	Cheshire Island	Antarctic Peninsula	4	44580s (~12.38 hours)	4
83	Jenny Island	Antarctic Peninsula	4	36150s (~10.04 hours)	2
84	Levy Island	Antarctic Peninsula	4	20610s (~5.72 hours)	4
85	Matha Strait	Antarctic Peninsula	4	69210s (~19.23 hours)	4
86	Rahir Point	Antarctic Peninsula	4	156930s (~1.82 days)	2
87	Boyd Strait	South Shetland Islands	4	33120s (~9.2 hours)	4
88	Harmony Cove	South Shetland Islands	4	27300s (~7.58 hours)	4
89	M’Kean Point	South Shetland Islands	4	27600s (~7.67 hours)	4
90	McFarlane Strait	South Shetland Islands	4	16920s (~4.7 hours)	4
91	Biscoe Islands	Antarctic Peninsula	3	102990s (~1.19 days)	3
92	Castillo, punta	Antarctic Peninsula	3	53340s (~14.82 hours)	3
93	Crouch Island	Antarctic Peninsula	3	30090s (~8.36 hours)	3
94	Gand Island	Antarctic Peninsula	3	4320s (~1.2 hours)	3
95	Grandidier Channel	Antarctic Peninsula	3	42840s (~11.9 hours)	3
96	Heroína Island	Antarctic Peninsula	3	21840s (~6.07 hours)	3
97	Johnston Passage	Antarctic Peninsula	3	313020s (~3.62 days)	3
98	López Nunatak	Antarctic Peninsula	3	72480s (~20.13 hours)	3
99	Monflier Point	Antarctic Peninsula	3	59760s (~16.6 hours)	3
100	Pauling Islands	Antarctic Peninsula	3	52380s (~14.55 hours)	3
101	Sanavirón Island	Antarctic Peninsula	3	37560s (~10.43 hours)	3
102	Monroe Island	South Orkney Islands	3	183420s (~2.12 days)	2
103	Nigg Rock	South Orkney Islands	3	2040s (~34 minutes)	2
104	Botev Peak	South Shetland Islands	3	49500s (~13.75 hours)	1
105	Burel Hill	South Shetland Islands	3	27360s (~7.6 hours)	2
106	Orca Seamount	South Shetland Islands	3	33510s (~9.31 hours)	3
107	Pyramid Island	South Shetland Islands	3	85410s (~23.73 hours)	1
108	Serrucho, punta	South Shetland Islands	3	62700s (~17.42 hours)	3
109	Smolensk Strait	South Shetland Islands	3	10950s (~3.04 hours)	3
110	Twin Pinnacles	South Shetland Islands	3	37620s (~10.45 hours)	1
111	Wordie Caldera	South Shetland Islands	3	16860s (~4.68 hours)	2
112	Cape Russell	Ross Sea	2	282540s (~3.27 days)	1
113	Doubtful Island	Ross Sea	2	26550s (~7.38 hours)	1
114	Kristensen Rocks	Ross Sea	2	17580s (~4.88 hours)	2
115	McMurdo Sound	Ross Sea	2	11160s (~3.1 hours)	2
116	Norway Rocks	Ross Sea	2	NA	2
117	Amenábar, Fondeadero	Antarctic Peninsula	2	18300s (~5.08 hours)	2
118	Babel Rock	Antarctic Peninsula	2	41880s (~11.63 hours)	2
119	Biscoe Point	Antarctic Peninsula	2	78840s (~21.9 hours)	2
120	Bransfield Strait	Antarctic Peninsula	2	32910s (~9.14 hours)	2
121	Hoodwink Island	Antarctic Peninsula	2	10710s (~2.98 hours)	2
122	Lavalle, punta	Antarctic Peninsula	2	23250s (~6.46 hours)	2
123	Lindblad Cove	Antarctic Peninsula	2	65940s (~18.32 hours)	2
124	Neumayer, Cabo	Antarctic Peninsula	2	43290s (~12.03 hours)	2
125	Postillion Rock	Antarctic Peninsula	2	19830s (~5.51 hours)	2
126	Terrada Point	Antarctic Peninsula	2	9900s (~2.75 hours)	1
127	Valdivia Point	Antarctic Peninsula	2	5580s (~1.55 hours)	1
128	Endurance, cabo	South Shetland Islands	2	25140s (~6.98 hours)	1
129	Mirror Point	South Shetland Islands	2	40920s (~11.37 hours)	2
130	The Spit	South Shetland Islands	2	176760s (~2.05 days)	2
131	Vay, roca	South Shetland Islands	2	5580s (~1.55 hours)	2
132	Cape Freeman	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	1	32400s (~9 hours)	1
133	Cuvier Island	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	1	53640s (~14.9 hours)	1
134	Houle Island	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	1	21960s (~6.1 hours)	1
135	Robert-Pommier, Baie	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	1	19800s (~5.5 hours)	1
136	Bird Peninsula	Ross Sea	1	5820s (~1.62 hours)	1
137	Byrd Canyon	Ross Sea	1	NA	1
138	Crary Bank	Ross Sea	1	48000s (~13.33 hours)	1
139	Haskell Strait	Ross Sea	1	5760s (~1.6 hours)	1
140	Ver-Sur-Mer Inlet	Ross Sea	1	73680s (~20.47 hours)	1
141	Austin Rocks	Antarctic Peninsula	1	27240s (~7.57 hours)	1
142	Bar Island	Antarctic Peninsula	1	182400s (~2.11 days)	1
143	Boil Point	Antarctic Peninsula	1	71100s (~19.75 hours)	1
144	Bongrain Point	Antarctic Peninsula	1	38640s (~10.73 hours)	1
145	Bradley Rock	Antarctic Peninsula	1	37200s (~10.33 hours)	1
146	Buchanan Passage	Antarctic Peninsula	1	21780s (~6.05 hours)	1
147	Buff Island	Antarctic Peninsula	1	10440s (~2.9 hours)	1
148	Cape Gage	Antarctic Peninsula	1	NA	1
149	Cockburn Island	Antarctic Peninsula	1	22140s (~6.15 hours)	1
150	Itatí, isla	Antarctic Peninsula	1	25620s (~7.12 hours)	1
151	Lippmann Islands	Antarctic Peninsula	1	89040s (~1.03 days)	1
152	Lumière Peak	Antarctic Peninsula	1	12300s (~3.42 hours)	1
153	Lumus Rock	Antarctic Peninsula	1	26040s (~7.23 hours)	1
154	Megaw Island	Antarctic Peninsula	1	32820s (~9.12 hours)	1
155	Novel Rock	Antarctic Peninsula	1	7080s (~1.97 hours)	1
156	Palmer Basin	Antarctic Peninsula	1	33660s (~9.35 hours)	1
157	Reynolds, roca	Antarctic Peninsula	1	NA	1
158	Safety Col	Antarctic Peninsula	1	253560s (~2.93 days)	1
159	San Nicolás, caleta	Antarctic Peninsula	1	300360s (~3.48 days)	1
160	Scholander Island	Antarctic Peninsula	1	74820s (~20.78 hours)	1
161	Station Nunatak	Antarctic Peninsula	1	67800s (~18.83 hours)	1
162	Vortex Island	Antarctic Peninsula	1	52440s (~14.57 hours)	1
163	Murray Islands	South Orkney Islands	1	45660s (~12.68 hours)	1
164	South Cape	South Orkney Islands	1	23700s (~6.58 hours)	1
165	Grauzaria, Vulcano di fango	South Shetland Islands	1	83280s (~23.13 hours)	1
166	South Bay	South Shetland Islands	1	31980s (~8.88 hours)	1
167	Tri Brata, ostrova	South Shetland Islands	1	16920s (~4.7 hours)	1
168	Williams, Roca	South Shetland Islands	1	126480s (~1.46 days)	1
169	Selskjera	Peter the First Island	1	37980s (~10.55 hours)	1

antarctic_risk_tables$research

rank	place	ecoregion	n_voyages	ave_time	n_ships
1	Maxwell Bay	South Shetland Islands	147	131520s (~1.52 days)	15
2	British Point	South Shetland Islands	131	72750s (~20.21 hours)	8
3	Point Thomas	South Shetland Islands	94	43860s (~12.18 hours)	8
4	Kristie Cove	Antarctic Peninsula	78	297300s (~3.44 days)	7
5	Buen Tiempo, Rada	South Shetland Islands	67	95040s (~1.1 days)	10
6	South Bay	South Shetland Islands	44	57330s (~15.93 hours)	5
7	Cheshire Island	Antarctic Peninsula	36	207180s (~2.4 days)	7
8	Pig Rock	South Shetland Islands	27	18000s (~5 hours)	8
9	Dovizio Rock	South Shetland Islands	26	60780s (~16.88 hours)	7
10	Duthiers Point	Antarctic Peninsula	24	50820s (~14.12 hours)	6
11	Chabrier Rock	South Shetland Islands	23	31920s (~8.87 hours)	5
12	Potter Cove	South Shetland Islands	22	46560s (~12.93 hours)	7
13	Cramer Norte, paso	Antarctic Peninsula	18	36810s (~10.22 hours)	7
14	Arrival Heights	Ross Sea	17	125220s (~1.45 days)	4
15	Doubtful Island	Ross Sea	16	50580s (~14.05 hours)	3
16	Andvord Bay	Antarctic Peninsula	16	138180s (~1.6 days)	2
17	Gloria, Punta	Antarctic Peninsula	16	63330s (~17.59 hours)	5
18	Berry Head	South Orkney Islands	16	129240s (~1.5 days)	5
19	Ice Horse	Antarctic Peninsula	15	37830s (~10.51 hours)	4
20	Girardi, islote	South Shetland Islands	15	31500s (~8.75 hours)	5
21	Gerlache Strait	Antarctic Peninsula	14	23220s (~6.45 hours)	10
22	Contact Point	Antarctic Peninsula	12	8220s (~2.28 hours)	5
23	Pelusa, Punta	Antarctic Peninsula	12	49380s (~13.72 hours)	3
24	Polarbjørnbukta	Weddell Sea	11	220920s (~2.56 days)	1
25	Argentine Islands	Antarctic Peninsula	11	48810s (~13.56 hours)	4
26	Cape Errera	Antarctic Peninsula	11	25740s (~7.15 hours)	6
27	Anchorage Island	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	10	595350s (~6.89 days)	2
28	Danfeng Dao	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	10	197160s (~2.28 days)	2
29	Longyan Jiao	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	9	274440s (~3.18 days)	3
30	Bell Island	Antarctic Peninsula	9	29100s (~8.08 hours)	6
31	Croker Passage	Antarctic Peninsula	9	31080s (~8.63 hours)	4
32	Palmer Basin	Antarctic Peninsula	9	18930s (~5.26 hours)	3
33	Pod Rocks	Antarctic Peninsula	9	660s (~11 minutes)	4
34	Swan Rock	Antarctic Peninsula	9	23100s (~6.42 hours)	5
35	Schulz Point	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	8	280290s (~3.24 days)	2
36	Home Lake	Ross Sea	8	15060s (~4.18 hours)	2
37	Otterbukta	Weddell Sea	8	26010s (~7.22 hours)	1
38	Copper Col	Antarctic Peninsula	8	120540s (~1.4 days)	3
39	Crouch Island	Antarctic Peninsula	8	660s (~11 minutes)	5
40	Jenny Island	Antarctic Peninsula	8	3060s (~51 minutes)	3
41	Sanavirón Island	Antarctic Peninsula	8	18090s (~5.03 hours)	5
42	Marr Point	South Shetland Islands	8	34890s (~9.69 hours)	3
43	Smolensk Strait	South Shetland Islands	8	25440s (~7.07 hours)	4
44	McMurdo Sound	Ross Sea	7	63960s (~17.77 hours)	1
45	Antarctic Sound	Antarctic Peninsula	7	570s (~9.5 minutes)	2
46	Félicie Point	Antarctic Peninsula	7	21030s (~5.84 hours)	3
47	Hardy, punta	South Shetland Islands	7	11280s (~3.13 hours)	7
48	Cuvier Island	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	6	435390s (~5.04 days)	1
49	Mario Zucchelli Station	Ross Sea	6	206100s (~2.39 days)	3
50	Coughtrey Peninsula	Antarctic Peninsula	6	20340s (~5.65 hours)	5
51	Delaite Island	Antarctic Peninsula	6	82530s (~22.92 hours)	3
52	Herbert Sound	Antarctic Peninsula	6	332460s (~3.85 days)	2
53	Knuckle Reef	Antarctic Peninsula	6	38130s (~10.59 hours)	4
54	Harmony Cove	South Shetland Islands	6	27210s (~7.56 hours)	4
55	Sledeneset	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	5	495480s (~5.73 days)	1
56	Gorev Island	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	5	416040s (~4.82 days)	1
57	Muskegbukta	Weddell Sea	5	172830s (~2 days)	1
58	Anna Cove	Antarctic Peninsula	5	57060s (~15.85 hours)	3
59	Biscoe Point	Antarctic Peninsula	5	33060s (~9.18 hours)	1
60	Cape Scrymgeour	Antarctic Peninsula	5	420s (~7 minutes)	2
61	Laubeuf Fjord	Antarctic Peninsula	5	540s (~9 minutes)	3
62	Lord Bank	Antarctic Peninsula	5	3480s (~58 minutes)	5
63	Lurker Rock	Antarctic Peninsula	5	29520s (~8.2 hours)	3
64	Rahir Point	Antarctic Peninsula	5	42600s (~11.83 hours)	2
65	Terrada Point	Antarctic Peninsula	5	233460s (~2.7 days)	2
66	Buchan Bay	South Orkney Islands	5	48960s (~13.6 hours)	3
67	Orca Seamount	South Shetland Islands	5	480s (~8 minutes)	3
68	Vietor Rock	South Shetland Islands	5	101790s (~1.18 days)	2
69	Kerry Island	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	4	777000s (~1.28 weeks)	1
70	Cape Russell	Ross Sea	4	239850s (~2.78 days)	3
71	North Bay	Ross Sea	4	52140s (~14.48 hours)	2
72	Astrolabe Needle	Antarctic Peninsula	4	19020s (~5.28 hours)	3
73	Federici, Canal	Antarctic Peninsula	4	335010s (~3.88 days)	2
74	Lehaie Point	Antarctic Peninsula	4	66840s (~18.57 hours)	1
75	Moot Point	Antarctic Peninsula	4	16110s (~4.47 hours)	3
76	The Minnows	Antarctic Peninsula	4	38940s (~10.82 hours)	1
77	Theta Islands	Antarctic Peninsula	4	68280s (~18.97 hours)	3
78	McFarlane Strait	South Shetland Islands	4	540s (~9 minutes)	1
79	Walker Bay	South Shetland Islands	4	30390s (~8.44 hours)	2
80	Terra Nova Bay	Ross Sea	3	600s (~10 minutes)	3
81	Atka Bank	Weddell Sea	3	13050s (~3.62 hours)	2
82	Castelli, punta	Antarctic Peninsula	3	154620s (~1.79 days)	2
83	Chance Rock	Antarctic Peninsula	3	300s (~5 minutes)	2
84	Charlotte, Rocas	Antarctic Peninsula	3	61800s (~17.17 hours)	3
85	Erebus and Terror Gulf	Antarctic Peninsula	3	323160s (~3.74 days)	1
86	Esteverena, bahía	Antarctic Peninsula	3	354420s (~4.1 days)	1
87	Primavera /Arg./	Antarctic Peninsula	3	57480s (~15.97 hours)	2
88	Scend Rocks	Antarctic Peninsula	3	840s (~14 minutes)	2
89	Taylor Bluff	Antarctic Peninsula	3	75180s (~20.88 hours)	2
90	The Gullet	Antarctic Peninsula	3	480s (~8 minutes)	3
91	Wauters Point	Antarctic Peninsula	3	182940s (~2.12 days)	2
92	Orwell Bight	South Orkney Islands	3	29160s (~8.1 hours)	2
93	Boyd Strait	South Shetland Islands	3	31860s (~8.85 hours)	3
94	Endurance, cabo	South Shetland Islands	3	42120s (~11.7 hours)	3
95	Fenghuang Jiao	South Shetland Islands	3	166500s (~1.93 days)	1
96	Twin Pinnacles	South Shetland Islands	3	46680s (~12.97 hours)	2
97	Ventana, Punta	South Shetland Islands	3	21330s (~5.92 hours)	1
98	Cape Mikhaylov	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	2	55680s (~15.47 hours)	2
99	Arnold Cove	Ross Sea	2	59190s (~16.44 hours)	1
100	Franklin Shoals	Ross Sea	2	NA	2
101	Haskell Strait	Ross Sea	2	1453320s (~2.4 weeks)	1
102	Iceberg Bank	Ross Sea	2	660s (~11 minutes)	2
103	Narrow Inlet	Ross Sea	2	580710s (~6.72 days)	2
104	Éstonija, podnjatie	Weddell Sea	2	44820s (~12.45 hours)	1
105	Rinner Trough	Weddell Sea	2	318420s (~3.69 days)	2
106	Beascochea Bay	Antarctic Peninsula	2	96930s (~1.12 days)	1
107	Biscoe Islands	Antarctic Peninsula	2	32910s (~9.14 hours)	1
108	Bransfield Strait	Antarctic Peninsula	2	900s (~15 minutes)	1
109	False Cape Renard	Antarctic Peninsula	2	28680s (~7.97 hours)	2
110	Hardy Rocks	Antarctic Peninsula	2	29520s (~8.2 hours)	1
111	Harper Rocks	Antarctic Peninsula	2	287610s (~3.33 days)	1
112	Kerr Point	Antarctic Peninsula	2	32730s (~9.09 hours)	2
113	San Carlos Point	Antarctic Peninsula	2	345300s (~4 days)	2
114	Snag Rocks	Antarctic Peninsula	2	180s (~3 minutes)	1
115	Wyck Island	Antarctic Peninsula	2	38880s (~10.8 hours)	2
116	Bransfield Trough	South Shetland Islands	2	14100s (~3.92 hours)	2
117	Mirror Point	South Shetland Islands	2	300s (~5 minutes)	2
118	Parry Patch	South Shetland Islands	2	60540s (~16.82 hours)	2
119	Robert Point	South Shetland Islands	2	32670s (~9.07 hours)	1
120	Serrucho, punta	South Shetland Islands	2	58440s (~16.23 hours)	1
121	Vay, roca	South Shetland Islands	2	30870s (~8.57 hours)	1
122	Edwards Islands	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	1	134340s (~1.55 days)	1
123	Sterrett Islands	Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea	1	78300s (~21.75 hours)	1
124	Avrora, Kupol	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	1	166080s (~1.92 days)	1
125	Benten Island	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	1	972240s (~1.61 weeks)	1
126	India Bay	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	1	633240s (~1.05 weeks)	1
127	Neupokoyev Bight	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	1	5880s (~1.63 hours)	1
128	Ongul Oki-no-sima	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	1	156660s (~1.81 days)	1
129	Sinjaja, buhta	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	1	29220s (~8.12 hours)	1
130	Alasheyev Bight	East Antarctic Enderby Land	1	36300s (~10.08 hours)	1
131	Opasnaja, buhta	East Antarctic Enderby Land	1	30060s (~8.35 hours)	1
132	Barrier Bay	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	1	24120s (~6.7 hours)	1
133	Charlton Island	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	1	112440s (~1.3 days)	1
134	Dugdale Ice Tongue	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	1	NA	1
135	Jenluise Bank	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	1	58080s (~16.13 hours)	1
136	Lednikovaja, kotlovina	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	1	516480s (~5.98 days)	1
137	Norsel, Rock	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	1	457680s (~5.3 days)	1
138	Plateau Anthony-Mangel	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	1	67440s (~18.73 hours)	1
139	Prydz Bay	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	1	6420s (~1.78 hours)	1
140	Sodruzhestva, more	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	1	9360s (~2.6 hours)	1
141	Svenner Channel	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	1	77040s (~21.4 hours)	1
142	Anchor Peak	Ross Sea	1	73080s (~20.3 hours)	1
143	Cape Ross	Ross Sea	1	55920s (~15.53 hours)	1
144	Drygalski Basin	Ross Sea	1	47460s (~13.18 hours)	1
145	Ebon Pond	Ross Sea	1	50880s (~14.13 hours)	1
146	Geikie Inlet	Ross Sea	1	408780s (~4.73 days)	1
147	Inaccessible Coast	Ross Sea	1	NA	1
148	Shear Cliff	Ross Sea	1	537060s (~6.22 days)	1
149	Warning Glacier	Ross Sea	1	NA	1
150	Da Vinci Bank	Weddell Sea	1	1020s (~17 minutes)	1
151	Anadon, punta	Antarctic Peninsula	1	23700s (~6.58 hours)	1
152	Bongrain Point	Antarctic Peninsula	1	63720s (~17.7 hours)	1
153	Campichuelo, punta	Antarctic Peninsula	1	NA	1
154	Castillo, punta	Antarctic Peninsula	1	11340s (~3.15 hours)	1
155	Chertigrad Point	Antarctic Peninsula	1	27900s (~7.75 hours)	1
156	Cockburn Island	Antarctic Peninsula	1	70860s (~19.68 hours)	1
157	Eden Rocks	Antarctic Peninsula	1	420s (~7 minutes)	1
158	Gómez, Islote	Antarctic Peninsula	1	57660s (~16.02 hours)	1
159	Holt Inlet	Antarctic Peninsula	1	5520s (~1.53 hours)	1
160	Hughes Bay	Antarctic Peninsula	1	17160s (~4.77 hours)	1
161	Johnston Passage	Antarctic Peninsula	1	55740s (~15.48 hours)	1
162	Lavalle, punta	Antarctic Peninsula	1	33060s (~9.18 hours)	1
163	Levy Island	Antarctic Peninsula	1	49920s (~13.87 hours)	1
164	López Nunatak	Antarctic Peninsula	1	73140s (~20.32 hours)	1
165	Lumière Peak	Antarctic Peninsula	1	19320s (~5.37 hours)	1
166	Martillo, cabo	Antarctic Peninsula	1	NA	1
167	Matkah Point	Antarctic Peninsula	1	66720s (~18.53 hours)	1
168	Novel Rock	Antarctic Peninsula	1	211860s (~2.45 days)	1
169	Obligado, cabo	Antarctic Peninsula	1	33060s (~9.18 hours)	1
170	Orléans Strait	Antarctic Peninsula	1	35220s (~9.78 hours)	1
171	Paulet Island	Antarctic Peninsula	1	23340s (~6.48 hours)	1
172	Pauling Islands	Antarctic Peninsula	1	119940s (~1.39 days)	1
173	Reynolds, roca	Antarctic Peninsula	1	5580s (~1.55 hours)	1
174	Rosenthal Islands	Antarctic Peninsula	1	39060s (~10.85 hours)	1
175	Sigrid, Islotes	Antarctic Peninsula	1	38880s (~10.8 hours)	1
176	Sögen Island	Antarctic Peninsula	1	33300s (~9.25 hours)	1
177	Trapecio Negro, roca	Antarctic Peninsula	1	1620s (~27 minutes)	1
178	Trigonia Island	Antarctic Peninsula	1	40080s (~11.13 hours)	1
179	Vortex Island	Antarctic Peninsula	1	64080s (~17.8 hours)	1
180	Warden Rock	Antarctic Peninsula	1	33000s (~9.17 hours)	1
181	Zarzuela, cabo	Antarctic Peninsula	1	176460s (~2.04 days)	1
182	Zélée Rocks	Antarctic Peninsula	1	NA	1
183	Whale Rock	South Orkney Islands	1	15120s (~4.2 hours)	1
184	Bridgeman Island	South Shetland Islands	1	NA	1
185	M’Kean Point	South Shetland Islands	1	9360s (~2.6 hours)	1
186	Mutto, cabo	South Shetland Islands	1	23280s (~6.47 hours)	1
187	Perunika Glacier	South Shetland Islands	1	33300s (~9.25 hours)	1
188	Sail Rock	South Shetland Islands	1	120600s (~1.4 days)	1
189	Stinker Point	South Shetland Islands	1	51840s (~14.4 hours)	1
190	Svip Rocks	South Shetland Islands	1	355980s (~4.12 days)	1
191	Wordie Caldera	South Shetland Islands	1	NA	1

antarctic_risk_tables$supply

rank	place	ecoregion	n_voyages	ave_time	n_ships
1	Dovizio Rock	South Shetland Islands	72	326970s (~3.78 days)	27
2	Potter Cove	South Shetland Islands	32	89820s (~1.04 days)	6
3	Maxwell Bay	South Shetland Islands	27	123630s (~1.43 days)	12
4	Buen Tiempo, Rada	South Shetland Islands	21	155700s (~1.8 days)	4
5	South Bay	South Shetland Islands	14	342120s (~3.96 days)	10
6	Berry Head	South Orkney Islands	13	111600s (~1.29 days)	1
7	Mario Zucchelli Station	Ross Sea	12	248400s (~2.88 days)	3
8	British Point	South Shetland Islands	12	1248030s (~2.06 weeks)	3
9	Girardi, islote	South Shetland Islands	10	68070s (~18.91 hours)	4
10	Walker Bay	South Shetland Islands	9	216720s (~2.51 days)	7
11	Contact Point	Antarctic Peninsula	8	118500s (~1.37 days)	2
12	Buchan Bay	South Orkney Islands	8	196620s (~2.28 days)	3
13	Pig Rock	South Shetland Islands	7	35760s (~9.93 hours)	4
14	India Bay	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	6	352920s (~4.08 days)	1
15	Leningradskiy Bay	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	6	40440s (~11.23 hours)	1
16	Smolensk Strait	South Shetland Islands	6	28590s (~7.94 hours)	5
17	Longyan Jiao	East Antarctic Wilkes Land	5	2309880s (~3.82 weeks)	1
18	Hardy, punta	South Shetland Islands	5	32880s (~9.13 hours)	4
19	Robert Point	South Shetland Islands	5	600s (~10 minutes)	3
20	Terra Nova Bay	Ross Sea	4	609360s (~1.01 weeks)	2
21	Antarctic Sound	Antarctic Peninsula	4	10290s (~2.86 hours)	2
22	Sanavirón Island	Antarctic Peninsula	4	73590s (~20.44 hours)	2
23	Findlay Point	South Orkney Islands	4	333930s (~3.86 days)	1
24	Gerlache Strait	Antarctic Peninsula	3	5880s (~1.63 hours)	3
25	Monk Islands	South Orkney Islands	3	646800s (~1.07 weeks)	1
26	Sinjaja, buhta	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	2	44310s (~12.31 hours)	1
27	Uragannyy Point	East Antarctic Dronning Maud Land	2	844800s (~1.4 weeks)	1
28	Cape Russell	Ross Sea	2	5820s (~1.62 hours)	2
29	Bombay Island	Antarctic Peninsula	2	223530s (~2.59 days)	2
30	López Nunatak	Antarctic Peninsula	2	66270s (~18.41 hours)	2
31	Primavera /Arg./	Antarctic Peninsula	2	60180s (~16.72 hours)	2
32	Swan Rock	Antarctic Peninsula	2	34530s (~9.59 hours)	1
33	Theta Islands	Antarctic Peninsula	2	53640s (~14.9 hours)	2
34	Valdivia Point	Antarctic Peninsula	2	112110s (~1.3 days)	1
35	Nigg Rock	South Orkney Islands	2	9900s (~2.75 hours)	2
36	Boyd Strait	South Shetland Islands	2	16650s (~4.62 hours)	2
37	Orca Seamount	South Shetland Islands	2	52200s (~14.5 hours)	2
38	Serrucho, punta	South Shetland Islands	2	122970s (~1.42 days)	2
39	Vietor Rock	South Shetland Islands	2	102960s (~1.19 days)	1
40	Bird Peninsula	Ross Sea	1	55920s (~15.53 hours)	1
41	Doubtful Island	Ross Sea	1	49920s (~13.87 hours)	1
42	Iceberg Bank	Ross Sea	1	50100s (~13.92 hours)	1
43	Shear Cliff	Ross Sea	1	87000s (~1.01 days)	1
44	Silverfish Bay	Ross Sea	1	52440s (~14.57 hours)	1
45	Herzog-Ernst-Bucht	Weddell Sea	1	394260s (~4.56 days)	1
46	Abovedada, punta	Antarctic Peninsula	1	130860s (~1.51 days)	1
47	Anna Cove	Antarctic Peninsula	1	7140s (~1.98 hours)	1
48	Cheshire Island	Antarctic Peninsula	1	505080s (~5.85 days)	1
49	Coughtrey Peninsula	Antarctic Peninsula	1	52620s (~14.62 hours)	1
50	Duthiers Point	Antarctic Peninsula	1	NA	1
51	False Cape Renard	Antarctic Peninsula	1	18120s (~5.03 hours)	1
52	Federici, Canal	Antarctic Peninsula	1	14400s (~4 hours)	1
53	Grandidier Channel	Antarctic Peninsula	1	8160s (~2.27 hours)	1
54	Knuckle Reef	Antarctic Peninsula	1	542460s (~6.28 days)	1
55	Martillo, cabo	Antarctic Peninsula	1	5340s (~1.48 hours)	1
56	Pod Rocks	Antarctic Peninsula	1	59160s (~16.43 hours)	1
57	Murray Islands	South Orkney Islands	1	NA	1
58	Orwell Bight	South Orkney Islands	1	34920s (~9.7 hours)	1
59	Sørlle Rocks	South Orkney Islands	1	11760s (~3.27 hours)	1
60	Whale Rock	South Orkney Islands	1	22260s (~6.18 hours)	1
61	Chabrier Rock	South Shetland Islands	1	21600s (~6 hours)	1
62	Grauzaria, Vulcano di fango	South Shetland Islands	1	26700s (~7.42 hours)	1
63	M’Kean Point	South Shetland Islands	1	68700s (~19.08 hours)	1
64	Parry Patch	South Shetland Islands	1	213660s (~2.47 days)	1
65	Point Thomas	South Shetland Islands	1	47160s (~13.1 hours)	1

antarctic_risk_tables$other

rank	place	ecoregion	n_voyages	ave_time	n_ships
1	Dovizio Rock	South Shetland Islands	4	117420s (~1.36 days)	2
2	Hardy, punta	South Shetland Islands	3	780s (~13 minutes)	2
3	Smolensk Strait	South Shetland Islands	3	138180s (~1.6 days)	1
4	Delaite Island	Antarctic Peninsula	2	76470s (~21.24 hours)	1
5	Robert Point	South Shetland Islands	2	2640s (~44 minutes)	1
6	South Bay	South Shetland Islands	2	183870s (~2.13 days)	1
7	Herzog-Ernst-Bucht	Weddell Sea	1	394860s (~4.57 days)	1
8	Andvord Bay	Antarctic Peninsula	1	466860s (~5.4 days)	1
9	Antarctic Sound	Antarctic Peninsula	1	368760s (~4.27 days)	1
10	Contact Point	Antarctic Peninsula	1	367620s (~4.25 days)	1
11	Dragons Teeth	Antarctic Peninsula	1	349920s (~4.05 days)	1
12	Gloria, Punta	Antarctic Peninsula	1	22200s (~6.17 hours)	1
13	Gourdin Island	Antarctic Peninsula	1	305280s (~3.53 days)	1
14	Thompson Peninsula	Antarctic Peninsula	1	71220s (~19.78 hours)	1
15	Boyd Strait	South Shetland Islands	1	660s (~11 minutes)	1
16	Buen Tiempo, Rada	South Shetland Islands	1	70140s (~19.48 hours)	1
17	Girardi, islote	South Shetland Islands	1	371880s (~4.3 days)	1
18	Point Thomas	South Shetland Islands	1	33240s (~9.23 hours)	1
19	Sail Rock	South Shetland Islands	1	322980s (~3.74 days)	1
20	Serrucho, punta	South Shetland Islands	1	375240s (~4.34 days)	1
21	Walker Bay	South Shetland Islands	1	287100s (~3.32 days)	1

Duration of stay in Antarctic locations

We are interested in how long ships stop at Antarctic locations, especially comparing between activity types.

All activitiy types

antarctic_stopping_time_all <- port_networks$all %>% 
      activate(nodes) %>% 
      filter(realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
      as_tibble() %>% 
      summarise(ave_time = mean(mean_time, na.rm = TRUE),
                sd_time = sd(mean_time, na.rm = TRUE),
             ave_ships = mean(n_ships),
             sd_ships = sd(n_ships)) %>% 
      mutate(ave_time = duration(ave_time, "seconds"),
             sd_time = duration(sd_time, "seconds"),
             activity_type = "All vessels")

Fishing

antarctic_stopping_time_fishing <- port_networks$fishing %>% 
      activate(nodes) %>% 
      filter(realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
      as_tibble() %>% 
      summarise(ave_time = mean(mean_time, na.rm = TRUE),
                sd_time = sd(mean_time, na.rm = TRUE),
             ave_ships = mean(n_ships),
             sd_ships = sd(n_ships)) %>% 
      mutate(ave_time = duration(ave_time, "seconds"),
             sd_time = duration(sd_time, "seconds"),
             activity_type = "Fishing vessels")

Tourism

antarctic_stopping_time_tourism <- port_networks$tourism %>% 
      activate(nodes) %>% 
      filter(realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
      as_tibble() %>% 
      summarise(ave_time = mean(mean_time, na.rm = TRUE),
                sd_time = sd(mean_time, na.rm = TRUE),
             ave_ships = mean(n_ships),
             sd_ships = sd(n_ships)) %>% 
      mutate(ave_time = duration(ave_time, "seconds"),
             sd_time = duration(sd_time, "seconds"),
             activity_type = "Tourism vessels")

Research

antarctic_stopping_time_research <- port_networks$research %>% 
      activate(nodes) %>% 
      filter(realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
      as_tibble() %>% 
      summarise(ave_time = mean(mean_time, na.rm = TRUE),
                sd_time = sd(mean_time, na.rm = TRUE),
             ave_ships = mean(n_ships),
             sd_ships = sd(n_ships)) %>% 
      mutate(ave_time = duration(ave_time, "seconds"),
             sd_time = duration(sd_time, "seconds"),
             activity_type = "Research vessels")

Supply

antarctic_stopping_time_supply <- port_networks$supply %>% 
      activate(nodes) %>% 
      filter(realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
      as_tibble() %>% 
      summarise(ave_time = mean(mean_time, na.rm = TRUE),
                sd_time = sd(mean_time, na.rm = TRUE),
             ave_ships = mean(n_ships),
             sd_ships = sd(n_ships)) %>% 
      mutate(ave_time = duration(ave_time, "seconds"),
             sd_time = duration(sd_time, "seconds"),
             activity_type = "Supply vessels")

Other

antarctic_stopping_time_other <- port_networks$other %>% 
      activate(nodes) %>% 
      filter(realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
      as_tibble() %>% 
      summarise(ave_time = mean(mean_time, na.rm = TRUE),
                sd_time = sd(mean_time, na.rm = TRUE),
             ave_ships = mean(n_ships),
             sd_ships = sd(n_ships)) %>% 
      mutate(ave_time = duration(ave_time, "seconds"),
             sd_time = duration(sd_time, "seconds"),
             activity_type = "Other vessels")

Join them all to make it easier to look at and compare.

antarctic_stopping_time <- antarctic_stopping_time_all %>% 
  bind_rows(antarctic_stopping_time_fishing,
                                     antarctic_stopping_time_tourism,
                                     antarctic_stopping_time_research,
                                     antarctic_stopping_time_supply,
                                     antarctic_stopping_time_other)
antarctic_stopping_time

## # A tibble: 6 × 5
##   ave_time                        sd_time                          ave_ships
##   <Duration>                      <Duration>                           <dbl>
## 1 132710.682200644s (~1.54 days)  183526.065334329s (~2.12 days)        7.90
## 2 210490.959246636s (~2.44 days)  384667.62950458s (~4.45 days)         2.84
## 3 61913.8824634499s (~17.2 hours) 51959.4052975835s (~14.43 hours)      8.40
## 4 139151.604825098s (~1.61 days)  217984.718623016s (~2.52 days)        2.34
## 5 225172.657916158s (~2.61 days)  388950.962167328s (~4.5 days)         2.48
## 6 220657.142857143s (~2.55 days)  165066.936851171s (~1.91 days)        1.10
## # … with 2 more variables: sd_ships <dbl>, activity_type <chr>

Maps of the Scotia Arc might tell us something about the activity, but it is still very busy and difficult to clearly identify locations.

scotia_maps_ports <- make_scotia_maps(list_of_networks = port_networks)
scotia_maps_ports$all

scotia_maps_ports$fishing

scotia_maps_ports$tourism

scotia_maps_ports$research

scotia_maps_ports$supply

scotia_maps_ports$other

Alternative Visualisations

Circle diagrams and heatmaps of ecoregion networks.

This is a bit of a proof of concept to see whether it would be easier to visualise connectivity with a circle diagram rather than with maps. Likewise, the heatmap doesn’t really offer more than the maps do so I don’t take this line of analysis any further.

ecoregion_network_circle <- ggraph(ecoregion_networks$all %>% arrange(realm), layout = "linear", circular = TRUE) +
  geom_edge_arc(aes(edge_alpha = n_voyages, color = internal)) +
  geom_node_point(aes(color = realm),
    size = 1
  ) +
  scale_color_brewer(palette = "Paired", name = "Realm") +
  scale_edge_color_viridis(
    discrete = TRUE, name = NULL, option = "magma",
    begin = 0.1, end = 0.9, direction = -1
  ) +
  scale_edge_alpha_continuous(name = "Number of voyages") +
  theme_void()
plot(ecoregion_network_circle)

ecoregion_network_heatmap <- ggraph(ecoregion_networks$all %>% arrange(realm), layout = "matrix") +
  geom_edge_point(aes(
    alpha = n_voyages,
    color = to_realm
  )) +
  scale_color_brewer(palette = "Paired", name = "Realm") +
  labs(x = ecoregion_networks$all %>% activate(edges) %>% dplyr::select(from_ecoregion), y = ecoregion_networks$all %>% activate(edges) %>% dplyr::select(to_ecoregion)) +
  theme_void()

ecoregion_network_heatmap

Which Antarctic locations are most heavily visited?

They are in the South Shetland Islands and Antarctic Peninsula. These tables will be used to identify the places most likely at risk, and will be used in conjunction with a map of the area. The resulting list has additional information added in the next script.

port_networks$all %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  filter(realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
  arrange(desc(n_voyages)) %>% 
  as_tibble() %>% 
  view()

port_networks$all %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  filter(realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
  dplyr::summarise(total_voyages = sum(n_voyages, na.rm = TRUE))

## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   total_voyages
##           <dbl>
## 1          6915

Are the top locations the same for all activity types?

Fishing

port_networks$fishing %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  filter(realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
  arrange(desc(n_voyages)) %>%
  as_tibble()

## # A tibble: 74 × 28
##    place   country  area    latitude longitude feature ecoregion  province realm
##    <chr>   <chr>    <chr>      <dbl>     <dbl> <chr>   <chr>      <chr>    <chr>
##  1 Dovizi… Souther… Antarc…    -62.4     -59.7 Rock    South She… Scotia … Sout…
##  2 Valdiv… Souther… Antarc…    -64.4     -61.4 Point   Antarctic… Scotia … Sout…
##  3 Roget … Souther… Antarc…    -64.3     -61.2 Rock    Antarctic… Scotia … Sout…
##  4 Cape M… Souther… Antarc…    -64.4     -61.6 Cape    Antarctic… Scotia … Sout…
##  5 Bransf… Souther… Antarc…    -63       -59   Strait  Antarctic… Scotia … Sout…
##  6 Hughes… Souther… Antarc…    -64.2     -61.2 Bay     Antarctic… Scotia … Sout…
##  7 Karlse… Souther… Antarc…    -60.4     -46   Rock    South Ork… Scotia … Sout…
##  8 Neumay… Souther… Antarc…    -63.8     -60.4 Cape    Antarctic… Scotia … Sout…
##  9 Maxwel… Souther… Antarc…    -62.2     -58.9 Bay     South She… Scotia … Sout…
## 10 Berry … Souther… Antarc…    -60.7     -45.6 Head    South Ork… Scotia … Sout…
## # … with 64 more rows, and 19 more variables: from_province <chr>,
## #   to_province <chr>, n_voyages <dbl>, n_ships <dbl>, n_trips <dbl>,
## #   total_time <dbl>, median_time <dbl>, mean_time <dbl>, n_time <dbl>,
## #   betweenness_centrality <dbl>, closeness_centrality <dbl>,
## #   strength_out <dbl>, strength_in <dbl>, strength_total <dbl>,
## #   centrality_eigen <dbl>, centrality_hub <dbl>, centrality_pagerank <dbl>,
## #   clust_co <dbl>, cluster <dbl>

port_networks$fishing %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  filter(realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
  dplyr::summarise(total_voyages = sum(n_voyages, na.rm = TRUE))

## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   total_voyages
##           <dbl>
## 1           468

Tourism

port_networks$tourism %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  filter(realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
  arrange(desc(n_voyages)) %>%
  as_tibble()

## # A tibble: 169 × 28
##    place   country  area    latitude longitude feature ecoregion  province realm
##    <chr>   <chr>    <chr>      <dbl>     <dbl> <chr>   <chr>      <chr>    <chr>
##  1 Kerr P… Souther… Antarc…    -64.7     -62.6 Point   Antarctic… Scotia … Sout…
##  2 Gloria… Souther… Antarc…    -64.8     -63.5 Head    Antarctic… Scotia … Sout…
##  3 Andvor… Souther… Antarc…    -64.8     -62.6 Bay     Antarctic… Scotia … Sout…
##  4 Cought… Souther… Antarc…    -64.9     -62.9 Penins… Antarctic… Scotia … Sout…
##  5 Girard… Souther… Antarc…    -62.6     -59.9 Island  South She… Scotia … Sout…
##  6 Maxwel… Souther… Antarc…    -62.2     -58.9 Bay     South She… Scotia … Sout…
##  7 Buen T… Souther… Antarc…    -63.0     -60.6 Waterc… South She… Scotia … Sout…
##  8 Sögen … Souther… Antarc…    -65.1     -64.0 Island  Antarctic… Scotia … Sout…
##  9 Duthie… Souther… Antarc…    -64.8     -62.8 Point   Antarctic… Scotia … Sout…
## 10 Ice Ho… Souther… Antarc…    -64.7     -63.0 Headla… Antarctic… Scotia … Sout…
## # … with 159 more rows, and 19 more variables: from_province <chr>,
## #   to_province <chr>, n_voyages <dbl>, n_ships <dbl>, n_trips <dbl>,
## #   total_time <dbl>, median_time <dbl>, mean_time <dbl>, n_time <dbl>,
## #   betweenness_centrality <dbl>, closeness_centrality <dbl>,
## #   strength_out <dbl>, strength_in <dbl>, strength_total <dbl>,
## #   centrality_eigen <dbl>, centrality_hub <dbl>, centrality_pagerank <dbl>,
## #   clust_co <dbl>, cluster <dbl>

port_networks$tourism %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  filter(realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
  dplyr::summarise(total_voyages = sum(n_voyages, na.rm = TRUE))

## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   total_voyages
##           <dbl>
## 1          4641

Research

port_networks$research %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  filter(realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
  arrange(desc(n_voyages)) %>%
  as_tibble()

## # A tibble: 191 × 28
##    place  country  area     latitude longitude feature ecoregion  province realm
##    <chr>  <chr>    <chr>       <dbl>     <dbl> <chr>   <chr>      <chr>    <chr>
##  1 Maxwe… Souther… Antarct…    -62.2     -58.9 Bay     South She… Scotia … Sout…
##  2 Briti… Souther… Antarct…    -62.1     -58.4 Point   South She… Scotia … Sout…
##  3 Point… Souther… Antarct…    -62.2     -58.5 Point   South She… Scotia … Sout…
##  4 Krist… Souther… Antarct…    -64.8     -64.1 Cove    Antarctic… Scotia … Sout…
##  5 Buen … Souther… Antarct…    -63.0     -60.6 Waterc… South She… Scotia … Sout…
##  6 South… Souther… Antarct…    -62.7     -60.5 Bay     South She… Scotia … Sout…
##  7 Chesh… Souther… Antarct…    -67.6     -68.1 Island  Antarctic… Scotia … Sout…
##  8 Pig R… Souther… Antarct…    -62.3     -58.8 Rock    South She… Scotia … Sout…
##  9 Doviz… Souther… Antarct…    -62.4     -59.7 Rock    South She… Scotia … Sout…
## 10 Duthi… Souther… Antarct…    -64.8     -62.8 Point   Antarctic… Scotia … Sout…
## # … with 181 more rows, and 19 more variables: from_province <chr>,
## #   to_province <chr>, n_voyages <dbl>, n_ships <dbl>, n_trips <dbl>,
## #   total_time <dbl>, median_time <dbl>, mean_time <dbl>, n_time <dbl>,
## #   betweenness_centrality <dbl>, closeness_centrality <dbl>,
## #   strength_out <dbl>, strength_in <dbl>, strength_total <dbl>,
## #   centrality_eigen <dbl>, centrality_hub <dbl>, centrality_pagerank <dbl>,
## #   clust_co <dbl>, cluster <dbl>

port_networks$research %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  filter(realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
  dplyr::summarise(total_voyages = sum(n_voyages, na.rm = TRUE))

## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   total_voyages
##           <dbl>
## 1          1421

Supply

port_networks$supply %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  filter(realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
  arrange(desc(n_voyages)) %>%
  as_tibble()

## # A tibble: 65 × 28
##    place   country  area    latitude longitude feature ecoregion province  realm
##    <chr>   <chr>    <chr>      <dbl>     <dbl> <chr>   <chr>     <chr>     <chr>
##  1 Dovizi… Souther… Antarc…    -62.4     -59.7 Rock    South Sh… Scotia S… Sout…
##  2 Potter… Souther… Antarc…    -62.2     -58.7 Cove    South Sh… Scotia S… Sout…
##  3 Maxwel… Souther… Antarc…    -62.2     -58.9 Bay     South Sh… Scotia S… Sout…
##  4 Buen T… Souther… Antarc…    -63.0     -60.6 Waterc… South Sh… Scotia S… Sout…
##  5 South … Souther… Antarc…    -62.7     -60.5 Bay     South Sh… Scotia S… Sout…
##  6 Berry … Souther… Antarc…    -60.7     -45.6 Head    South Or… Scotia S… Sout…
##  7 Mario … Souther… Antarc…    -74.7     164.  Station Ross Sea  Continen… Sout…
##  8 Britis… Souther… Antarc…    -62.1     -58.4 Point   South Sh… Scotia S… Sout…
##  9 Girard… Souther… Antarc…    -62.6     -59.9 Island  South Sh… Scotia S… Sout…
## 10 Walker… Souther… Antarc…    -62.6     -60.7 Bay     South Sh… Scotia S… Sout…
## # … with 55 more rows, and 19 more variables: from_province <chr>,
## #   to_province <chr>, n_voyages <dbl>, n_ships <dbl>, n_trips <dbl>,
## #   total_time <dbl>, median_time <dbl>, mean_time <dbl>, n_time <dbl>,
## #   betweenness_centrality <dbl>, closeness_centrality <dbl>,
## #   strength_out <dbl>, strength_in <dbl>, strength_total <dbl>,
## #   centrality_eigen <dbl>, centrality_hub <dbl>, centrality_pagerank <dbl>,
## #   clust_co <dbl>, cluster <dbl>

port_networks$supply %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  filter(realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
  dplyr::summarise(total_voyages = sum(n_voyages, na.rm = TRUE))

## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   total_voyages
##           <dbl>
## 1           354

Other

port_networks$other %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  filter(realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
  arrange(desc(n_voyages)) %>%
  as_tibble()

## # A tibble: 21 × 28
##    place  country  area    latitude longitude feature ecoregion  province  realm
##    <chr>  <chr>    <chr>      <dbl>     <dbl> <chr>   <chr>      <chr>     <chr>
##  1 Doviz… Souther… Antarc…    -62.4     -59.7 Rock    South She… Scotia S… Sout…
##  2 Hardy… Souther… Antarc…    -62.6     -59.6 Head    South She… Scotia S… Sout…
##  3 Smole… Souther… Antarc…    -62.8     -60.4 <NA>    South She… Scotia S… Sout…
##  4 Delai… Souther… Antarc…    -64.6     -62.2 Island  Antarctic… Scotia S… Sout…
##  5 Rober… Souther… Antarc…    -62.4     -59.4 Point   South She… Scotia S… Sout…
##  6 South… Souther… Antarc…    -62.7     -60.5 Bay     South She… Scotia S… Sout…
##  7 Herzo… Souther… Antarc…    -77.8     -35.2 Bay     Weddell S… Continen… Sout…
##  8 Andvo… Souther… Antarc…    -64.8     -62.6 Bay     Antarctic… Scotia S… Sout…
##  9 Antar… Souther… Antarc…    -63.4     -56.6 Sound   Antarctic… Scotia S… Sout…
## 10 Conta… Souther… Antarc…    -63.4     -57.0 Point   Antarctic… Scotia S… Sout…
## # … with 11 more rows, and 19 more variables: from_province <chr>,
## #   to_province <chr>, n_voyages <dbl>, n_ships <dbl>, n_trips <dbl>,
## #   total_time <dbl>, median_time <dbl>, mean_time <dbl>, n_time <dbl>,
## #   betweenness_centrality <dbl>, closeness_centrality <dbl>,
## #   strength_out <dbl>, strength_in <dbl>, strength_total <dbl>,
## #   centrality_eigen <dbl>, centrality_hub <dbl>, centrality_pagerank <dbl>,
## #   clust_co <dbl>, cluster <dbl>

port_networks$other %>%
  activate(nodes) %>%
  as_tibble() %>%
  filter(realm == "Southern Ocean") %>%
  dplyr::summarise(total_voyages = sum(n_voyages, na.rm = TRUE))

## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   total_voyages
##           <dbl>
## 1            31